COMM 220 EXAM 2

How do the dimensions put forth by T and H-T relate to the dimensions put forth by Hofstede?

Both included collectivism/individualism. Achievement/ascription could apply to power distance.

[Part of CAT] What is convergence? What is the motive?

Change language/behavior to be more similar to that of the person with whom you are speaking.

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT): What does accommodation mean?

Communication accommodation is a communication theory which emphasis the adjustments that people does while communicating. Accommodation is the movement toward or away from others by changing communicative behavior.

[QUIZ QUESTION] Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of the Communication Accommodation Theory? a. We use communication strategies to signal attitudes toward social groups. b. Communication does not have any influence on the social distance within the interaction. c. We have expectations for conversation. d. Communication is influenced by situation, orientation, and socio-historical context.

Communication does not have any influence on the social distance within the interaction.

What are the motives associated with convergence and divergence?

Convergence: Gain approval. Divergence: Be distinctive.

Hofstede Dimension: Uncertainty Avoidance

Countries with a high uncertainty avoidance maintain rigid codes of belief and behavior. Countries with a low uncertainty avoidance are more relaxed and see things of uncertainty as normal and a learning experience.

What is the W-curve and how does it work?

Everything is new and exciting. Differences become apparent and are frustrating. Homesickness. Develop strategies to cope. Accept and embrace cultural differences. Excited about returning home. Miss the new culture you adapted to due to misunderstanding. Gradually adjust to home culture again. Incorporate aspects from abroad.

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: The U-curve describes culture shock in moving from home to a new host country as well moving back home.

False

What are the expectations associated with convergence and divergence?

For how the conversation will go.

[QUIZ QUESTION] Match the dimensions of acculturation to their correct values.

Integration: A value to maintain one's original cultural identity and build/maintain a relationship with a new culture Marginalization: A value to neither maintain one's original cultural identity nor build/maintain a relationship with a new culture Assimilation: A value to not maintain one's original cultural identity, but to build/maintain a relationship with a new culture Separation/Segregation: A value to maintain one's original cultural identity, but not to build/maintain a relationship with a new culture

Be able to discuss Piper's Biblical interpretation of interracial (vs. interfaith) marriage.

Interracial marriage in Christ is not only a beautiful picture of Christ's marriage to His church, but also a flesh-and-blood incarnation of the unity Christ achieved by His death and resurrection.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

It is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (S-WH)?

Language creates a social reality that dictates how people within that culture think (i.e., linguistic determinism). The types of language that a particular cultural group uses points to the importance of that thing in that culture in one way or another.

What is linguistic relativism?

Linguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other.

How does linguistic relativism differ from the S-WH?

Linguistic relativism is linguistic characteristics and cultural norms that influence each other, while S-WH deals with linguistic determinism meaning language creates a social reality that dictates how people within that culture think.

Know how each culture discussed within Chapter 11 of your textbook fits into the dimensions of acculturation presented in Table 10.7. Know why each culture fits into its designated dimension.

MARGINALIZATION (no; no): The Hmong of Laos SEPARATION/SEGREGATION (yes; no): Koreans in Russia, The Amish, Indigenous Cultures ASSIMILATION (no; yes): The U.S. as a "melting pot" INTEGRATION (yes; yes): The U.S. as a "salad bowl"

What is conceptual equivalence?

Not having a equal way of talking about a concept or having a hard time finding ways to communicate same meaning, especially with broad topics such as freedom or faith.

What is the status of women in the world according to the UNDP and GDI?

HDI is 6% lower. - Educational development. - Income rates.

What is vocabulary equivalence?

Having a word that you want to say to someone but don't have the exact same word to say in the other language to mean the exact same thing (can happen within languages as well).

According to Value Orientation Theory, what are the five basic problems that all humans cultures are confronted with?

1. Human being-nature orientation 2. Activity orientation 3. Time orientation 4. Human nature orientation 5. Relational orientation

What are the six dimensions of culture, according to Hofstede?

1. Power Distance 2. Individualism vs. Collectivism 3. Masculinity vs. Femininity 4. Uncertainty Avoidance 5. Long vs. Short-Term Orientation 6. Indulgence vs. Self-Restraint

[Part of CAT] What is divergence? What is the motive?

Highlight your language/behavior to be seen as different.

What is an example of vocabulary in the S-WH?

How many words eskimos have to describe types of snow.

What criticisms exist for the S-WH?

1. Too specific. 2. How does this influence translation?

What are challenges and typical reactions in intercultural relationships?

1. Uncertainty and Confusion 2. Fear and Discomfort 3. Misunderstanding and Denial 4. Being a Cultural Ally

What is idiomatic equivalence?

Idioms are things that we can say where if they are translated or taken literally it would be very confusing and not make any sense, but if you know the kind of background context of the vocabulary word of the phrase that points to a different type of meaning.

How does societal valence come into play?

(?)

What is maintenance?

(?) Keeping language/behavior the same as normal.

What are the Dimensions of Acculturation?

(Value to Maintain Original Cultural Identity; Value to Build and Maintain Relationship with New Culture) MARGINALIZATION: no; no SEPARATION/SEGREGATION: yes; no ASSIMILATION: no; yes INTEGRATION: yes; yes

How do these values take shape in U.S. culture?

- Dominion over nature - Doing (initiating action) - Individualized future-orientated, but as a whole in the past - Mixture of both primarily good and evil - Individualistic

What are the main areas of inequality for women around the world?

- Educational development - Income rates - Lower labor force participation - Unemployment rates are higher - More likely to do unpaid domestic and care work in the home as primary occupation - Violence against women, childhood marriage, and high adolescent birth rates undermine opportunities for young women and girls

What are the seven dimensions of culture, according to Tompenaars and Hampden-Turner?

1. Universalism versus particularism. 2. Individualism versus communitarianism. 3. Specific versus diffuse. 4. Neutral versus emotional. 5. Achievement versus ascription. 6. Sequential time versus synchronous time. 7. Internal direction versus outer direction.

Describe Loving v. Virginia and its impact on interracial marriage.

A case brought to court by Mildred and Richard Loving because they were seen as felons for being in an interracial marriage. The Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional in June 1967. The last state to follow this law was Alabama in 2000.

What are the predictors of an immigrant's success in acculturation?

ACCULTURATION: An immigrant's learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. - Host communication competence - Participation in host social communication - Participation in ethnic social communication - Host environment - Predisposition (similarity to home culture)

What are the evaluations associated with convergence and divergence?

- Language - Between genders - Organizational interactions - Through/in media

What U.S. gender narratives were discussed in class? How can we communicate differently in order to change those gender narratives if we think that they should be changed?

- Toxic masculinity Opportunitive or restrictive?

Where does the U.S. stand on the six dimensions of Hofstede's?

Power Distance (40) Individualism (90) Masculinity/Femininity (62) Uncertainty Avoidance (46) Long/Short-term Orientation (26) Indulgence vs. Self Restraint (68)

What is reverse culture shock?

Readapting to home culture.

Hofstede Dimension: Masculinity vs. Femininity

Societies that are masculine are competitive and are associated with achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material rewards. Societies that are feminine are usually consensus-orientated and are associated with cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak, and quality of life.

Hofstede Dimension: Indulgence vs. Self-Restraint

Societies who score high are indulgent and focus on the pursuit of gratification and control of what you do. Societies who are self-restraint are more pessimistic and number of friends is less important and work orientated.

Hofstede Dimension: Long vs. Short-Term Orientation

Societies who score low are more short-term orientated and think about the importance of tradition in society and how that impacts what we do and how we act. Societies who are long-term are persistent towards the future and behaviors thinking about saving, learning, and preparing.

Hofstede Dimension: Power Distance

Societies with a large number accept a hierarchical order. Societies with a low number, people strive to equalize the distribution of power and demand justice for inequalities of power. The middle being inclusive (for all dimensions).

Hofstede Dimension: Individualism vs. Collectivism

Societies with a large number are individualistic and prefer a loose-knit social framework and expected to care of themselves and close family. Societies with a small number are collectivistic and prefer a tight-knit social framework and care goes to those outside family as well.

What is an example of grammar/syntax in the S-WH?

Some cultures talk in a futuristic kind of grammatical, syntactical way.

What are the differences between a tourist, sojourner, expatriate, immigrant, refugee, and asylee?

TOURIST: Visit a country for a short time for goals such as relaxation and self-enlightenment; plans to return to home country. SOJOURNER: Lives in a country for a limited time (6 months to 5 years) with goal-orientated purpose; plans to return to home country. EXPATRIATE: Noncitizen worker who lives in a country for an indeterminate length of time. IMMIGRANT: Relocate permanently to a new culture. - REFUGEE: Seeking safe haven because their home country is no longer safe. - ASYLEE: Seeking refuge in another country for political reasons.

What is the Gender Development Index (GDI)?

Takes data from the HDI for each gender in countries to find imbalances.

What is the difference between the following two perspectives on the U.S. culture: the U.S. as a melting pot vs. the U.S. as a salad bowl?

The U.S. as a melting pot refers to multiple cultures melting together to form one culture. The U.S. as a salad bowl integrates different cultures while still allowing people to retain their individual cultural identities.

What is the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?

The United Nations measurement of a country's gender inequality.

Be able to reflect on the documentary God Grew Tired of Us (2006).

The documentary follows the story of the Lost Boys of Sudan who fled from civil war, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. It showed the process of acculturation and how they maintained aspects of their own culture while adapting to aspects of the American culture.

What is culture shock?

The feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.

What is grammatical-syntactical equivalence?

The grammar or syntax of what we are saying translates differently or there isn't an equivalence of it in a different language (meaning differs depending if it is used as a noun, verb, or adjective).

What is experiential equivalence?

The inability to talk about an experience in another language because the other person hasn't had the same experience or not having words to describe it.

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: According to Communication Accommodation Theory, communication is about information exchange and the negotiation of social relationships.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: According to the NPR talk, "Intercultural Relationships: Can They Work?", the cultural differences between two individuals are noticed more when they are introduced to each other's families.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: All of the countries in the world have made advances on the Human Development Index (HDI) over the past few decades.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: Compound bilingual speakers can be described as people who learned a second language EARLY in life and used the language in MANY different contexts.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions can be explored online via an interactive country comparison tool which houses current data from Hofstede and his team.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: If a culture has a score of 50 on any of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, that means that there is no conclusive evidence as to the culture operating on either side of the dimension.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: One of the main challenges of intercultural relationships is identifying fears, prejudices, and stereotypes associated with being in an intercultural relationship.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: Reverse culture shock occurs when you return back to your home country.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that the more words you have in your language to describe something, the more important that thing is in your cultural group.

True

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: Value Orientation Theory attempts to defined the large, overarching questions that all cultures are wrestling with.

True

How does the S-WH relate to vocabulary and grammar/syntax?

VOCABULARY: The number of ways that you have to describe something linguistically points to the fact that that thing is important for your culture. GRAMMAR/SYNTAX: The way people talk about things and how their grammatical usage or their syntax is pointing toward a preference for something or an importance for something.

What are the five translation problems that can be barriers to intercultural communication?

Vocabulary Equivalence, Idiomatic Equivalence, Grammatical-Syntactial Equivalence, Experiential Equivalence, & Conceptual Equivalence.

[Value Orientation Theory] Human being-nature orientation

What is a human's relation to nature? - Dominion over nature: Use as you wish (U.S.) - Harmony: Live in balance - Humans are subjugated by nature: Nature is in control of us

[Value Orientation Theory] Human nature orientation

What is the character of innate human nature? - Primarily good, evil, or mixture of both

[Value Orientation Theory] Activity Orientation

What is the modality of human activity? - Being (passively accepting): Internal motivation and being more true to self - Being-in-becoming (transforming): Motivation of wanting to grow, learn, and change. Not truly our full self yet - Doing (initiating action): Motivation isn't inward by growth or change, but outward by doing things not only for our own enjoyment but for others

[Value Orientation Theory] Relational orientation

What is the relationship of the individual to others? - Collectivism/individualism.

[Value Orientation Theory] Time orientation

What is the temporal focus of human life? - Past, present, future orientated

[QUIZ QUESTION] Changing one's language or behavior to become more similar to that of the person to whom you're speaking is considered ______ according to Communication Accommodation Theory. a. Convergence b. Divergence c. Accommodation d. Change

a. Convergence

[QUIZ QUESTION] Which of the following is NOT a part of the Human Being - Nature Orientation within Values Orientation Theory? a. Doing b. Dominion over nature c. Harmony d. Humans are subjugated by nature

a. Doing

[TIME QUESTION] What piece of Time Orientation within Value Orientation Theory is more likely to be seen in the United States? a. Future-oriented b. Past (tradition) c. Present d. None of the above

a. Future-oriented

[QUIZ QUESTION] This barrier in translation occurs when languages arrange words differently, not following the same grammar. a. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence b. Conceptual equivalence c. Experiential equivalence d. Vocabulary equivalence

a. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence

[QUIZ QUESTION] If someone tries to translate or describe the phrase -- "It's raining cats and dogs!" -- they may run into the language barrier of _______. a. Idiomatic equivalence b. Experiential equivalence c. Vocabulary equivalence d. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence

a. Idiomatic equivalence

[QUIZ QUESTION] This cultural dimension from Hofstede focuses on the tendency to allow for gratification by social norms. a. Indulgence vs. Self-restraint b. Individualism vs. Communitarianism c. Long-term Orientation vs. Short-term Orientation d. Masculinity vs. Femininity

a. Indulgence vs. Self-restraint

[QUIZ QUESTION] Which of the following is NOT a cultural dimension according to the model by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner? a. Indulgence vs. Self-restraint b. Neutral vs. Emotional c. Universalism vs. Particularism d. Sequential time vs. Synchronous time

a. Indulgence vs. Self-restraint

[QUIZ QUESTION] When the textbook describes the concept of a "salad analogy", it is most closely aligned with which of the following acculturation dimensions? a. Integration b. Marginalization c. Separation / Segregation d. Assimilation

a. Integration

[QUIZ QUESTION] What country/countries have closed the gender gap the most across all categories on the HDI? a. Nordic countries b. The U.S. c. Sub-Saharan Africa d. Mexico

a. Nordic countries

[QUIZ QUESTION] What two states were the last to amend laws prohibiting individuals of different races/ethnicities to legally marry? a. South Carolina b. Texas c. Georgia d. Alabama

a. South Carolina d. Alabama

[QUIZ QUESTION] Which of the following countries/areas have half of the world's maternal, newborn, and child deaths due to low medical care? a. Sub-Saharan Africa b. Arab States c. Japan d. South Korea

a. Sub-Saharan Africa

[QUIZ QUESTION] A sojourner is ____. a. Someone who is a noncitizen worker who lives in a country for an indeterminate length of time b. Someone who lives in a country for a limited time with goal-oriented purpose c. Someone who visits a country for a short time for goals such as relaxation and self-enlightenment d. Someone who relocates permanently to a new culture

b. Someone who lives in a country for a limited time with goal-oriented purpose

[QUIZ QUESTION] In organizational interactions, engaging in ______ has been proven to be effective in creating and maintaining positive relationships. a. Changing behavior b. Divergence c. Convergence d. Accommodation

c. Convergence

[QUIZ QUESTION] Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of Culture Shock? a. Gradual adjustment towards autonomy b. Reciprocal interdependence c. Disintegration of new cues d. Disintegration of familiar cues and irritation with the differences in culture

c. Disintegration of new cues

[QUIZ QUESTION] What word did Courtney use as an example to discuss denotative and connotative meaning of words? a. Faith b. Fun c. Friends d. Food

c. Friends

[QUIZ QUESTION] The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis uses __________ as the foundation for its main hypothesis, which states that language creates our social reality. a. Linguistic intelligence b. Linguistic ethnocentrism c. Linguistic determinism d. Linguistic relativism

c. Linguistic determinism

[QUIZ QUESTION] In the textbook, which of the following people groups were described in relation to the acculturation dimension of marginalization? a. The Amish in the United States b. Indigenous cultures c. The Hmong of Laos d. Koreans in Russia

c. The Hmong of Laos

[QUIZ QUESTION] What year did the last state in the USA legally begin to allow interracial marriage? a. 1988 b. 1972 c. 1984 d. 2000

d. 2000

[QUIZ QUESTION] What is "an immigrant's learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture?" a. The U-curve b. Culture shock c. Cross-cultural adaptation theory d. Acculturation

d. Acculturation

[QUIZ QUESTION] What three countries have the lowest Human Development Index (HDI)? a. Australia, Ireland, Norway b. France, Austria, Greenland c. The Philippines, South Africa, Mexico d. Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Sierra Leone

d. Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Sierra Leone

[QUIZ QUESTION] How we express ourselves through language, behavior, hairstyles, clothing choices, and other outward signs of identification describes which of the following? a. Biological sex b. Cultural identity c. Gender identity d. Gender expression

d. Gender expression

[QUIZ QUESTION] Which orientation within Value Orientation Theory is the most complex in terms of the number of options we have to choose from? a. Time Orientation b. Relational Orientation c. Activity Orientation d. Human Nature Orientation

d. Human Nature Orientation

[QUIZ QUESTION] Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions should be used to better understand the ways in which a culture operates, as seen from the ______ level. a. Civilization b. Co-culture c. Individual d. Nation state

d. Nation state

[QUIZ QUESTION] According to Hofstede, indulgent societies: a. Are more pessimistic than self-restraint societies b. See the number of friends/connections as less important than self-restraint societies c. Are very work-oriented d. See the number of friends/connections as more important than self-restraint societies

d. See the number of friends/connections as more important than self-restraint societies

[QUIZ QUESTION] True or False: An immigrant is ____. a. Someone who visits a country for a short time for goals such as relaxation and self-enlightenment b. Someone who is a noncitizen worker who lives in a country for an indeterminate length of time c. Someone who lives in a country for a limited time with goal-oriented purpose d. Someone who relocates permanently to a new culture

d. Someone who relocates permanently to a new culture