COMM 2400

Reported speech (direct and indirect)

also constructed dialogue; quoting another's words, either by paraphrasing (indirect) or by approximating or presenting something as though said exactly (direct).

fishing

an indirect information seeking act.

rude style

attempt to challenge others' face consistently (but more often this will be a stance, not a style)

Jointness

Co-narration is a form of this.

Indirect style

Fishing is a kind of information-seeking that is indicative of this kind of style.

expressiveness

How lively speakers are and how straight-forwardly they display their feelings

Official English movement

In English-speaking countries, but especially the United States, people who work to get laws passed that declare English the official language and limit government or workplace uses of other languages

Organizational meeting genre

Meeting chairperson will lead meeting - they open, close, introduce items on agenda, allocate turns between people, determine when discussion is needed, and shift to next agenda item. Formal meetings have one person leading. - greeting (optional) - self identification - credentialing - provide story/argument about topic - nominate/explain issue - thank listeners

An event

Narratives must first and foremost be about this.

Emergency telephone call genre

1 - Opening 2 - Request for help 3 - An interrogative series 4 - Response 5 - Closing

Paradoxes of identity in call centers

1. Authenticity: Operators must enact a communication style that is incongruent with their identities 2. Commodification: Operators are told to create genuine personal relationships with callers, while at the same time they are told to not take how callers treat them personally

Requirements for narrative

1. The talk concerns a particular time when an actor experienced an event; often this event is a problem but it need not be. 2. The event being told about is newsworthy- out of the ordinary and or interesting in some way. An evaluate of the event is conveyed.

Stance indicator

Any of the discourse practices that we've discussed in class so far could be this.

Pre-allocated turn-taking sequence

At the other end of the continuum from locally managed turn taking, this form sets rules about who can talk and when

Involvement stance

involves an increased level of physiological arousal and can be determined by facial & vocal cues (ex. use of louder voices when interested), bodily gestures, linguistic markers, and nonverbal immediacy

Discourse markers

little words and phrases whose main purpose is to structure interaction or frame the talk in some way Ex: oh, well, like, so, etc.

indirect style and indicators

may be accomplished through selecting content that is different from the meaning that is intended; paraphrasing someone else's words..... Ex: Fishing Ex: You come home and you and your friend talk about your days, how classes are going, and then she mentions that there might be dishes in the sink.

Language death

occurs when a language is no longer spoken fluently in close proximity

Retellings

stories that are told repeatedly.

Emotion labor

the work to display a particular emotion that is required as part of an occupation.

direct style and indicators

to the point, convey information, no beating around the bush

Belief stance

type of stance; passionate tone of voice, word choice, etc.

True

True or false: Katie has a conversational style.

Unmarked form

When one uses this kind of form, they are portraying something as normal or usual.

Dialect

a characteristic way of speaking a language that involves grammar and accent

Talk show interview genre

a communication genre in which a television or radio show host briefly interviews a guest for a live or live studio audience. Features of talk expected are what are the expected sequence of acts, what is the expected speaking style, what are the jargon words being used.

Ordinary conversation genre

a communication genre of regular, everyday talk.

Noticeably absent

The absence of the second pair part of an adjacent pair; more broadly, a speech action that is expected given the context but that is not there

Upgrader

The following example includes this indicator of directness: "GRAMMA YOU ARE SO FULL OF SHIT"

Code-switching

The following is an example of this concept: A Mexican mom spoke in Spanish then in English to her son to tell him not to run near the pool.

Extreme case formulation

The following is an example of this concept: Jack always forgets to put the milk back in the fridge. **Key word - always

Narrative

This complex discourse practice must be "occasioned".

Adjacency pair

Sets of speech acts that usually go together

"Convincement" narratives

- told within larger "spiritual journey" narratives -show a desire to belong to a different spiritual community from one the teller belonged to previously -show strong beliefs about social issues such as war -show an appreciation for worship practice

Tie-sign

A couple who tells their how we met story together is doing an example of this concept that does relational work.

Citizen testimony genre

A genre that involves identifiable opening and closing moves packaged with some kind of argument point making

Language death

A language, like Latin or Sumerian, falling out of use would be considered to be experiencing this concept.

hint directives

A resource for performing directness: Least Direct. "Do you remember the money I lent you?"

query directives

A resource for performing directness: more direct. "Can you repay the loan?"

Functions of narratives/stories

Persuasion (argument-making) 1. Stories often leave a strong impression on listeners, and thus have great persuasive power 2. Performing particular speech acts -Example: the "cautionary tale" performs the speech act of warning 3. Self-presentation -Telling the story of an event in a way that highlights particular types of personal or master IDs 4. Relational work. Stories altercast the recipient of the story as a worthy recipient and/or confidant 5. Self-positioning in ongoing conflict. Telling stories of conflicts/debates/disagreements to inform the recipient whose side we're on. 6. Expressing morally questionable or devalued viewpoints -Telling stories to convey views that would cast doubt on the teller's morality or sanity, to make these views seem more reasonable/logical

Communication accommodation theory

The following represents this concept: Mar was transferred from Houston, Texas to Manila, Philippines for her job. In order to gain acceptance and decrease the social distance between her and some of her new colleagues she learns Tagalog to talk with them.

Direct reported speech

The following statement is an example of this concept: And he said "Yeah, we don't care."

maintenance

To cause something to exist or continue without changing. TO MAINTAIN

Stance

This is the communicative display a person makes toward an event, issue, or person.

About

This is the modal device in the following statement: It's rained about two inches this week.

Involvement politeness style

This kind of politeness style tends to recognize a listener's positive face wants, use in-group markers like "we", and the speaker might match the listener's dialect.

Language ideologies

This statement discusses exemplifies this concept: In response to someone saying they found German to be "harsh" and "aggressive", Katie responded that she found that German was "a beautiful language" that sounded like "home."

Official English Movement

This was characterized by the proposal of a constitutional amendment about language, and this has since spurred debates about language and language selection among more of the population.

stance

a communicative display toward the other in the interaction, as well as toward event, issues, or people being discussed -the discursive practice of performing (emotional, moral, intellectual) attitudes toward 1.communicative situations 2.topics 3.the self 4.the other

stance accretion

a consistency in a person's stances over time that is incorporated into one's personal identity.

Credentialing

a move commonly found in the opening of testimony evidencing why a speaker deserves to have her words given weight.

Rhetorical questions

a question to which no answer is expected.

Genre

a recognizable communication event guided by particular purposes. -sequences of acts. -particular speech styles. -distinctive jargon. Ex: customer service, talk shows, etc. Also the part of the SPEAKING acronym that refers to the particular type of communicative event.

Gift-exchange ceremonies

a situation in which people, usually who know each other, give or trade presents to celebrate a special occasion.

Evaluation

a speech act that espouses a particular stance toward people or situations; commonly found in narratives.

dugri

a term used in Israel to refer to someone speaking honestly and directly to the point, often at cost to self.

Language ideologies

belief about language.

Hostile stance

can be enacted straight forwardly or with ambiguity, most common indicators are strong negative feelings, fast-paced speech, loud voices, insults, and cursing

Language change

changes that languages undergo over time or within communities.

Tie-sign

cues as to the closeness of a person's relationship with another.

stance indicators

cues of a person's situation specific stance

Disability as doubly problematic

disabled sexuality- people with disabilities are not asexual; can't have sex/don't want to

Subgenre

distinctive categories within a genre such that celebrity interviews and nurse-patient interviews are categories of the interview genre.

Hegemonic masculinity

refers to the dominant form of masculinity within the gender hierarchy; practices that promote the dominant social position of men, and the subordinate social position of women

Conversational preference

refers to the facts that certain second pair parts are structurally preferred or expected based on the first pair part

Avowal of feelings

express or cliam a feeling in a moment.

Code switching

fluently and grammatically going back and forth between two languages or two markedly distinct dialects. Reasons include accommodating other speakers, (comprehension), avoiding accommodating others, express subtle feelings & stances, identity work (mark non-obvious master and personal identities)

Unmarked forms

forms of talk that are bare and indicate what the speaker sees as typical or the norm. taken for granted (e.g., "nurse," "soldier," "teacher"), require no comment

Marked forms

forms of talk that are elaborated in some way and indicate what the speaker sees as atypical or not the norm. out of the ordinary (e.g., "male nurse," "female soldier," "gay teacher")

Nonverbal immediacy

indicators of liking and interest cued by leaning toward someone, giving more smiles and nods, eye contact, and nonhostile touches.

euphemisms

indirect terms for words or topic that are taboo.

Extreme case formulations

intensified assessments of something.

Language endangerment

occurs when a language is spoken fluently by very few peole and is in danger of death.

Language contact

occurs when two or more languages are spoken in close proximity.

Topical style

organizing story events by related ideas.

Temporal organization

organizing story events chronologically, by the order of time in which they occurred.

Disrespect

our expectations of store clerks vs. the Bailey article (?from notes?)

Accent

particular ways of pronouncing words or patterns of intonation in language use

independence politeness style

politeness that focuses on others' negative face wants. recognizing others' autonomy face wants (their freedom of choice)

involvement politeness style

recognizing others' solidarity and competence face wants

Narrative

stories; generally multiturn utterances regarding a past event that is newsworthy and involves an evaluation.

convergence

strategies through which individuals adapt to each other's communicative behaviors, in order to reduce these social difference People can converge through many features of communication such as their use of language, their "pronunciation, pause and utterance lengths, vocal intensities, non verbal behaviors, and intimacy of self disclosures

Master identity marked styles

styles of talk relating to ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation groups that are marginalized in society

Stylizing vs. scripting

stylizing in text messages (lol, omg) vs. writing out a text message in standard English)

divergence

the instances in which individuals accentuate the speech and non-verbal differences between themselves and their interlocutors For the most part, it reflects a desire to emphasize group distinctiveness in a positive manner and it usually takes places when an individual perceives interaction as an intergroup process rather than an individual one

Alignment

the process of matching or coordinating talk in such a way as to show support, agreement, convergence, or similarity.

Jointness

the quality of a narrative's joint construction. Can be minimal (one person's display of listening allows the story to be told) or may involve people telling a story together.

Newsworthiness

the quality of stories that makes them worth telling; reportability. Out of the ordinary and/or interesting in some way.

Skepticism stance

type of stance; skeptical tone of voice, word choice, etc. 1. referencing what another said as "his story" 2. using such modifers as supposedly 3. highlighting that something is a report rather than a description of the world 4. juxtaposing two pieces of information that are assumed to be incgruous

upgraders

used to intensify or add urgency to talk; make an utterance more direct.

mitigation markers

used to soften or add uncertainty to talk; make utterance more indirect.

Crossing

using a short segment of a language, dialect, or style associated with another speech community with which one is not ordinariy associated.

Descriptions

versions of events often displayed as neutral but that carry moral assessment.

Conversational signals

voice and speech pacing features.

Heteronormativity

ways heterosexuality is constructed as normal/ordinary • As unmarked forms: -in talk about sex, relationships, people -altercasting others as heterosexual by default Like cisgender the term heternormativity makes visible the implicit, 'common sense,' assumptions that help to constitute dominant social structures

Cultural analysis

what values and assumptions do we need to understand before we can fully comprehend what is happening in communication in this community.

Communicative dilemmas

when differing communicatve goals, identities, and face needs point to different communicative actions in a situation.

Phronesis

wise communication. Living one's life and communicating wisely. Understanding the dynamics of interaction help to choose wisely among: 1. Possible communicative goals. 2. Possible discursive resources to achieve our goals including how culture enable and constrains our choices.

Modal devices

words and phrases that express a stance toward something as uncertain or possible.