COMM 335 EXAM 1- Tarvin
4 major influences on Halls work
1. Cultural Anthropology: Macro level and hall likes Microlevel it involves people 2. linguistics: colors videos 3. Ethology: Study of animal behavior 4. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud): level of human communication
Dialectic
Being both at the same time
The two books that Hall wrote
Beyond Culture and the Silent Language
Don Quixote
Book- by Miguel de Cervantes 1605 & 1615. Was the first novel ever written, and was not destroyed in the Reconquista (the burning of books). he wrote this is because his friends weren't catholic and he wanted to make fun of Spanish culture, this book also helped establish the Spanish language. - Was published in
Dialectical Approach
Combo of all approaches; qual/quant, case studies, survey - emphasizes a processual, relational, and holistic view of intercultural comm, and it requires a balance of contradictory view - to describe and change behavior
Foundation of McLuhan's research
Communication technology (url story telling and electronic media) shapes both perception and cognition - medium is the message
Homogeneous
Culture made of same culture; very similar; one culture ex. Japan, North Korea
Heterogeneous
Culture made of several diff cultures ex. USA - Tossed salad metaphor
Intellectual histories
Development of ideas
Destabilize
Development of the individual; books create a beginning and an end, and allow people to gather info on their own
Out-Of-Awareness
Doing things without thinking about them ex eating salad with a fork
FSI
Foreign Service Institute
Sexual orientation histories
LGBTQ histories, oppression rights
Collateral
Latin American cultures; they rely on the dead to give answers; focus on fam that is alive and dead ex. Dia de Los Muertos
Anglocentrism
Looking at world through Anglo's eyes
Diaspora
Massive migration caused by war, famine, or persecution that diaperses a unified group
Gender vs Sexual orientation
Gender: looking at male and females equally Sexual Orientation: the historical experiences of gays and lesbians
Paradigm to Hall's understanding
1. Focus on micro-level: Self-awareness 2. Focus on nonverbal communication: Communication skills 3. Realize "out-of-awareness" level of behavior: Openness 4. Realize cultural difference and be nonjudgemental: Worldview 5. Use participatory methods: Curiosity 6. Use highly applied types of training: Empathy
Types of histories
1. Hidden 2. Absent 3. Gender 4. Sexual Orientation 5. Racial and ethnic 6. Diasporic 7. Colonial 8. Family 9. National 10. Socioeconomic Class
Hidden vs Absent histories
Hidden: histories that are forgotten or someone in authority has hidden them ex. Tiananmen square in china; govt made sure history not presented to the chinese Absent: histories that we don't have access to bc they're gone ex. Slave- couldn't read/write or pass down info
Self-reflexivity
Idea that you reflect upon yourself to realize who you are as a person
Face
Important in Asian cultures
Masculinity
In a masculine culture there is a difference in gender roles
Long-term
In long-term if you smack someone across the face you don't know if it was right or not because you don't know the whole story so they want time to think about it
Hofstede's Value Orientation
Individual-Collective Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Femininity/ Masculinity Long-term/Short term Cold Play
Linguistic Relativity
(Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) process through which language influences human thought and meaning
Social histories
* Everyday life experiences - represents society and how it functions Women- private, participated in private life Men- active - slaves invert household
Culture
*culture is something that cannot easily be defined - learned patterns of behavior/attitudes shared by a group of people
U-Curve Cross Cultural Adaptation (Berg's Curve) 1960
- Euphoria:when you first see a culture-ex: being very excited for a study abroad in Paris - Anxiety: after that you start to experience anxiety, ex: you want pancakes in Paris but then realize they don't speak English and only have crepes - Rejection: after that you experience the worst moment in your life which is rejection or culture shock. It causes emotional and physical problems, you can get sick - Adjustment: culture shock is quick and temporary so after that you start going up to the adjustment period - Euphoria2: after adjustment you are the highest once you go home - Anxiety2: then you realize home sucks and will experience the anxiety, rejection and adjustment all over again -Rejection 2 -Adjustment 2
Print made possible:
- Individualism: because of printing press, before you did everything as collective, now you can go to your room by yourself and read Democracy - Protestantism:bc of press believers now started questioning what was in the bible and wanted to read it for themselves instead of listening to priest - Capitalism: was created from printing press bc now we can keep track of money Nationalism
6 dialectics of intercultural comm
1. cultural- individual dialectic 2. personal- contextual dialectic 3. Differences-Similarities dialectic 4. Static- Dynamic dialectic 5. History/Past - Present/Future dialectic 6. Privilege-Disadvantage dialectic
3 contemporary approaches to study intercultural comm
1. social science/functionalist approach 2. interpretive approach 3. critical approach
Oberg's U-curve model
1960 Culture shock- 2 ways to get through 1. social support 2. pop culture (yellow) 1. Euphoria- happy to experience 2. Anxiety- experience diff time 3. Rejection/culture shock- causes emotion problems/physical probs 4. Adjustment- the euphoria will be higher than before
Yun Yun Kim's cross-cultural adaptation model
2 steps forward, 1 step back
Demographics
A geographic area related to people; times change
Grand Narrative
A unifies history of humankind
Histories
- More than one history - multiple perspectives of the past
Hidden histories
- Never recorded - not provided to the mainstream ex. torment camps - *tenianment square in china bc it depends on oct thought in china & they massacred a lot of ppl
Stages in travel
- Oberg's U-curve model - Yun Yun Kim's cross-cultural adaptation model
How do various histories of us influence our comm w/ppl from other countries?
- Realizing histories can help interactions - Good to know about other cultures and how they communicate
Power distance
- The relationship you have with hierarchy. Low power distance would assume less hierarchy is better. Our professor has low power distance because he thinks we are equal with him - high power distance: more hierarchy, better
Proxemics
- The study of how people use personal space - the study of how close you are to people while interacting with them (personal space)
Colonial histories
- They legitimize invasion "We were the colonizers so its okay if we destroy it to make something we like better" or we can legitimize it through spreading Christianity !!!!! - we justify our colonial history
Young Yun Kim's theory of cross-cultural adaptation
- Two steps forward, one step back - Adaptation and stress = growth over time
National histories
- a body of knowledge based on past events that influenced a country's development
2. Demographic
- a geographic area related to people - changing society=changing rules - changing rules=intercultural conflict - includes the changing domestic and international migration- raising questions of class and religious diversity
Growing cultures
- emphasize spiritual aspects of life - Zen Buddhism - Japan combine doing and growing Jobs: teachers, ministers, priests, philosophers - stress on spiritual growth - present oriented
Doing cultures
- emphasizes activity - stress on action - USA jobs: athletes, physicians, lawyers - future oriented
3. Economic
- global markets and globalization - requires increased cultural understanding - highlights issues of globalization and the challenges for increased cultural understanding needed to reach the global market
Why is history important?
- history influences culture - culture has no meaning w/out history - history teaches us a particular way of viewing the world - history is constructed through narratives
Being cultures
- in the moment - self actualization - central and south america/ greece and spain jobs: any profession
4. Technological
- increased information & increased contact - raises questions of identity & access - gives us increasing info and increased contact w/ ppl who are similar and diff from us - increased use of communication technology also raises questions about identity and access to these technologies
Family histories
- personal stories - typically not written down intertwined w/ethnic group histories
1. Self-awareness
- realizes own cultural biases- what we do in our culture that is not common everywhere else - familiar w/ own cultural practices - involves increasing understanding of our own location in larger social, political, and historical contexts
Retribalization
- technology allowing more communication; connections between countries becoming more prominent; more dependence on community - Getting rid of the individual - With the invention of the media we come back together
Foreign Service Institute
- the field of intercultural communication began with FSI in 1946 - emphasized non-verbal communication in international contexts -concluded that nonverbal differs from culture to culture - Edward T Hall Proxemics
Global Village
- the idea that as technology increases, world is smaller, people more connected, collective world - the retribalization of society
6. Ethical
- the principles of conduct that govern the behavior of the group - what is good? what is moral?- doesn't mean it's good/moral in other states - society and stories guide us to what is good/moral - calls for an understanding of the universalist, relativist, and dialogic approach to ethical issues
5. Peace
- work through historical oppression/intercultural differences - bc misunderstandings lead to conflict - involves working through issues of colonialism, economic disparities, and racial, ethnic, and religious differences
Political histories
- written histories that focus on political events -Political events/power changes
Post colonialism
-An intellectual, political, and cultural movement that calls for independence not only of colonized states but of colonist ways of thinking - realizing colonialism caused lots of problems
Individualistic
-Tendency to emphasize individual identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views rather those of the group - ppl who value individualism tend to also favor direct forms of communication and to support overt forms of conflict resolution
Why we looked at hidden histories of Tiananmen square and the one in Mexico?
-bc of the (-) govt reponse and action of not sharing info that is negative to thier image
Critical approach
-heterogeneous, dynamic, and a contested site of struggle -Rhetorical approach- interpreting the meaning or persuasion used in texts or oral discourses in the contexts they occur - Rhetorical textual analysis- always in power struggle - Research goal: change behavior Method: textual analysis of media Relation of culture & comm: culture a site of power struggles Contribution: recognizes the economic and political forces in culture and communication; asserts that all intercultural interactions are characterized by power
Diasporic histories
-massive migration caused by war, famine, or persecution that dispense a unified group
Past, present, future cultures
Past- focus on past how to experience life; European and Asian societies Present- being culture; recognize value of living fully in the present; Mexico, Spain and Greece Future- emphasize on future; US, Europe
Tribalization
Pre technology, when people depended on each other for information; story telling era
Why do the authors of our text argue that we are never "equal" in intercultural encounters?
Pride, individualism and collectivism,
Interpretive approach
Qualitative- captures ppl's own meanings for typical behavior in certain contexts - Research goal: describe behavior - Method of study: participant observation, field study; case studies; ethnography (researcher part of study) - Relationship of culture and comm: culture created & maintained through communication - Contribution: emphasizes that comm and culture and cultural differences should be studies in context
Social science/functionalist approach
Quantitative- using numerical indicators to capture relationships among variables - Research goal: describe & predict behavior - Method of survey: observation, survey;quantitative - Relation b/w culture & comm: communication influenced by culture - Contribution of approach: identifies cultural variations; recognizes cultural differences in many aspects of communication but often doesn't consider context
Racial histories
Racial- non mainstream racial groups
Gender histories
Reevaluation w/women in mind and looking at male and females equally
Extra credit
Roman numeral D= 500 There are 7 continents
6 imperatives for studying intercultural communication
Self-awareness Demographic Economic Technological Peace Ethical
Nativistic
Someone that believes their culture is the best; most important; being anti-immigrant - will not worry about foreign affairs, they only care about what's going on inside of their country
Face negotiation theory
Stella Tin-Toomey- idea that we use diff face in diff contexts - the view that cultural groups vary in preferences for conflict styles and face-saving
Collectivistic
Tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the in-group rather then individuals' own goals, needs and views
Identity Management
The face you show to diff people; based on diff ppl and situations
Contact Hypothesis
The notion that better communication b/w groups in facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact ex. prof going to Mexico bc hated mexicans
Macrocontexts- critical approach
The political, social, and historical situations, backgrounds, and environments that influence communication
Marshall McLuhan's approach to understanding media:
The way a message is delivered - print changes our communication - book culture (renaissance man) to electronic era (electronic man) like and adolescent (book)- seeking self definition- to teen (electronic)-life not real
Ethnocentrism
Thinking your culture is superior; the way we do things is the only way - a refusal to expand cultural horizons or acknowledging others can lead to intergroup misunderstandings and conflict - self-awareness imperative goes hand-in-hand
Identity Tourism
Try to portray yourself to someone else's culture; pretending to be someone else
How do various histories of greece influence our comm with people from other countries?
We still use roman numerals, rhetoric, all of knowledge is influenced by greek
Manuscript (Scribal) culture
Western Europe; only rich and religious ppl could read
Tribal culture
When people lived in tribes together - only collective culture group mattered - oral storytelling-tribalize- bc couldn't print massively
Ethnography
a discipline that examines the patterned interactions and significant symbols of specific cultural groups to identify the cultural norms that guide their behaviors
Paradigm
a framework that serves as the worldview of researchers
Cult of personality
an individual that becomes idealized and worshipped through unquestioning loyalty through the use of propaganda and mass media
Afrocentricity
an orientation towards african american cultural standards, including beliefs and values, as the criteria for interpreting behaviors and attitudes
Absent histories
any part of history that was not recorded or that is missing - not everything that happened in past is accessible to us today bc only some voices were documented
Printing Press
c1440; by 1500, throughout western europe - cultural self-awareness began increasing the middle class merges w/ education a rising nationalism is accelerated by vernacular languages
Anxiety uncertainty management theory
developed by Gudykunst; the view that the reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication, particularly when experiencing new cultures
Individualistic culture
emphasize the individual, focus on what the individual can do, they favor direct forms of communication. focuses on us. Ex: U.S.
Collectivistic culture
focus on group goals and what the group can achieve, try to save face by avoiding conflict. groups are more important than the individual. Focus on family. Ex: China
Uncertainty Avoidance
if you dislike or like rules. Some people have a high uncertainty avoidance mean they really want to avoid any uncertainty so they want more rules. Ex: if they are going out to dinner they want to know EXACTLY what time
Femininity
in a feminist culture there is no distinction between gender roles
Renaissance culture
renaissance man- literary man; someone who can read and write - created individualism- ppl can read create protestantism- religious ppl reading the book - capitalism - representative democracy - nationalism- languages created -
Ethnic Histories
self-identified culture groups
Short-term
short-term prefer quick immediate results, good and evil are defined right now. Ex: if you smack someone across the face you decide right then that was a bad thing to do.
History
the discovery, collection, organization and presentation of the past
Perception
the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret stimuli to create their view of the world
Diversity training
the training meant to facilitate intercultural communication among various gender, ethnic, and racial groups in the US
The Great Leap forward
to rapidly change the economy from agriculture to industrialized
Cross-cultural training
training people to become familiar with other cultural norms and to improve their interactions with people of different domestic and international cultures
Quantitative methods
using numerical indicators to capture relationships among variables
Electronic Culture
with the invention of the internet and other technology we can communicate quicker. As the world is getting smaller, technology increases, we become more connected to one another and instead of becoming individuals we will become a more collective world.
Distance zones
• The area, defined by physical space, within which people interact 1. Intimate zone 2. Personal zone 3. Social zone 4. Public zone