COMM 360- Final Exam Study Guide
People are classified as "heavy viewers" if they watch at least ______ hours of TV per day.
4
Gerbner found that A. over half of prime-time programs contain violence B. the rate of violence on television has increased over the years C. blue-collar workers are less likely to be victimized on television that white-collar executives D. All of the above
A
What is a theory?
A theory is a set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work.
"What women want to say and can say best cannot be said easily because...." A. "the language template is not of their own making." B. "Contemporary men intentionally mute the voices of women." C. "Women are simply not as cognitively complex as men." D. "there exists a certain political pressure for women to be seen and not heard."
A. "the language template is not of their own making."
Let's say a listener takes the peripheral route to processing your very smart, very moving, very funny presentation on gun control. Their listening process lands them in the weak + category. Which of the following is probably true (given what you know about ELM)? A. At least for the time being, that listener is positively oriented toward your message. B. If asked, the listener would be likely to say that they disagreed with your message. C. The message will have significant impact on that person's behavior in the future. D. The listener was drawn in by content of your arguments, which they found to be of sound logic and reasoning
A. At least for the time being, that listener is positively oriented toward your message.
Why do we engage in presentations of self, according to Goffman? A. Because we are performers on a stage in social interactions and we want to create favorable impressions of ourselves B. Because we are trying to fit into the group. C. Because human beings are naturally deceptive. D. Because we are trying to manipulate others to get what we want
A. Because we are performers on a stage in social interactions and we want to create favorable impressions of ourselves
Which route to persuasion is the most enduring, resistant, and predictive of behavior? A. Central B. Peripheral C. Metacommunicative D. Credible
A. Central
Which of the following are NOT true about Burke (Circle all correct answers) A. College graduate B. Self-proclaimed "gypsy scholar" C. The foremost rhetorician of the 20th century D. Catholic
A. College graduate
Which of the following dialectics is the internal version of the integration-separation dialectic? A. Connection-autonomy B. Certainty-uncertainty C. Revelation-concealment D. Openness-closeness E. Conventionality-uniqueness F- Inclusion-Seclusion
A. Connection-autonomy
According to Social Judgment Theory, there are two stages of attitude change They are A. First we judge how close or far a message is from our anchored position, then we shift our anchor B. First we shift our anchor, then we judge how close or far a message is from our anchored position. C. The two stages described above (a and b) happen simultaneously D. The two stages described about (a and b) happen randomly- order doesn't matter and can change depending on the situation
A. First we judge how close or far a message is from our anchored position, then we shift our anchor
Which of the theories in this unit does not consider power as an important factor? A. Genderlect Styles B. Muted Group C. Standpoint D. All of those theories consider power E. None of those theories consider power
A. Genderlect Styles
Which of Festinger's hypotheses best explain why your instructor (a raging liberal) doesn't spend a whole lot of time listening to Alex Jones (infowar)? A. Hypothesis 1 B. Hypothesis 2 C. Hypothesis 3
A. Hypothesis 1
Agenda setting theory demonstrates which of the following to be true? A. Media agenda -> voters' agenda B. Voters' agenda -> media agenda
A. Media agenda -> voters' agenda
An inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse action, and anticipate reactions before overtly responding is called A. Minding B. Looking-glass conversation C. Participant Observation D. I/me Interaction
A. Minding
Which of these statements about self-disclosure is NOT TRUE? A. Private information is changed more frequently and sooner than peripheral items. B. Self-disclosure is reciprocal, especially in the early stages of relationship development. C. Penetration is raped at the start but slows down quickly as the tightly wrapper inner layers are reached. D. Depenetration is a gradual process of layer by layer withdrawal.
A. Private information is changed more frequently and sooner than peripheral items.
The third claim of CMM would encourage us to ask which question when reflecting on our social interactions? A. What are we making? B. How can I use this interaction to get my own needs met? C. Did the interaction make sense? D. Who is primarily responsible for the communication breakdown?
A. What are we making?
To be testable, a scientific theory must be A. able to be proven wrong B. impossible to prove wrong C. unique and innovative D. developed from other previously tested theories
A. able to be proven wrong
Tannen maintains that men use talk A. as a weapon B. to divert attention C. to prevent the transmission of information D. all of the above
A. as a weapon
Let's say you and I (Ashley) unexpectedly run into each other at Savages tomorrow night. You're there with your significant other and I'm there with a few of closest faculty colleagues-friends. The interaction between you and me is taking place A. back stage for both parties B. front stage for both parties C. back stage for you (student), front stage for me (ashley) D. front stage for you (student), back stage for me (Ashley)
A. back stage for both parties
Which of the following is the best definition for paradigm? A. conceptual framework B. axioms in combination with specific hypothesis C. rhetorical inquiry D. competing narratives
A. conceptual framework
Above all else, managerialism prizes A. control B. participatory democracy C. involvement D. both "control" and "involvement
A. control
Wood suggests that one reason why marginalized people have a "less partial" perspective than those who hold power in society is that those who are marginalized A. have little reason to defend the status quo B. view truth as value-free and accessible to any objective observer C. dismiss any relationship between the knower and the known D. are unfamiliar with the perspectives of those who are in power
A. have little reason to defend the status quo
Epistemology is about the nature of A. Knowledge B. reality C. tradition D. theory E. none of the above
A. knowledge
Media multiplicity theory focuses on the _______ of communication media we use with a partner. A. number B. complexity C. type D. cost
A. number
Put the stages of the guilt-redemption cycle in order on the flow-chart. (Casuistic Stretching, transcendence , order, guilt, victimize, pollution)
A. pollution B. casuistic stretching C. Victimization D. transcendence
If a sign seems to be disconnected from the original historical (inherent) connection to its meaning, that sign is A. second-order B. Connotative C. Empty and timeless. D. co-opted by myth makers E. All of the above
A. second-order
The ultimate test of narrative coherence is whether or not A. the characters act in a reliable manner. B. the narrator has included all important information. C. the narrator has accounted for other plausible interpretations D. the story is consistent with the audience's values
A. the characters act in a reliable manner.
According to Wood, when people speak from the opposite sides of power relations, the perspective from the lives of ______ can provide a more objective view than the perspective from the lives of _______. A. the less powerful; the more powerful B. the more powerful; the less powerful C. the less educated; the more educated D. the more educated; the less educated
A. the less powerful; the more powerful
More recently, McCombs has concluded that A. the media does influence the way we think B. framing is a dubious theoretical concept C. context, mood, and selectivity are not relevant to journalism D. the index of curiosity requires more study
A. the media does influence the way we think
Which group is (ironically) least likely to believe/buy into Hall's major assertions? A. the oppressed B. the educated C. the powerful D. the politicians
A. the oppressed
According to CMM, why are the stories we tell different from the stories we live? A. the stories we live intersect with the actions and reactions of others, making them difficult to articulate. B. We tend to misrepresent the truth to make ourselves feel better about our realities. C. We have what scholars call "selective memories." D. The living and the telling are two completely separate processes.
A. the stories we live intersect with the actions and reactions of others, making them difficult to articulate.
According to Tannen, the first step in overcoming destructive responses and miscommunication between men and women is to A. understand each other's styles and the motives behind them B. learn to talk as the other gender talks C. alter the destructive communication patterns of males D. teach women to be more assertive; teach meant to be more sensitive
A. understand each other's styles and the motives behind them
Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the narrative paradigm? A. we make decisions on the basis of good reason. B. people are essentially rational. C. the type of speaker determines the course of the argument. D. all of the above
A. we make decisions on the basis of good reason.
The media tell us what to think about and how to think about it through two processes, transfer of salience and framing.
Agenda Setting
Who wrote Social Penetration Theory?
Altman and Taylor
Which one of these 'soundbytes' best represents the strategy approach? A. "You're the best salesperson we have on the floor, so I trust you to call the shots." B. "I know you had plans for tonight, but I need you to stay to cover Ben's shift." C. "Let me know if you have any questions or suggestions for how the department could run better." D. "Id you can give me a couple extra hours next week, we can totally talk about that raise you want."
B. "I know you had plans for tonight, but I need you to stay to cover Ben's shift."
Margo would like to ask Ashley a favor. However, Margo is aware that Ashley is not particularly fond of her and most definitely views her as a non rewarding (punishing) person. Which of these distances should Margo stand at to maximize her chances of a positive response? A. closer than where Ashely would expect her to stand B. At the distance Ashely would expect her to stand. C. beyond where Ashley would expect her to stand D. It doesn't matter. Margo doesn't stand a change getting the favor anyway.
B. At the distance Ashely would expect her to stand.
Let's say you coach a speech team, and you want them to genuinely love the activity, even though it's really hard work and very time consuming. Using the wisdom of Cognitive Dissonance Theory, which is the best strategy? A. Securing a grant that would put every team member on a full scholarship. B. Giving a team t-shirt to a team member after they compete at their first tournament. C. Neither of those will work because being on a speech team is a universally terrible experience, and everyone knows it.
B. Giving a team t-shirt to a team member after they compete at their first tournament.
Which type of relationship is represented by this statement: CL < Outcome < CLalt A. Happy/stay B. Happy/Leave C Unhappy/Stay D. Unhappy/Leave
B. Happy/Leave
Based on what you know about the scholarship of these women, which pair is most likely to co-write an article? A. Tannen and Kramarae B. Kramarae and Wood C. Wood and Tannen
B. Kramarae and Wood
What evaluation criterion of scientific research suggests that a theory be simply yet complete, offering an explanation that is as straightforward as possible? A. Scope B. Parsimony C. Falsifiability D. Practicality
B. Parsimony
According to CMM, what's the primary social process of human life? A. Telling Stories B. The experience of persons-in-conversation C. Experience the realities of human nature D. Dancing like no one is watching, smiling like you've never been hurt
B. The experience of persons-in-conversation
Which statement about ontological differences is true? A. While at one point the differences may have been signification, at this point most communication theorists accept the various ontological perspectives as equally valid. B. The extreme views anchor the ends of a continuum, with theories spread out along the scale. C. There are few (if any) ontological differences among the BSU communication studies faculty.
B. The extreme views anchor the ends of a continuum, with theories spread out along the scale.
In Festinger's (now classic) cognitive dissonance experiment, which group had the most "cognitive work" to do to eliminate dissonance? A. The group that got paid $20 B. The group that got paid $1 C. The potential subjects who were lied to regarding the dull task D. Festinger and Carlsmith, the researchers
B. The group that got paid $1
"Taking the role of the other" is also known as A. The first-date phenomenon B. The looking-glass self C. The role-call axiom
B. The looking-glass self
According to Walther, over an extended period of time, what will happen to CMC relationships? A. They will fade out B. They will be similar in intimacy to those developed face-to-face C. They will be more impersonal D. They will last longer.
B. They will be similar in intimacy to those developed face-to-face
How can members of a dysfunctional family break out of their never-ending system? A. Using a "double-bind" B. Through the process of "reframing" C. They can't. Ever D. By playing a "game"
B. Through the process of "reframing"
Which childhood game best serves as a metaphor for Relational Dialectics? A. Red Rover B. Tug of War C. Hopscotch D. Fetch
B. Tug of War
Which is the "worst case scenario" of EVT? A. a positive violation B. a negative violation C. no violation at all
B. a negative violation
Deetz is convinced that meaningful democratic participation in corporate decision-making A. is impossible in a capitalistic society B. benefits both the employees and the corporation C. systematically undermines managers' credibility D. is more important in the earlier stages of an organization than in its maturity
B. benefits both the employees and the corporation
Kramarae began her research studying gender bias in A. the news B. cartoons C. professional wrestling D. getting cards
B. cartoons
Researchers who ascribe to CMM see themselves as A. Authoritative practitioners in fixing communication problems B. curious participants in a pluralistic world C. social scientists in pursuit of universal Truth
B. curious participants in a pluralistic world
The twin objectives of scientific knowledge are A. describing what happened and explaining why it happened B. explaining the past and present and predicting the future C. explaining the past and controlling the future D. understanding meaning and addressing social iniquity
B. explaining the past and present and predicting the future
Which factor is most important in determining the likelihood that a person will voice his/her opinion? A. Perception of holding majority viewpoint of future trends B. favoring the current majority position C. being in the company of friends D. self-esteem
B. favoring the current majority position
According to Burke, without _________, there is no persuasion. A. speaker credibility B. identification C. Sound reasoning D. victimage
B. identification
Symbolic Interactionism has been criticized because A. the central tenets were formulated too narrowly B. it may overstate the importance of language to personhood C. it relies too heavily on experimentation D. none of the above answers are correct
B. it may overstate the importance of language to personhood
Deetz's communication model emphasizes A. Shannon and Weaver's theory that communication is the transmission of information B. language's role in shaping social reality C. gender and ethnic aspects of managerialism D. nonverbal elements of corporate culture
B. language's role in shaping social reality
Women listening to a story or explanation tend to A. avoid eye contact so as not to embarrass the speaker B. offer head nods C. avoid putting themselves in a submissive stance D. Both A and B
B. offer head nods
If a communication scholar thinks that the knower cannot be separated from the known, chances are good that the scholar probably conducts ________ research. A. quantitative B. qualitative C. ontological D. rhetorical E. epistemological
B. qualitative
Dialogic Communication means that you: A. approximate the process of communication favored by Socrates in the dialogues of Plato B. Speak in a way that others can and will listen, and listen in a way that others can and will speak C. Control person-in-communication; thereby establishing both coordination and coherence
B. speak in a way that others can and will listen, and listen in a way that others can and will speak
Which term refers to the strategy of starting research form the lives of women and other marginalized groups whose concerns and experience are usually ignored? A. weak objectivity B. strong objectivity C. neutral objectivity D. irrelevant objectivity
B. strong objectivity
When using the dramatist pentad to analyze a speech, the rhetorical critic must consider A. the speech itself, rather than the drama described in the speech B. the ratios of emphasis among the five parts of the pentad C. a description of the journalistic who/what/where/when/why/how D. Their own motives as a critic
B. the ratios of emphasis among the five parts of the pentad
Kramarae believes men have difficulty understanding women's communication because A. of biological reasons B. they haven't made the effort to find out about it C. women feel the need to conceal their experiences from men. D. all of the above
B. they haven't made the effort to find out about it
Which of these linguistic capacities is most closely tied to the production of guilt? A. the power of naming B. they introduction of the negative C. the ability to ask questions D. the genesis of synonyms
B. they introduction of the negative
When we're talking about expectations, we're referring to A. what is hoped for B. what is predicted C. what is desired D. what is warned about
B. what is predicted
__________ behavior includes all that is not visible to an audience.
Back stage
Who wrote Semiotics?
Barthea
Who wrote Relational Dialectics?
Baxter and Bahktin
Who wrote Uncertainty Reduction?
Berger
The _____ of penetration is the range of areas in an individual's life over which disclosure takes place.
Breadth
Who wrote Expectancy Violations Theory?
Burgoon
Who wrote Dramatism?
Burke
What is the reason message elaboration might not occur? A. The person is not motivated to elaborate B. The person is not able to elaborate C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above
C. Both of the above
The threshold above which an outcome seems attractive is called the A. reward level B. comparison level of alternatives C. comparison level D. satisfaction level
C. Comparison level
Sherif calls the perception that a message within the latitude of rejection is more discrepant from the anchor point than it actually is, is calls A. Selection B. Assimilation C. Contrast D. De-anchoring
C. Contrast
Which of the following should NOT be associated with the Dramaturgical Model? A. social life as a theatre B. Frames C. life as dramatic D. Presentation of Self
C. Life as dramatic
Which of the following dialectics is the external version of the expression-nonexpression dialectic? A. Connection-autonomy B. Certainty-uncertainty C. Revelation-concealment D. Openness-closeness E. Conventionality-uniqueness F- Inclusion-Seclusion
C. Revelation-concealment
The "aha factor" refers to A. situations in which men and women transcend the barriers of gender B. situations in which men and women discover the value of the other gender C. Situation in which a theory is reaffirmed by one's personal experience D. situations in which men attempt to override rapport talk with report talk
C. Situation in which a theory is reaffirmed by one's personal experience
For interactionists, what is required in order for the self to develop? A. Intimate or significant others B. Cognitive complexity C. Social Interaction D. Coherence
C. Social Interaction
Signs do not stand on their own. Rather, they are part of interconnected sign ________ A. Families B. Links C. Systems D. Semiotics
C. Systems
When should you violate the expectations of another person? A. always B. when your unexpected behavior is ethical C. When you are sure the violation will be perceived positively D. Never
C. When you are sure the violation will be perceived positively
An axiom is a A. node that connects two separate uncertainty systems B. hypothesis that scientists attempt to test C. a self-evident truth that requires no additional proof D. basic unit of uncertainty
C. a self-evident truth that requires no additional proof
Which one of these accelerates the Spiral of Silence? A. academic journal articles B. protests or other political demonstrations C. broadcast media, especially television D. cyclical poverty
C. broadcast media, especially television
Which cue is the one nonverbal cue that's not filtered out in CMC? A. haptic B. proxemics C. chronemics D. vocalics
C. chronemics
Which of the following is not one of the four different ways corporate decisions can be made? A. strategy B. involvement C. critique D. participation
C. critique
According to Wood, which topic about interpersonal communication would serve as the most valuable for an academic study? A. friendships among economically comfortable adolescents B. heterosexual college students' romance C. how abusive relationships are created and sustained D. all are equally valuable
C. how abusive relationships are created and sustained
Social penetration theory has been criticized because A. it relies too heavily on gender distinctions B. it places too much emphasis on dialectical issues C. it equates self-disclosure with relational closeness D. both B and C
C. it equates self-disclosure with relational closeness
Interpretive theory is valuable when it A. allows us to predict how humans can effectively interact B. explains causal relationships in real-world situations C. offers fresh insights into the human condition D. separates the theorist's values from the observed phenomena
C. offers fresh insights into the human condition
Hall's main concern with corporate control of mass communication is that it A. makes media products more expensive for consumers B. gives the consumer too many choices among viewing options C. prevents many stories from being told D. forces communication scholars to overemphasize power relations and social structure in their research
C. prevents many stories from being told
In Barthes' view, mythic signs typically A. idealize some previous semiological structure B. produce new values for society C. reinforce the dominant values of their culture D. question the legitimacy of the status quo
C. reinforce the dominant values of their culture
Which of the following criteria is least applicable to humanistic theory? A. aesthetic appeal B. ability to generate change C. relative simplicity D. agreement within a community of scholar
C. relative simplicity
Which is the only legal term defined by women? A. pornography B. rape C. sexual harassment D. unwanted pregnancy
C. sexual harassment
A weak tie is weak because A. we don't like the person B. we don't belong to the same social group as the other person. C. we don't invest much time or energy in the person D. we don't intend to maintain the relationship over the long term
C. we don't invest much time or energy in the person
Persons in conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create. They can achieve coherence through common interpretation of their stories told. They can achieve coordination by meshing their stories lived.
CMM (Coordinated Management of Meaning)
Humans face the oversize drive that causes them to avoid opposing viewpoints, seek reassurance after making a tough decision, and change private beliefs to match public behavior where there is minimal justification for an action.
Cognitive Dissonance
A story that makes rational sense but doesn't align with our values is said to have ___________ but lack ________.
Coherence; fidelity
The _______ model regards language as the principal medium to create and sustain reality.
Communication
The naive notion that communication is merely the transmission of information perpetuates managerialism, discursive closure, and the corporate colonization of everyday life.
Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations
Cultural Studies- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Critical/Interpretive
Standpoint- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Critical/Interpretive
Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Critical/Phenomenological/Interpretive
Muted Group Theory- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Critical/Phenomenological/Interpretive
Television has become society's storyteller. Heavy television views see a vast quantity of dramatic violence, which cultivates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world.
Cultivation
The mass media function to maintain the ideology of those who already have power. Corporately controlled media provide the dominant discourse of the day that frame interpretation of events.
Cultural Studies
Interactional View- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Cybernetic/Socio-cultural/Interpretive
The second prong of cultivation theory observes that A. producers' decisions regarding violent television are rooted in money B. instances of violence on television have remained both stable and high C. Children's programming has more instances of violence than the average program D. Both B and C E. All of the above
D. Both B and C
Which of the following DOES count as "violence," according to Gerber? A. Verbal abuse B. idle threats C. "Pie in the face" slapstick D. Physical abuse in cartoon format
D. Physical abuse in cartoon format
Which of these is not one of the "building blocks" of the Spiral of Silence? A. The human ability to gauge trends on public sentiment B. Individuals' justifiable fear of isolation C. People's hesitancy to express minority views D. The power of the government to silence political candidates.
D. The power of the government to silence political candidates.
Through the process of consent, employees of a corporation A. reach the highest level of fulfillment B. are forced to follow the company's dictates or quit C. speak their minds openly, but do not participate in decision making D. accomplish the interests of management in the faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests
D. accomplish the interests of management in the faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests
The means used to accomplish a rhetorical event is the A. actor B. act C. agent D. agency
D. agency
A good humanist theory generates A. change B. agreement among scholars C. widespread analysis D. all of the above
D. all of the above
For McCombs and Shaw, an important story in the newspapers would be A. a three-column story on an inside page B. a lead editorial C. a front-page headline story D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Our drive to reduce uncertainty comes from A. anticipation of future events B. incentive value C. deviance D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The ultimate goal of mute group theory is to A. transcend the "normal" world and place women in a special place. B. reduce the status of men and increase that of women C. return to an earlier era of stable gender roles D. change the man-made linguistic system that keeps women "in their place."
D. change the man-made linguistic system that keeps women "in their place."
To what does Wood attribute gender differences (such as the idea that men tend to want more autonomy, and women tend to want more connectedness)? (Circle all that apply) A. biology B. maternal instinct C. women's intuition D. cultural expectations E. the treatment that each group receives from the other
D. cultural expectations E. the treatment that each group receives from the other
Let's say you're skeptical about someone you're "talking to" and so you decide to investigate their Facebook history. You scroll down oldest posts first, and then you look for patterns of that person's friends' post- if one person was pasting all the time and then suddenly stopped, you as the "Facebook creeper" should interpret this as the sign of a failed relationship or other significant conflict. While this method may be "a bit much," the method is in line with SIP, as it seeks __________ information, which mean information that the owner of the profile cannot easily control A. asynchronous B, hyperpersonal C. low-warrant D. high-warrant
D. high-warrant
Which of the following groups are not considered important agenda setters? A. media gatekeepers B. candidates and their spin doctors C. public-relations professionals D. industry leaders
D. industry leaders
Muted group theory has been criticized because it A. relies too heavily on empirical data. B. has not adequately considered issues of power and dominance. C. has ignored the issue of sexual harassment. D. is difficult to prove the assumption that men are trying to control women.
D. is difficult to prove the assumption that men are trying to control women.
Tanner believes that more than anything else, men seek A. control B. human understanding C. human connection D. status
D. status
The ultimate issue for cultural studies is not ____ information is presented but _____ information it is. A. whose, what B. how, which C. that, which D. what, whose
D. what, whose
Who wrote Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations?
Deetz
The ________ of penetration is the degree of intimacy.
Depth
The ultimate motive of rhetoric is the purging of guilt. The pentad of act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose is the critic's tool to discover a speaker's motives.
Dramatism
All the world is conceived as a stage and individuals are seen as actors who present a show of their self by putting their best food forward; social interaction is characterized by impression management
Dramaturgy
The central route to persuasion produces major positive attitude change. It occurs when listeners are motivated and able to scrutinize arguments that they consider strong. Message-irrelevant factors hold sway on the peripheral path, a more common route that produces weak attitude shifts.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Breaking a person's interpersonal "rules" can be a superior strategy to conformity. When the meaning of a behavior is ambiguous, communicators with a high reward valence can enhance their attractiveness, credibility, and persuasiveness by doing the unpredicted. When the violation valence or reward valence is negative, they should act in a socially appropriate way.
Expectancy Violation
True of False: According to Burke, life is like a drama.
False
True of False: Efforts to create or sustain certain impressions are always highly calculated.
False
True or False: A person's identity is not shaped by the reactions of others, but rather, by the person's own actions.
False
True or False: According to Cognitive Dissonance Theory, a change in attitude is usually what leads to a change in behavior..
False
True or False: According to Kramarae, the advent of the internet has put an end to men's gatekeeping role.
False
True or False: According to the theory, the presence of dialectical tension signals trouble in a relationship.
False
True or False: Because of their political majority (women= over 51% of voters), women are not truly a muted group.
False
True or False: Cognitive dissonance suggests that we tend to avoid information that we think will decrease our dissonance.
False
True or False: Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when we make a major decision, we reduce potential dissonance by looking for justification before completing the action associated with the decision.
False
True or False: Coordination is only possible if persons-in-conversation agree about coherence.
False
True or False: Cultivation theory explains how heavy TV exposure can influence viewers to commit violent acts.
False
True or False: Fisher argues that an ideal audience will be convinced by how concisely and rationally a speaker argues.
False
True or False: Latent ties occur when a friendship slowly fades away and we eventually lose contact.
False
True or False: Mead used statistical experiments to verify his theory.
False
True or False: Recent experimental studies have ruled out the possibility that public priorities are set by media priorities.
False
True or False: Spiral of silence suggests that people are less willing to speak with those perceived to agree with them
False
True or False: Standpoint theorists believe that people in dominant positions in society have more motivation to understand those who are marginalized than vice versa
False
True or False: Whether objective or interpretive, theories that still require fine tuning after many years are not acceptable.
False
True or False: With the rise of new media, agenda-setting no longer exists.
False
True or False: the principal purpose of the dramatist pentad is to transcend perspective by incongruity.
False
Who wrote Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
Festinger
Who wrote Narrative Paradigm?
Fisher
Male-femal communication is a cross-cultural communication. Masculine and famine styles of discourse are best viewed as two distinct cultural dialects rather than inferior or superior ways of speaking.
Genderlect Styles
The ________________ is defined as the composite mental image based on perceptions of societal expectations and responses.
Generalized Other
Who wrote Cultivation Theory?
Gerbner
Who wrote Dramaturgical Theory?
Goffman
Who write Cultural Studies?
Hall
Who wrote Standpoint Theory?
Harding and Wood
Who wrote Media Multiplexity?
Haythornthwaite
Relationship within a family system are interconnected and highly resistant to change. The system can be transformed only when members receive outside help to reframe their meta communication
Interactional View
Dramaturgy- Interpretive vs Objective
Interpretive
Who wrote Muted Group Theory?
Kramarae
________ knowledge is situated in time, place, experience, and relative power; it is NOT value free.
Local
What concept explains why "heavy viewers" tend to label themselves as political moderates and middle class?
Main Streaming
What term (associated with CMM) refers to the "adjusting of our stories told to fit our own stories lived?"
Management
Who wrote Agenda Setting Theory?
McCombs and Shaw
Who wrote Symbolic Interactionism?
Mead
Strong ties use more media to communication with each other than do weak ties. Communication content differs by tie strength rather than medium.
Media Multiplexity
According to Burke, since _______ (self-blame) is difficult to admit publicly, it's easier to blame someone else.
Mortification
Man-made language aids in defining, depreciating, and excluding women. Women are less articulate in public because the words and the norms for their use have been devised by men.
Muted Group Theory
People are storytelling animals. Listeners judge a story by whether it hangs together and rings true with the values of an ideal audience
Narrative Paradigm
Who wrote Spiral of Silence?
Noelle-Neumann
Who wrote Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM)?
Pearce and Cronen
Who wrote Elaboration Likelihood Model?
Petty and Cacioppo
Relational Dialectics- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Phenomenological/Interpretive
"Attitudes one can express without running the danger of isolating oneself; the tangible force that keeps people in line" is Griffin's definition of what?
Public Opinion
Which term is used to describe every action as an action, reaction, and forecast of future action? A. coordination B. coherence C. Reflexivity D. self-fulfilling prophecy
Reflexivity
Social life is a dynamic knot of contradictions, a ceaseless interplay between contrary or opposing tendencies. Interpersonal relationships are created through the interplay of discourses which occur within the relationship and outside of it.
Relational Dialectics
Dramatism- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Rhetorical/Interpretive
Narrative Paradigm- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Rhetorical/Interpretive
In class you noticed that of all the mainstream news sources looked at, the California wildfires were on the "splash page" of almost every single one; this demonstrates the concept of __________.
Salience
Semiotics- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Semiotic/Interpretive
Genderlect Styles- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Semiotic/Socio-cultural/Both
The significant visual sign systems of a culture affirm the status quo by suggesting that the world as it is today is natural, inevitable, and eternal. Myth makers do this by coopting neutral denotative signs to become signifiers without historical grouping in second-order connotative systems.
Semiotics
Who wrote Social Judgement Theory?
Sherif
Sign is the inextricable combination of ______ and ______.
Signifier; signified
Based solely on the linguistic content of computer-mediated communication, parties who meet online can develop relationships that are just as close as those formed face-to-face- though it takes longer.
Social Information Processing
The larger the discrepancy between a speaker's position and a listener's point of view, the greater the change in attitude- as long as the message is within the hearer's latitude of acceptance.
Social Judgement
Interpersonal closeness proceeds in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of anticipated present and future outcomes. Lasting intimacy requires continual and mutual vulnerability through breadth and depth of self-disclosure.
Social Penetration
Symbolic Interactionism- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Cultural/Interpretive
CMM- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Cultural/Phenomenological/Interpretive
Cognitive Dissonance Theory- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Psychological/Objective
Elaboration Likelihood Model- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Psychological/Objective
Expectancy Violations Theory- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Psychological/Objective
Social Information Processing Theory- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Psychological/Objective
Social Penetration Theory- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Psychological/Objective
Uncertainty Reduction Theory- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-Psychological/Objective
Social Judgement Theory- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-PsychologicalObjective
Agenda Setting- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-psychological/Objective
Cultivation- Tradition and Interpretive vs Objective
Socio-psychological/Socio-cultural/Objective
People live in perpetual fear of isolating themselves and carefully monitor public opinion to see which views are acceptable. When their opinions appear out of favor, they keep silent.
Spiral of Silence
Views of marginalized people provide less false views of the world than do the privileged perspectives of the powerful. Strong objectivity requires that scientific research start from the lives of women, the poor, gays and lesbians, and racial minorities.
Standpoint Theory
Humans act toward people, things, or events on the basis of the meanings they assign to them. Once people define a station as real, it has very real consequences. Without language there would be no thought, no sense of self, and no socializing presence of society within the individual.
Symbolic Interactionism
Who wrote Genderlect Styles?
Tannen
True or False: According to Hall and his followers, the average citizen is more or less powerless to do anything but operate in a corporatized, commodified world.
True
True or False: Contemporary socio-cultural theorists claim that it is through the process of communication that reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed.
True
True or False: Cultivation theory posits that television is society's primary storyteller.
True
True or False: Deetz believes there is no legitimate basis for privileging one group of stakeholders over another.
True
True or False: Deetz has developed a critical communication theory aimed at ensuring the financial health of corporations while increasing the representation of diverse human interests.
True
True or False: Fisher holds that almost all forms of human communication need to be seen fundamentally as stories.
True
True or False: Fisher suggests a shift away from the rational-world paradigm in order to better understand human communication.
True
True or False: Ideological signs enlist support for the status quo by transforming history into nature.
True
True or False: Kramarae is certain that the language of a particular culture does not serve all of its members equally well.
True
True or False: Pearce and Cronen believe that communication is best studied as a process of creating and managing social reality rather than describing objective reality
True
True or False: SIP theory suggests that there is a 4 to 1 ratio of how long it takes communicate social information via CMC compared to face to face.
True
True or False: Some people, including the hard core and the avant grade, will remain at the top of the spiral in defiance of threats of isolation.
True
True or False: Tannen believes that male-female conversation is inherently cross-cultural communication.
True
True or False: Tannen found that although two girls could sit comfortable face-to-face and carry on a serious conversation about people they knew, when two boys were asked to do the same, they were restless, never looked at each other, and could not complete the task.
True
True or False: The effect of even powerful peripheral cues is usually short-lived.
True
True or False: The rate of social penetration will depend on the surplus of rewards over cost.
True
True or False: There is not universal agreement about the criteria for good interpretive theory.
True
When people meet, their primary concern is to decrease ambiguity about each other and their relationship. As verbal output, nonverbal warmth, self-disclosure, similarity, and shared communication networks increase, ambiguity decreases- and vice versa.
Uncertainty Reduction
Who wrote Social Information Processing?
Walther
Who wrote Interactional View?
Watzlawick
A muted group must ___________ their thoughts, ideas, or attitudes into the language of the dominant worldview.
assimilate
At the second level of agenda stetting the media A. tell us what issues are important B. give prominence to stories that reinforce the capitalistic agenda, particularly if they feature violence against minorities c. Transfer salience of a collection of attribute that the media associate with an attitude object to the audience's image of the object D. Puts control back in the hands of the consumer
c. Transfer salience of a collection of attribute that the media associate with an attitude object to the audience's image of the object
According to Watzlawick, all communication as two aspects: a c________ level and a r_________ level
content, relationship
Tanner explains in her lecture that, in general, females in conversation are more c________ and males are more c_______.
cooperative, competitive
The _______ tradition emphasizes communication as a systemic process of information exchange.
cybernetic
What term from the Interaction Views refers to the "tacit collusion of family members to maintain the status quo?"
homeostasis
Relationships are _________ if they are more intimate than romances or friendships would be if partners were physically together.
hyperpersonal
According to Kramarae and Dale Spender, male domination is ________; a commitment to listening to women would represent a loss of power.
intentional
Cultivation Theory suggests that people who are described as "heavy TV watchers" develop an exaggerated belief in a _______ world.
mean
According to Blumer, ________ arises through social interaction.
meaning
Relational closeness is a result of disclosure that is gradual, ________, and _______.
orderly, reciprocal
Most persuasive messages are processed via the _____ route.
peripheral
A Marxist perspective (employed by critical/cultural scholars) is suspicious of any analysis that ignores p______.
power relationships
Communication is the r______ p________ of c________ and i________ m_________ that e_______ a r_________
relational, process, creating, interpreting, messages, elicit, response
What color was the "pink ribbon" before it was pink?
salmon
"the media aren't very successful in telling us what to think but they are stunningly successful in _________.
telling us what to think about
The ultimate goal (according to Burke) of any piece of rhetoric is _________.
to purge guilt
According to professor Robert Craig, there are seven _________ in the field of communication theory.
traditions
