Comm Test #1 (ch.1-7)

posture

stance or walk >often sends unconscious messages, some are obvious and some are not

intimacy

- 4 dimensions 1. physical- pre birth through life 2. intellectual sharing- exchange of important ideas 3. emotional- exchange of important feelings 4. sharing activities- development of bonds and ways of relating

Intrapersonal

1. Communication with yourself >Thought process (thinking), decision making, listening, self concept

survival

our ability to communicate selectively gives usa distinct survival advantage reflexive

security

our desire to participate and achieve comfort in a situation motivates our verbal and nonverbal communication 1. safety 2. equilibrium 3. balance

interdependence

people in conflicts are dependent upon each other >welfare and satisfaction depends on the actions of another

body orientation

physical positioning >the way we face, towards or away from someone with our body, feet+head

self concept

the accumulation of knowledge about the self, such as beliefs regarding personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values goals and roles

The listening process

Hearing, one part of listening, is biological activity that involves reception of a message through sensory channels. Listening, however is a process that involves reception, attention, perception, the assignment of meaning and the listeners response to the meaning presented >visual channels--stuff you can see. facial expressions, posture, movement appearance. Residual message, what we remember from what we hear

paralanguage

>includes tone, speed, pitch, volume, pauses >often not what you say but how you say it >when determining attitude paralanguage may be more important than actual words >can both contradict or reinforce

electronically mediated communication

>smart phones >internet >social networking >text messaging

Definition of Communication

A conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and or nonverbal messages that are sent, received and comprehended.

Types of Human Communication

1. Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal 3. Public 4. mass

Human Communication misconceptions

1. Meanings are not in words they are in people >saying something is not the same as communicating it. no guarantee that the person will understand it the was you intended. 2. More communication is not always better >too much communication can cause problems 3. No single person or event can cause another reaction >many factors that can affect how people react. Frame of mind, personalities, relationship, knowledge 4. Communication will not solve all problems >even the best planned communication wont solve some problems

Transactional

1. Multidirectional communication >sending and receiving is going on at the same time. verbal message may be sent at the same time as non verbal message is being retrieved

Personal Conflict styles

1. Non assertion--the inability or unwillingness to express thoughts or feelings in a conflict >avoidenness (physical, Conversional) >accommodation- deal with problems by giving in >not always a bad idea, usually but not always, risks may be to great 2. direct aggression-- when a criticism or demand threatens the person to whom it is directed at >character attacks, competence attacks, physical meetings 3. passive aggression-- when hostility is expressed in an obscure way 4. indirect communication -- convey a message in a roundabout way that allows the recipient to save face >goal is to get what you want without rising hostility >most common way to make people make requests 5. assertion-- occurs when a message clearly expresses the needs, thoughts and feelings of the speaker without judging or dictating to others >best chance for a positive solution

Characteristics of Nonverbal communication:

1. Nonverbal communication always exists >posture, postion, facial expressions 2. all nonverbal behavior has communicative value >you can not not communicate 3. much nonverbal communication is culture bound >different meanings form from culture to culture. eye contact varies in different cultures. some non verbal communication is universal. Ex smile 4. male and female nonverbal communication differs in some ways >eye contact, vocal expressions, gestures, facial expressions 5. non verbal communication is primarily relational >the kind of relationship with other people + the kind you want to have 6. Nonverbal communication serves many functions >repeating, substituting, complementing, regulating >ex. pointing or shrugging 7. nonverbal communication is ambiguous >there are many ways to interpret it

Attraction:

1. Physical 2. similarity- we like people similar to us 3. complementarity- differences strengthen a relationship when they satisfy each others needs 4. reciprocal attraction -- we usually like people who are like us 5. competence- we like to be around talented people >we hope their skills might rub off 6. disclosure- revealing information may stimulate liking and help discover similarities 7. proximity-- tend to develop relationships with people we frequently interact with

Noise

1. any interference in the communication process >external: outside the situation that creates difficulties >physiological: biological factors that interfere >psychological: things that interfere with ability to understand or express communication

reasons for self disclosure-

1. catharsis: need to get it out of your system 2. reciprocity-- one act begets another 3. self clarification-- expansion of beliefs, thoughts, feelings, opinions 4. self validation-- hope to obtain agreement while seeking validation of your own behavior 5. identify management-- try to make ourselves more attractive 6. relationship maintenance and enhancement-- desire to improve things and increase satisfaction 7. social control-- over another person or situation 8. manipulation-- self disclosure is calculated to achieve desired result

Interpersonal

1. communication between two or more people >face to face conversations, interviews, small groups

Human communication principles:

1. communication can be intentional or unintentional >some messages are carefully planned others are not. 2. It is impossible not to communicate >what ever you say or do you are always sending a message 3. Communication is irreversible >you can clear things up/ apologize but reversal is impossible 4. Communication is unrepeatable >its impossible to repeat or reconstruct things the same.

basic concepts of interpersonal communication

1. communication takes place within a system: patterns are set by which we interact and a change in the system results in a change of communication 2.we teach others how to treat us: if people accept their roles, it becomes part of the system: if the role is rejected it does not 3. much of our interpersonal communication centers on our wanting others to act/think/feel as we do-- becomes an attempt at persuasion 4. meaning is in people not in words-- what something means to us is not necessarily what it means to others 5. we cannot not communicate-- communication does not stop because people stop talking or listening 6. people react to our actions: we often engage in the action reaction principle 7. we do what we do because we expect to achieve happiness-- we hope to gain from the experience 8. we cannot always have the same understandings and feelings as others-- because of our differences, the only areas we share are those in which we have common background experience

methods of conflict resloution

1. win-lose: one side gets what they want, the other does not >in some situations there can only be one winner 2. lose-lose: neither side is satisfied with the outcome >ex. war 3. compromise: both sides get at lease some of what they want, but also have to make sacrifices 4. win-win: working together to find a solution that allows everyone to reach their goals >conflicts are resolved in a way that everyone can live with

effective types of listening

1. discriminative listening-- the ability to distinguish between auditory and visual stimuli. you can tell the difference between what you hear vs what you see 2. comprehensive listening-- the ability to recognize and retain information. You understand and remember it 3. appreciative listening-- the ability to enjoy or be sensory stimulated by a message. Ex. music, humor 4.therapeutic listening-- the ability to help or be empathetic. trying to put yourself in someone else's shoes 5. critical listening-- the ability to comprehend and evaluate a message. Not only understanding it but you can respond to it

Functions of language:

1. emotive language 2. phatic language 3. cognitive language 4. rhetorical language 5. identifying language

Ten stages of relational development:

1. initiating- show you are interested in making contact >handshake, smiling, chatter 2. experimenting- get to know someone by seeking more information about them 3. intensifying-- expression of feeling more in common > going from an I to a we 4. integrating-- taking on an identify as a social unit 5. bonding-- display and declaration of exclusivity with symbolic public gestures 6. differentiating- maintain commitment to the relationship while creating individual space 7. circumscribing- communication decreases in quality and quality >starting to go down hill 8. stagnating- behave in old, familiar ways without much feeling, 9. avoiding- creation of physical distance between each other 10. terminating- a desire to disassociate MOVEMENT BETWEEN STAGES NORMALLY GO IN ORDER. NOT EVERY RELATIONSHIP GOES THROUGH EVERY STAGE

space distances

1. intimate distance: skin to 18 inches >emotionally close >ex. family , significant others, pets 2. personal distance: 18 inches to 4 feet >friends, co workers 3. social distance: 4-12 feet >business relationships 4. public distance : 13 feet and beyond >lectures in large halls, public speakers, performers

Listening misconceptions

1. listening is a matter of intelligence-- poor listening may be a lack of skill 2. good hearing and listening are the same -- hearing is physical and listening is mental 3. Listening is automatic -- hearing is physical, listening is mental 4. the speaker is totally responsible for success in oral communication -- only if the listener comprehends and responds to the message 5. listening is a passive activity-- instead it actually requires active participation 6. attitudes are unrelated to listening-- a good or bad mindset affect everything

Channel

1. means by which the message is expressed >sight+sound: listening and speaking >electronic: needs to be plugged in ex. phone >print: anything printed ex. newspaper >touch: make contact with someone

Listening Problems

1. message over load-- TMI-- carefullu listening to everything is impossible 2. preoccupation-- we have other things on our minds 3. rapid thought-- we think faster than we talk 4x6 times faster 4. effort-- effective listening is hard work 5. external noise-- distractions make it hard to pay attention 6. hearing problems-- physiological problems 7. faulty assumptions-- believing we are listening attentively when we are not 8. lack of apparent advantages-- we think we have more to gain from speaking 9. lack of training-- listening is a skill that is developed 10. media influences-- tv and radio shorten attention spans

Linear

1. one way communication >the sender sends the message to the receiver. The receiver gets+understands the message.

sender/encoder/source

1. originator of the message >sender determines the appropriate language to express the message before sending it >encoder: receives message and translates it into understandable language

ineffective types of listening :

1. pseudo listening-- appearing attentive when you are really tuned out 2. stage hogging-- turning the topic of the conversation to yourself instead of showing interest in the speaker 3. selective listening- responding only to the part of the conversation that interests you and tuning everything else out 4. insulated listening-- instead of focusing on something, painful topics are avoided 5. defensive listening-- remarks are taken as personal attacks 6. ambushing-- listening carefully to later use information for an attack on what was said 7. insensitive listening-- an inability to look beyond words and behaviors to understand hidden meanings

Human communication process components:

1. sender/encoder/source 2. receiver/decoder 3. message 4. channel 5. noise 6. feedback 7. context

Public

1. speaker sending a message to an audience >lectures, sales presentations, ceremony

Linguistics

1. study of sounds, structure and rules of language >based on a set of symbols verbal and nonverbal >languages recognize differences between vowels and consonants > languages have ordered structural categories >languages show words in and out of themselves are not entirely meaningful

Mass

1. transmitting a message to a large population >t.v., radio, internet

Interactional

1. two way communication >the sender sends a message to the receiver, The receiver gets and understands the message. Then sends feedback to the sender. Ex. texting

Characteristics of self disclosure

1. usually occurs in dyads: pairs relating to each other in one on one settings 2 occurs incrementally: begins by revealing a little, than increases over time 3. rarely have high levels of self disclosure- usually no need to disclose things frequently or steadily 4. tends to be relatively scarce-- only a moderate amount once in a while 5. usually occurs when a relationship is positive - feel more comfortable and accepted

cognitive processing

1. values-- what we perceive to be of positive and negative worth >morals are what we believe in-- code of ethics >respect how we feel about ourselves and others >cherishing what we hold near and dear >consequences >freedom to make choice 2. attitudes-- our predispositions -good -bad -postive -negative 3. beliefs -- our convictions >core of our existence- determine how we intracommunicate

Context

1. where the communication is taking place >size of the room, color of the walls, placement of the furniture effect how we feel, the way we communicate and the type of communication

Feedback

1.verbal or nonverbal response to the message >indicates whether you understand or misunderstand, agree, or disagree shifts the role of the receiver to the sender

perception

a screening process in which the material received is analyzed to determine what has been input >the perceptual filter-- separates what makes sense/ is important from what isn't. your filter is your frame of reference. it includes your background, culture, roles, beliefs attitudes, selective perception- narrow attention to something specific based on needs/ wants/ desires. sensorium -- where you decide what to deal with/ what is important vs. what isn't

Definition of language

a system of arbitrary signals, such as sounds gestures, used by a nation, people or distinct community to communicate thoughts and feelings >includes the roles for combing component known as grammar

illustrators

accompany speech and compliment verbal messages >they cant stand alone

Physical attractiveness

affects interactions between people both positive and negative

non verbal communication:

all messages that people exchange beyond words themselves

response

an intellectual and or emotional reaction to the message

Interpersonal Communication

an interpersonal process in which meaning is stimulated through the sending and receiving of messages between two people

conflict

any situation in which it is perceived that another person is frustration or must frustrate the satisfaction of some concern, need, want or desire of yours

clothing

assumptions made about people based on attire >show economic level, education, their background, social position, trust worthiness, level of success

perceived incompatible goals

belief that the gain of one means the loss of another >we fail to see there may be mutual solutions to problems

perceived scarce sources

belief that there is not enough of something to go around ex food water time money

kinesics

body language

touch

can communicate many messages and signal a variety of relationships: 1. functional/ professional >touch you to be able to do their job >ex. doctor, professional wrestling 2. social/ polite >handshakes 3. Friendship/ warmth >pat on back, hand on shoulder 4. arousal >kiss, hugging 5. aggression >hitting shoving, slapping

eye contact

can send many kinds of messages. eye contact can demonstrate a positive or negative attitude, dominance or submission

pleasure seeking

communicating to express our pleasure of lack of pleasure

expressed struggle

conflict can only exist when both people are aware of a disagreement

interference from other party

conflict does not occur until one person acts in a way that prevents the other from reaching their goals

emblems

deliberate or precise meaning

Denotive Meaning

direct and explicit >a word means something specific so we can classify and categorize it

gestures

hand and arm movements

Message

idea or concept being expressed

territory

identification of ownership and defense of an area >against those who might invade it

Connotative Meaning

implied or suggested >many different interpretations. difficult for people to agree on meaning

self disclosure

intentionally letting others know who you are by communicating self revealing information

reception

involves receiving the message through auditory and visual channels >auditory channels involve hearing. Its the Physical dimension of listening, sound waves strike ear drums. Influenced by background noise. Sort out important stuff from background noise. Influenced by auditory fatigue-- temporary hearing loss from over exposure to loud noise

facial expressions

many kinds, can change quickly

receiver/ decoder

recipient of the message

rewards

relationships are based on payoff

attention

represents the focus on a specific stimulus selected from all the stimuli received at any given moment. >other things fade so we can concentrate on something specific. your attention is divided between 3 things. 1. what you are listening to 2. what is going on around you 3. whats going on in your mind (average attention span is 7-20 mins)

Physical envirnoment

setting, architecture, design and arrangement >all these things communicate a message >relax, formal, causal, open

cognitive dissonance

the imbalance between your values, attitudes and believes, can lead to a guilty conscious

public self

the one you let others know and see

Assignment of meaning

the process of putting the stimulus into a predetermined category developed for interpreting the messages received >we create schema categories for processing information. Affected by cultural, background, family and educational experience

adaptors

unconscious self touching behaviors >also called manipulators. can show nervousness, anxiousness, impatience or relaxation

Chronemics

use and structure of time >expres intentional+ unintentional messages

Cognitive Language

used to convey information >tends to be very specific ex. explanations/ directions

emotive language

used to express feeling attitudes and emotions >the person uses connotative words because they expressing feelings

Rhetoric Langauge

used to influence thoughts and behaviors >person uses words to be persuasive. praying on emotions

Identifying Language

used to name persons or things >clarifies who or what someone or something is

Phatic Language

used to preform a social task >greetings, farewells, small talk

proxemics

ways people use distance, space and territory

territoriality

we interpersonally define a particular physical or perceptual territory. Defending from invasion and using it for protection.

social exchange theory

we seek relationships with people who can give us rewards greater than or equal to the cost of dealing with them rewards-cost= outcome

real self

what you think of yourself when you are being the most honest about your interests, thoughts, emotions and needs. Dynamic and always changing

ideal self

who you would like to be or who you think you should be. The perfect you