Comm Theory Midterm

What are some problems discussed with sex testing?

- Failure to understand the problems of interest - Discriminatory singling out of women based on lab results - Stigmatization - Emotional trauma

What was the original purpose for disabled athlete competitions? How has that purpose changed in present day?

- Original Purpose: Serve as rehabilitation for those who are injured - Current: One in which athlete experiences are like that of able-bodied competitions. They are now seen as elite competition.

Examples of ways to promote good sporting behavior.

- Parents teach values to kids at a young age. - Coaches and officials prohibit play if rules are not followed. - Parents and coaches model good behavior. - Fans decrease rowdiness and alcohol use. - Professional athletes and organizations serve actively as positive role models. - We all reward good behavior!

What are the 3 categories of disability sport?

- Physical disability - Intellectual disability - Deaf

What are the 3 tests to determine if an institution is in compliance with Title XI?

- Proportionality test - History-of-progress test - Accommodation-of-interest test

What are the 6 states of Kohlberg's Moral Development?

- Punishment and obedience - Pleasure or pain - Good boy or girl - Law and order - Social contract - Principled conscience

What are ways athletes use prayer to help with sports?

- To cope with uncertainty and anxiety - To put life and sport into perspective - To invest sport participation with meaning

Give a few examples of inclusion in sports for students?

- Using a light instead of sound in swimming - A classroom separate with lights or different amounts of sound - Modifications within activities - changing the rules or the game entirely or a separate area

Ways to combat hazing

- educate coaches, athletes, and parents before the season and during the season - policies should be put into place and clearly understood by athletic directors, coaches, safety officials, parents and athletes - 44 US states have annoyed hazing according to stop hazing

Athletes in sports that focus on physical appearance are at higher risk for developing eating disorders

- gymnastics - dance - figure skating - diving - cheerleading

According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control. what is the recommended amount of physical activity for children in a week?

1 hour of aerobic activity 3 days a week.

List three reasons why women were excluded from sports.

1. Females aren't interested. 2. Physical activity harms the female body. 3. Women cannot compete with men in sport, so they don't deserve equal opportunity to

How long can samples from a drug test be kept?

10 years

According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control. what is the recommended amount of physical activity for an adult in a week?

150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity.

What year was Title XI enacted?

1972

Current Day Sport Betting

2018 U.S. Supreme Court struck down a previous ban on sport betting known as the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act, passed in 1992. Each state gets to decide whether to allow sports betting in that state. Time to take back revenue of sport gambling from organized crime and offshore operations. Society has shifted its viewpoint on sport betting. 88% of Americans view gambling as an acceptable form of entertainment. (AGA 2020).

In what year did the U.S. Paralympic Committee and the U.S. Olympic Committees merge?

2019

What age range falls under "old age" when talking about disabilities for this class?

50 and up

Athlete

A person who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports, or games requiring physical strength, agility, or stamina.

Disability

A physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental condition that impairs, interferes with, or limits a person's ability to engage in certain tasks or actions.

History-of-progress test

A school demonstrates progress toward expanding women's programs within the last 3 vears.

Accommodation-of-interest test

A school shows that it has fully accommodated the interests and needs of the underrepresented (generally, female) sex.

What races are considered a minority group in the U.S. currently?

All groups that do not identify as white

What was the name of the ACT that made it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities?

Americans with Disabilities Act

According to the U.S. Census, which race has the highest percent graduation rate from high school or college and the highest household income?

Asian Families

How can coaches coming out about their sexuality affect their job?

Can affect coaches obtaining or keeping jobs. Can affect recruiting for schools.

Example of Overconformity

Competitive Cheerleading Example of Overcomformity (heavy) Can be single-minded on sport training, neglect of family, friendships, school work in the pursuit of sole dedication to training. Officially a high school sport, recognized by (NFHS) National Federation of State High School Associations. The #1 highest rate of catastrophic injuries for girls and #2 overall to football. (Research from the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research from 1982 to 2018)

Which social theory represents an individual who uses their economic influence to maintain their social status or position of authority?

Conflict Theory

According to the U.S. Trends in Religious Affiliation, how is Christianity trending?

Down

What did the Americans with Disabilities Act guarantee?

Equal Opportunity

After Title XI women now have equal opportunities to that of men

False

Once an athlete is put into a specific category to compete at the Paralympics that is the same category they stay in for the rest of their career

False

Inclusion Spectrum

Fully integrated, modified integrated, parallel activities, adapted activities, discrete activities

What race is NASCAR currently trying to target in their marketing campaign?

Hispanic & Latino market

Proportionality test

If a school is 50 percent female, then no less than 45 percent of its athletes should be female.

Which religion historically has had strict rules for women and require them to have a headdress on?

Islamic culture

What religious group dominated sports heavily especially the sport of basketball in the early 1900s?

Jewish people or Judaism

Middle Class

Largest economic group in the U.S. • Carefully choose expenses for daily living. Most families rely on two wage earnings. Skilled laborers or teachers etc.

Which Olympics was known as "The Women's Olympics"? And Why?

London 2012 Highest percentage of women participating All countries participating has women represented.

_______is the term used to describe your own personal religious or cultural beliefs.

Morals

Which race is credited with creating the sport of lacrosse?

Native Americans

What international games can Native Americans participate in?

North American Indigenous Games

An athlete that is single minded on training and lets grades fall as well as relationships with friends and family weaken is an example of what type of deviance?

Overconformity

Which race participates in the HAKA?

Pacific Islanders

Who were two presidents mentioned in creating the Presidents Challenge and what did they create?

President John F. Kennedy & President Barack Obama The Presidents Council on | Physical Fitness

Upper-Middle Class

Professionals such as physicians, (attorneys, business leaders, and managers. • Have considerable discretionary income and join private clubs. Most do not have resources to exist without their earned income but have power within the workplace and within government.

What does the Americans with Disabilities Act guarantee?

Prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities

What religious group started the YMCA?

Protestants

What is stacking?

Putting athletes in specific positions in sport based on race.

What was the original purpose for disabled competitions?

Rehabilitation

When and where was the first Paralympic Games?

Rome 1960

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex: is the biological differences between males and females when referencing genetic and genitalia makeup. Gender: is how a person self-identifies

______is the process of interacting with other people and learning social customs, morals, and values. As we interact with others, we form beliefs that affect how we think we should act.

Socialization

Drugs used to get hyped up before competition and to heighten players arousal levels.

Stimulants

What is Politics as defined in your class?

The art and science of governing, influencing policy, or controlling a government.

Health

The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Upper Class

Top 1% of U.S. households, control 35% of nations wealth. • Plenty of disposable income, children go to private schools, families belong to exclusive clubs.

In some sports, maintaining a lower body weight is clearly advantageous, whether for appearance or for performance itself.

True

Overconformity

behavior that conforms, without question, to the expectations of high-performance sport

Underconformity

behavior that does not conform to the generally accepted rules of sport.

Deviant

departing from something, especially from an accepted norm. (Can be positive or negative).

female athlete triad

disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

Governments use sport to

distract citizens from societal inequities.

Fully Integrated

everyone participates without adaptation or modifications

Is sports gambling increasing or decreasing in the U.S.?

increasing

Gender

is how a person self-identifies

Sex

is the biological differences between males and females when referencing genetic and genitalia makeup.

Adapted Activities

participation in activities designed for people with disabilities via common adaptation so people with and without disabilities can participate

Conservative:

people who adhere to traditional methods or views and seek to perpetuate the status quo. Ex. Coaches

Discrete Activities

people with disabilities participate against peers with similar abilities

Parallel Activities

people with disabilities participate in same activity but participate in their own way

Modified Integrated

people with disabilities participate with some modification to rules, equipment

Sport can

promote politicians (photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians).

Sport helps maintain

status quo (traditional values).

What does superscrip mean?

superhuman

female athlete triad treatment

team approach, includes nutritionist, physician, and psychologist, along with friends and family, teammates and coaches

Liberal:

those who are not bound by authoritarianism, orthodoxy, or tradition and are open to and often seek change from the status quo. Ex. Athletes (Lebron James vs. Michael Jordan) Sport can also change society (Jesse Owens, Arthur Ashe).

Low Class

unskilled laborers, income barely meets minimum wage, few chances to improve economic level. • To be considered below the poverty line families must make below $25,465 for a family of four. (U.S. Census Bureau 2018b)

Upper class and upper-middle class:

young people typically do not develop strong motivation for highly competitive sport. Sport is viewed as recreation, fun, have skills to be adequate in social occasions.

Lower class:

youth also link sport to masculinity. Physical ability tends to define them.

Middle class:

youth see sport as a way to establish masculinity and gain social capital (acceptance of peers) Often high achievers in sport, have the support of their families.