COMM101

Presentness

A commitment to the moment and the other person in the moment with us; giving your undivided attention

Gender Identity

A person's sense of self as being along a range of possibilities that include identifying as a woman, or a man

Memorized Speech

A speech the speaker commits to memory and delivers without the use of any notes

Manuscript Speech

A speech the speaker writes out word for word in an essay format and delivers by reading from the manuscript

Which type of attention getting strategy can help bring an issue to life?

A. Ask a question B. Telling a joke C. Share a famous quote -D. Share a narrative

Which type of interview is becoming more common with the increase in telecommuting positions?

A. Email interview B. Phone interview -C. Skype interview D. In-person interview E. Island interview

Which point listed is not a point at which you need to refer to your sources?

A. In your reference page or bibliography B. Presentation aids -C. In your outline, after each section D. In your speech

Stan lets the dog out while Jan starts the coffee. This demonstrates...

A. Positivity B. Assurances -C. Sharing tasks D. Acceptance E. Relationship talks

When politicians say things like "I have heard" and "my constituents tell me," they are violating which suggestion for promoting dialogue?

A. Use an interesting, ethical attention getter B. Use personal credibility wisely -C. Provide credentials for all sources D. Leave evaluation to the audience

Appeal to Pity

Attempt to influence an audience by exploiting their feelings of sympathy, guilt, or desire to ameliorate suffering

Begging the Question

Speaker uses a circular argument in which his or her evidence and conclusion are really saying the same thing and assume certain facts that have not yet been proven

Preview of Main Points

Tells your audience how you will organize the information for that lesson or argument

Physiological State

Temporary condition of the body

Lark

Ten percent of the population who function best early in the day

Rhythm

The cadence or pattern of movement in your voice

Organization

The categorization of stimuli we select to pay attention to

Monochronic

The category of chronemics marked by liking to do things once at a time, breaking time up into small, manageable units

Revelation and Concealment

The external form of the expression and nonexpression dialectic; refers to what couples share with the community and what they do not

Closed Posture

The posture achieved when one shields his or her body from the other person

Social Penetration Theory

The process of creating and maintaining deeper intimacy with another person takes place through gradual and mutual self-disclosure

Bar Graphs

Visual presentation aids that have two axes and either horizontal or vertical bars that show the total number of items or levels of achievement in each category

Grouphate

When people have strong negative feelings about the prospect of working in a group

Initiating Stage

When you take the first step to interact with someone you are interested in

Meta-communicative

Communication about communication

Symmetrical Interchange

Communication between members that seeks to neutralize the power difference and treat each person equally

Impersonal Communication

Communication that occurs in order to facilitate some type of transaction; based primarily on social roles

Hyperpersonal Communication

Computer-mediated communication that has a higher level of affection, emotion, liking, solidarity, and intimacy than face-to-face conversations

Compromising

Conflict management strategy by which both sides sacrifice part of what they want while getting something they desire

Competing

Conflict management strategy that treats an argument like something to win, even if the other person is not happy with the outcome

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

Debate

A competitive form of communication where parties critically listen to each other with the goal of defeating the opponent's argument, not understanding the other's perspective or finding common ground

Interpersonal Attraction

A force that draws us to someone else

Accommodating

A management style defined by a person giving in to the desires and position of the other person, thereby sacrificing their own position and desires

Internal Preview

A statement that previews what is coming up next and can even be an overview of the elements of the next main point

Helping Interviews

A type of interview that takes stock of a problem or challenge faced by an individual and offers informed and expert advice on how to handle it

Demographics

Categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, religion, political affiliation, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation

Authoritative Leadership Style

Comes from a place of confidence and empathy, not control and enforcement

Explain

Deepen the audience's understanding of a phenomenon

Active Strategies

Engaging in activities to learn more about the other person while avoiding direct contact with him or her

Vocal Delivery

Everything that affects how your voice sounds when you speak

Interview

Goal-oriented communication events where both sides use question-and-answer techniques to achieve their ends

Rapport Talk

Language meant to develop relationships and exchange emotional information

Inform

Make the audience aware of a phenomenon

Ideology

Set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form one's worldview and provide a basis for action

Action Model of Communication

Shannon-Weaver model Linear model Communication is understood as a one-way process, in which the sender sends a message to a receiver, who decodes it

Co-cultures

Smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

Gender Roles

Societal expectations for individuals who identify with a particular gender

False Cause

Speaker assumes that one event caused another unrelated event to occur

Deliberative

Speeches about future actions that might be taken

Avoidance Stage

The couple actively avoids interacting with each other so they will not have to face each other

Commitment

The desire to make efforts to stay in the relationship regardless of what happens

Olfactics

The dimension of nonverbal communication related to smell

Terminating Stage

The final phase of relationship deterioration; couples end their current relationships and move into a post-relationship phase where they may or may not continue to have contact as separated individuals

Ethos

The perceived personal character or credibility of the speaker

Logos

The use of logic and evidence to persuade your audience

Face Threats

Things that threaten to damage the image we work to present to others

Social Attraction

We see the other person as someone with whom we would like to engage in social interaction and be friends

A person seeking what is good for his or her community, not necessarily what is best for himself or herself is an example of:

-A. A good person B. Agreeableness C. Sensitivity D. Genuineness

A common indicator of some using the fallacy _______ is starting a sentence with "for sake of argument."

-A. Begging the question B. Either-or C. False cause D. Appeal to pity

A common mistake that applicants make during the "opening" of interview is...

-A. Not stating their name or how they prefer to be addressed B. Smiling too much C. Shaking everyone's hand instead of just the primary interviewer's D. All of the above are common mistakes

The difference between rapport talk and report talk is that the first is an exchange of emotional information and the second is an exchange of content-based information.

-A. True B. False

Inductive Reasoning

Involves using several specific instances or pieces of evidence to draw probable conclusions about general truths

Social Relationships

Informal, voluntary relationships such as acquaintances, coworkers, and casual friendships

Peer Testimony

Information that comes from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience; they are not necessarily an expert on the topic

Expert Testimony

Information that you obtain from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to his or her ideas on a subject matter

Five Elements of Creating/Presenting a Speech:

1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Delivery 5. Memory

Social Exchange Theory

A theory suggesting that relationship behavior is regulated by the evaluation of perceived rewards and costs of the interaction by both sides

Recency Effect

People are prone to using their most recent experience with someone as their overriding impression of the person

Egocentric

People who are completely focused on themselves and ignorant of the needs of others

Problem-cause-solution Pattern of Organization

Persuasive pattern of organization in which you present the problem in the first point, the underlying causes in the second point, and the proposed solution in the final point

Keeping an open mind and seeing potential good in others are behaviors considered in this element of dialogue, __________

A. Presentness -B. Unconditional positive regard C. Mutual equality D. None of the above

Community

Refers to both a specific place where people share certain characteristics or a feeling of fellowship with others who share attitudes, interests, and beliefs

Certainty and Uncertainty

The internal form of the stability and change dialectic; the desire to count on things to occur and the desire to have novelty in the relationship

Task Roles

Related to accomplishing work together as a group

Models

Scaled physical representations of things utilized as presentation aid

Personal Stage

Second stage of Uncertainty Reduction Theory during which we begin to explore the other person's attitudes and beliefs, while also disclosing some of that same information about ourselves

Hummingbird

Seventy percent of the population who function well throughout the day

Slippery Slope

Speaker argues that once a course of action is taken, a series of other unavoidable and undesirable events will necessarily take place

Either-or

Speaker claims there are only two alternatives when there are really many other options available

Ad Hominem Attack

Speaker tries to equate the quality of someone's argument with the quality of his or her character by calling him or her something that would be perceived as negative by the audience

Hasty Generalization

Speaker uses a small sample of evidence to draw unjustified conclusions about an entire group or category

Epideictic

Speeches that celebrate or commemorate events or people

Sematic Differential Scale Questions

Survey questions that ask participants to choose their position on a continuum between two polar opposites

Likert Scale Questions

Survey questions that provide statements and then ask respondents to circle a number that measures their level of agreement with the statement

Context

The physical, emotional, and psychological environment in which the communication event takes place

Hearing

The physiological process of capturing sound conducted by ears to the brain

Good Manners

Those polite behaviors that encourage positive relationships with others

Pronunciation

What a word should sound like when it is spoken according to a rule or standard

Conflicting

When a verbal message says one thing while corresponding nonverbal communication indicates something different

Recognizing where there is contradictory research on the point you are making is the first step of which suggestion for promoting dialogue through organization?

-A. Acknowledge disagreement B. Use an interesting, ethical attention getting C. Use personal credibility wisely D. Provide credentials for all sources

Keenan is in a meeting right before lunch and is really hungry. He can hear is stomach growling so starts shifting in his chair in hopes of keeping his mind off of his stomach. His boss interprets Keenan's shifting as him being uninterested in the meeting. Which type of Kinesics does Keenan's nonverbal communication represent?

-A. Adapter B. Emblem C. Affect display D. None of the above

Mireya has a degree in exercise physiology and is an avid runner. She has recently become the leader of a task force that was assembled to increase physical activity levels among company employees. Mireya is an example of which type of leader selection process?

-A. Appointed leader B. Effective leader C. Emergent leader D. Elected leader

"Describe a situation where you needed to persuade someone to accept your point of view." This is an example of which type of question asked during an interview?

-A. Behavioral B. Situational C. Attitudinal D. Resume question E. Follow-up question

The two types of uncertainty a person faces are:

-A. Behavioral and cognitive questions B. Maintenance and task questions C. Interpersonal and public questions D. Depth and breadth questions

The "Roach Hotel Model" coined by Gottman is explained by:

-A. Checking into negative affect but not checking out B. Checking into falling relationships and not getting out C. Checking into conflict resolution styles but not moving on, afterwards D. None of the above

Marriage expert and scholar John Gottman found that ________ is key to predicting the success or failure of relationships based on how people interact with each other.

-A. Communication B. Understanding C. The ability to grow and change D. None of the above

A speaker is arguing that a specific exercise program is the most effective at reducing obesity. In order to argue their point, the speaker presents two exercise programs to the audience in order to show why the one is superior. This is an example of which patter of organization in persuasive speaking?

-A. Comparative advantages B. Problem-cause-solution C. Problem-solution D. Monroe's motivated sequence

Joan and Steve are working on a group project. Joan makes PowerPoint slides that Steve believes will earn them a bad grade. Rather than being direct, Steve tries to tactfully talk to Joan about her work. Which attitude necessary for dialogue is Steve neglecting in his approach?

-A. Genuineness B. Presentness C. Open-mindedness D. Agreeableness

A group decides together that whenever they are working on their task, they will all put their phones on an extra desk across the room. This example demonstrates which of the six characteristics used to define small groups?

-A. Governed by their own norms B. Create their own identities C. Preserve member cohesiveness D. Vary in size

Using an elucidating explanation to help your audience understand difficult language, which is not a part of this process?

-A. Help the audience understand the term and how it applies to them B. Use a common examplar, or ideal example of the concept C. Opportunity to identify correct examples and examples that are not correct D. Give several examples of the term

Elaine attends many fundraisers sponsored by the Methodist Church in her community such as feeding the homeless population, which is comprised of at least 10% LGBTQ self-identified persons. However, she was brought up in a Baptist Church in which she does not always agree with their teachings but still attends church services. This is an example of which of the following:

-A. How cultures collide B. Co-cultures C. Rejection of culture

Harmony is always late for school. She has received three tardies in one week at school. Her mother thinks it is unfair, after all it is only by five minutes each time. This is an example of:

-A. Implicit rules shaped by culture and local daily living B. Difficult conversations C. Selective attention D. Rule-breaking goals

The captain of a sports team who says, "we all need to play as hard as I am playing," and expects the team to win big, is which type of leader?

-A. Pacesetting B. Coercive C. Coaching D. Affiliative E. Authoritative

A speaker who is trying to put themselves in their audience's shoes and is thinking about the audience's interests, is following which recommendation on how to use organization to promote dialogue?

-A. Use an interesting, ethical attention getter B. Use personal credibility wisely C. Provide credentials for all sources D. Leave evaluation to the audience

What is the minimum requirement for citing a presentation aid?

-A. the link to the aid B. The name of the organization or person from which you got the aid C. The title of the aid and the year it was published D. You need to include a full citation for presentation aids

There are five stages of group development according to the Tuckman Model of Group Development. What is the correct order of these stages?

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning

Stonewalling

A complete withdrawal from the conflict, both physically and verbally

Specific Purpose Statement

A narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

Gender

A social construction that includes all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions, and roles associated with being masculine, feminine

Impromptu Speech

A speech presented with little or no preparation

Narrative

A story that's told when trying to explain or argue something with an audience

Coercive Leadership Style

A top-down approach to decision making that stifles individual ingenuity and participation and neglects motivating the group

Histogram

A type of frequency chart that shows the proportion of individuals that obtained a certain level of achievement along a continuum

Employment Interview

A type of interview in which employers conduct conversations with applicants for open positions in an effort to determine to whom they would like to offer a position; the interviewees seek information about the company that will influence their decision to accept an offer, should one come

Which thought does NOT go with open-mindedness?

A. "No one has a monopoly on good ideas" B. "He might have a better idea than me" C. I am open to feedback on my idea" -D. "His idea will never get us a top grade"

Judee Burgoon estimates that ________ percent of meaning in a message comes from nonverbal communication, with the rest coming from language.

A. 50-55 -B. 65-70 C. 85-90 D. 30-40

Which example below demonstrates the bonding stage of the Stage Model of Relational Development?

A. Alex and Kristin have gone to dinner together every night this week B. Nancy made eye contact with Ann then smiled at her -C. Jacquelyn and Matt exchanged wedding vows D. None of the above

Sonja asked her friend Chris to go to lunch. Sonja needed to share some life-changing news with Chris and was hoping to receive support and advice. Chris, however, did not even ask Sonja how she was doing before jumping into telling her stories from his most recent trip to Australia. Chris could be considered...

A. Blind B. Face-threatened -C. Egocentric D. None of these

Which is a good idea when working on a cause-effect speech?

A. Build your thesis around the cause or the effect, not both B. Focus on one or two causes -C. Build your thesis on one cause and one effect D. Use the chronological pattern on organization

When explaining the map of the zoo for a class field trip, which pattern for organization will be most likely be used in the presentation?

A. Chronological -B. Spatial C. Cause-Effect D. Topical

The word "cougar" defined as "large American wildcat" is an example of what type of meaning?

A. Connotative meaning -B. Denotative meaning C. Ambiguous meaning D. None of the above

Jessi established ________ when she shared private information with Diane. However, Diane told someone else the information, causing ________ in their relationship.

A. Deliberate confidence; boundary permeability -B. Boundary permeability; boundary turbulence C. Boundary rules; dialectical tension D. Privacy management; boundary permeability

________ is the expression of an ability to be flexible and open to different ideas.

A. Empathy B. Collaboration -C. Provisionalism D. None of the above

Madelyn is overwhelmed by the complexity of the project she and her group need to tackle. Which way of promoting dialogue in a leadership position would likely ease some of Madelyn's stress?

A. Encourage alternatives, suggestions, and questions -B. Divide the task into manageable units C. Don't let emotions get the better of you

Shani knows she has a warm attitude toward others and is naturally good at making others feel valued. She is best suited to take on which maintenance role?

A. Energizer B. Harmonizing -C. Encourager D. Following

Which statement is true about one of the most common conversational miscues people make?

A. Finishing someone else's thoughts shows excitement for what is being said B. Telling the next word before the speaker shows support C. Facilitation of dialogue by completing sentences for others -D. Finishing someone else's thoughts is an interruption in the communication process and considered rude by most

Tamara feels that she can no longer be herself in her relationship. Which suggestion for dialogic communication in ongoing relationships is likely not being followed in her relationship?

A. Give space B. Privilege quality and quantity time -C. Avoid judging or controlling your partner D. Demonstrate fidelity to the relationship E. Celebrate commonalities and appreciate differences

Of Aristotle's five canons of rhetoric, which one is "the physical dimensions of speaking?"

A. Invention B. Arrangement C. Style -D. Delivery

When one person in an intimate relationship experiences something that changes the way they see the world, the other person is also influenced. This is an example of which component of intimate relationships?

A. Involve deep commitment -B. Tend to be fluid rather than static C. Require management of tensions D. None of the above

All of the following except which item are good practices when using a video in your presentation?

A. Keep if brief B. Introduce the clip C. Have a backup link ready -D. Quickly skip to your next point when the video is over so you don't waste any more time

As ______ levels decline, information-seeking behavior decreases.

A. Knowledge -B. Comfort C. Relationship D. Uncertainty E. Reciprocity

Showing your partner that you meant the vows, "in sickness and in health; for richer, for poorer," is most closely related to which relationship maintenance behavior?

A. Positivity B. Assurances C. Sharing tasks -D. Acceptance E. Self-disclosure

A group of high school sports players may see their coach as having ________ because they look up to and admire them.

A. Reward power -B. Referent power C. Coercive power D. Legitimate power E. Expert power

I have a Zoom date with my best friend this weekend. How would you categorize the type of communication that will take place?

A. Rich messaging B. Social media communication C. Asynchronous communication D. Synchronous communication

Pearson always knows the answer to the questions the professor asks. His peers often seek his help outside of class since they know he is an expert in the material. Lately, though, Pearson has incorrectly answered the professor's questions in front of the whole class. This threatens Pearson's...

A. Social face B. Autonomy face C. Practical face -D. Competence face

The speaker constructs which three artistic proofs in a persuasive speech:

A. Sorrow, despair, designs B. Regret, misery, insignias -C. Ethos, pathos, logos D. Ethos, pity, logos

In order to encourage dialogue, speakers should use presentation aids...

A. That are flashy -B. That help the audience understand something complicated C. To show a visual for every aspect of their speech D. To entertain the audience

Enrique met a girl who ignored him the first time they talked. Even though the two now talk frequently Enrique can't let the past go. What is this an example of?

A. The fundamental attribution error -B. Primacy effect C. Recency effect D. Holding a grudge E. Situational attribution

No audience interaction is expected when using the panel approach for group presentations.

A. True -B. False

Competing is a strategy not worth employing when:

A. You are bidding on a house B. Buying a car C. Choosing a vacation spot for your family -D. In a job interview

Noise

Anything that interferes with the receiver's ability to properly receive the message

Persuasion

Attempting to change the attitudes, actions, or beliefs of another person

Fantasies

Creative interpretations of shared events that help define a group's identity

Democratic Leadership Style

Focused on building consensus and collaborating with his or her team or group members

Coaching Leadership Style

Focused on helping individuals improve and grow through training and constant feedback

Pacesetting Leadership Style

Focused on setting a high standard and modeling that standard for his or her team members

Social Media

Forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content

Stereotyping

Generalizations about groups of people that are applied to individuals we believe are members of that group

Hidden Agenda

Goals people keep secret from other parties while working with them

Identity

How we understand our own qualities, beliefs, values, and characteristics as unique or different from others

Proxemics

How we use space to convey information

Physical Apperance

Includes your apparel and grooming

System

Interdependent parts that interact with and affect one another

Listening for Appreciation

Listening for enjoyment; it is not high in cognitive commitment

Show Support

Listening to a speaker to make him or her feel valued and to show the person we care about what he or she has to say

Eye Contact

Looking members of your audience in the eyes while speaking

Archetypal

Metaphors that use common human experiences to help describe another object

Reaffirmation

Method of managing tensions that involves accepting that you cannot reconcile the contradiction and celebrate what the dialectical tension means for the couple's unity

Balance

Method of managing tensions that takes place when we try to find a compromise that allows us to partly fill each need while also sacrificing some of each need

Kinesics

Nonverbal behaviors related to the movement of the body

Differentiating

Occurs when the partners begin to separate themselves from each other

Referent Power

Power derived from the charisma of a leader, and it can be seen when people follow someone they like, admire, look up to, or otherwise are attracted to

Defensiveness

Prevents a person from seeing their own roles and responsibilities in the situation and prevents parties from finding common ground when working through conflicts

Maintenance Roles

Related to the development and maintenance of the relationships within the group

Agreeable

Remaining open to the idea that you might agree with the other person

In the most basic model of the communication process, who encodes messages and who decodes messages?

Sender - encodes messages Receiver - decodes messages

Straw Man

Speaker ignores the actual position of his or her opponent, misrepresents the opponent's position, and then attacks that made-up position instead of the actual position

Dialectical Tensions

Tensions that occur because we simultaneously have several essential yet oppositional needs or desires within our relationships

Communication Competence

The ability to effectively and appropriately interact in any given situation

Regulating

The actions that govern the course of an interaction with another person

Interpersonal

The assumption that another person is doing something because of her or his character or disposition

Facework

The behaviors we exhibit to create and maintain the positive perception of ourselves

Conformity Orientation

The degree to which the family emphasizes homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs

Competence Face

The effort to promote our expertise on subjects to others so they respect us

Openness and Closedness

The internal form of the expression and nonexpression dialectic; refers to the degree of disclosure partners have with one another

Denotative Meaning

The literal definition of a word or phrase that you might find in a dictionary

Integrity

The maintenance of a consistent application of our values in every situation

Assertive

The practice of clearly, calmly, and confidently making positions and ideas known to others

Brainstorm

The practice of creating a list of all the possible topics you can think of, beginning by writing down every possible idea that comes to mind, regardless of how good you think the idea is, and then afterward organizing or evaluating the ideas to help you make a decision about which to choose

Catfishing

The practice of pretending to have a different identity via social media in order to initiate and maintain a relationship with another person

Mirror

The practice of replicating the posture of the other person to indicate mutual interest

Boundary Linkage

The practice of sharing private information with another individual

Subordination

The principle of outlining that creates a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first followed by more specific ideas

Coordination

The principle of outlining that states all information on the same level has the same level of significance

Interdependence

The quality of intimate relationships whereby one person's actions influence the other and vice versa; refers to the degree of connectedness between the two individuals, including how the couple shares time and space within their home

Boundary Ownership

The rights and responsibilities we ascribe to the person with whom we share private information

Sexual Orientation

The sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted

HURIER Model

The six steps of listening: Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding

Haptics

The study of how touch expresses meaning

Semiotics

The study of the social production of meaning from sign systems like language

Negativity Bias

The tendency to focus our efforts on picking out negative information or qualities in a person or situation

Positivity Bias

The tendency to highlight and overemphasize positive information and characteristics when creating an impression

Facial Expressions

The way the position and movement of your facial features convey emotion and engagement

Groupthink

The willful seeking of unanimity despite individuals who harbor doubts

Testimony

The words of other people used to support your point

Expectancy Violations Theory

Theory that we hold expectancies for what is appropriate and/ or typical for a type of person

Exit Interviews

Type of interview conducted by human resources professionals with outgoing employees designed to gather information about the processes and climate of the organization in an attempt to use that information in the future to improve

Sensitive

Understanding and respecting diversity

Passive Strategy

Unobtrusively observing the other person

Spatial Pattern of Organization

Used to describe an object by explaining how parts physically relate to one another in a defined space

Chronological Pattern of Organization

Used to describe events or processes in the order that they occur in time, from earlier events to later events

Reasoning by Example

Using several specific instances that are related to each other to draw an overall conclusion about them

Charts

Visual presentation aid that shows numeric data in a series of rows and columns

Task Attraction

We like to work with them and can count on them to get a job done

In a group project for general education course, a group is taking full advantage that every member is from a different major. Which benefit to group work does their behavior demonstrate?

-A. Exposure to diverse people B. Opportunity to learn from others C. Efficiency D. Idea sharing

Ethnicity

A group of people who identify with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, cultural and social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, dress, or other factors

Information-gathering Interviews

A type of interview that seeks to discover facts, information, and other knowledge about a particular topic from peers, experts, witnesses, or others who may be knowledgeable about it

Signpost

A word that catches the audience's attention and indicates where you are in the speech

Which is not an example of an idiom?

A. "Only a fiver for a ticker - cheap as chips, mate!" B. "No one knew he was about to pop his clogs" -C. "Branches like fingers in the night" D. "A penny for your thoughts"

"Each of us saw her duck," is an example of:

A. Connotative meaning B. Denotative meaning -C. Ambiguous meaning D. Word associations

Sign

An arbitrary symbol that represents the signifier and the signified

Fellowship Face

An effort to fulfill the need to have others like and respect us

Excommunication

An exile from a community one belonged to whereby one is shunned into reconciliation or completely exiled; it requires no communication between the individual and the community

Elucidating Explanation

An explanation that helps an audience understand the definition of a term and distinguish its essential characteristics from the associated characteristics that are only sometimes present in that which you are defining

Forensic

Arguments about what had happened

Synchronous Communication

Communication that occurs simultaneously

Exit Stage

Final stage of Uncertainty Reduction Theory during which both individuals decide whether to continue the relationship or not to pursue the relationship

Pair each of the following forms of delivery with the description that best matches it.

Memorized - Allows for audience adaptation Extemporaneous - Allows you to maximize eye contact and gestures Impromptu - Used when interviewing for a job Manuscript - Used by news broadcasters when they read from teleprompters

Sex

One's biological classification based on reproductive function

Physical Noise:

Other sounds (people talking, air conditioner, shuffling papers, etc) Visual barriers Poor volume and projection Distractions in the room Hunger, tiredness, and other bodily limitations

Mixed Metaphors

Phrases that make use of two different metaphors that do not logically fit; compare two things that have no inherent connection with each other, creating incongruous comparisons

Objects

Physical items that you are discussing in your speech

Emotional Intelligence

The ability a person has to assess, identify, and manage his or her own emotions, while also appreciating and responding to the emotions of others in a civil manner

Posture

The position of your body when you are speaking

Spencer walks into the library and shouts "hello!" to a friend across the room. Everyone else in the room stares at Spencer and his friend cringes. Spencer takes note of their reactions and uses a whisper the next time he speaks. Which characteristic of a competent communicator does Spencer possess?

-A. Self-awareness B. Responsiveness and adaptability C. Person-centered messages D. Cognitive complexity

Which statement is true of the interaction model of communication?

-A. The interaction model is a one-way, linear process B. Feedback and context are part of the interaction model C. The interaction model expands on the action model by adding one more element D. The interaction model of communication completely captures the nature of the communication process

Synecdoche

A metaphor that uses one part of something to refer to the whole thing

A couple is in disagreement about which house they should buy. Partner one listens while partner two points out some ideas about each house that partner one had not initially thought aboue. Partner one readily accepts these points. Which attitude necessary for dialogues does this represent?

A. Genuineness B. Presentness C. Open-mindedness -D. Agreeableness

"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," is an example of:

A. Parallelism B. Repetition -C. Antithesis D. Synecdoche

Supportive Behaviors:

Description Problem orientation Spontaneity Empathy Equality Provisionalism

Being assertive is the same thing as being aggressive

False

Connotative Meaning

Meaning that comes from a set of associations a word brings to mind in a person

Schemas

Mental frameworks for organizing information about experiences

Idiom

Metaphoric expressions whose meanings are not predictable from their usual use, but must be inferred from cultural markers

Signified

The meaning associated with the signifier; the idea or mental construct of the signifier

Respect

The practice of acknowledging the inherent dignity of other people as human beings

The metaphor that describes your brain as being like a computer with numerous folders filled with files about related concepts, memories, experiences, individuals, and thoughts is used to explain the concept of:

-A. Schemas B. Organization C. Categorization D. Perception process

Communication Myths:

1. Everyone is an adept communicator 2. Communication can solve any problem 3. There is only one type of communication 4. Any communication is good communication 5. More communication will ultimately make people agree with you

Unconditional Positive Regard

A component of dialogue originated by Carl Rogers; accepting others with a positive attitude

Generalized Other

A composite mental image we use to practice our potential statements or behaviors before we actually enact them

Metonym

A metaphor that is identified by its use of tangible objects to refer to intangible things

Which characteristic of language means the symbols themselves have no direct connotation with the things they represent?

A. Ambiguous -B. Arbitrary C. Negative D. Abstract

Which is true about dialogue?

A. Debate, as long as it is civil, is a type of dialogue B. It involves winning -C. It involves a deep understanding for people's perspectives D. It occurs as long as two people are talking

When using the feature narrative coherence, which question should not be asked?

A. Do the responses of characters to events seem rational? -B. Do words that are used get the point across? C. Do things happen in an appropriate order? D. Do events seem plausible?

Cameron is closed-minded and assumes that all messages can only be interpreted in one way. Which aspect of a competent communicator is Cameron lacking?

A. Ethics and civility B. Self-awareness -C. Cognitive complexity D. Responsiveness and adaptability

In order to achieve dialogic communication, you should avoid phrases and terms that attack a person or group of people based upon their:

A. Gender B. Ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation C. Social actions D. All of the above

Examples of channels in the models of communication include:

A. Text messages and email B. Television and radio C. Your own voice -D. All of the above

"How much money will we have left after you buy tickets for the game?"

A. This is an example of a nondialogic question -B. This is an example of a dialogic question C. This is an implied position on the matter D. This statement makes a judgement

Which of the following is not a component of the semantic triangle?

A. Thought B. Referent -C. Message D. Symbol

Interaction Model of Communication

Adds feedback and context to the action model Feedback takes place after the receiver decodes the sender's message Context is the environment in which the communication takes place

Morality

An inner sense of right and wrong

Defensive Behaviors:

Evaluation Control Strategy Neutrality Superiority Certainty

Narrative Coherence

Feature exhibited by a story with content that hangs together and makes sense

Communicator Reward Value

How positive or negative we feel about a person who commits a violation

Valence of the Violation

Process of evaluation that determines how we will respond to the violation

Politeness

The act of showing consideration for others in accordance with societal expectations

Self-monitoring

The process of being attuned to how your actions and messages impact others

Profanity

Vulgar and irreverent language

________ occurs when groups create a unique meaning for a term, experience, or event in the group's life that serves to further strengthen the bond between group members.

A. Group language -B. Symbolic convergence C. Group cohesiveness D. Maintenance roles

A rich message, such as "I quit my job," should be communicated using a _____ medium.

A. Lean B. Asynchronous C. Rich D. None of the above

Moe is in a job interview. Which item below is not a nonverbal communication the interviewer will evaluate?

A. The manner in which he is dressed B. His posture -C. Number of words spoken in response to a question D. Strength and quality of his handshake

Which type of statement tells your audience how you will organize the information?

A. Thesis B. Specific purpose C. General purpose -D. Preview of main points

Which of the following represents the tension management strategy balance?

A. You and your partner might decide to give up some of your alone time to be with your friends, but also sacrifice some important times with friends to be together B. You and your partner might decide that you are willing to talk openly about your families and friendships, but you do no want to talk at all about past romantic partners C. A couple might decide to spend time together on the weekends, but not spend time together during the week so they also have time for their individual work, interests, and friends -D. All of the above

Ad Verecundiam

An appeal to authority

Autonomy Face

The perception that we can do things on our own and our desire to avoid others making decisions for us

What three tips for improving listening are shared in the above video?

?

Island Interview

A type of interview in which prospective candidates are placed in a room together and asked to discuss why they believe they are the better fit for the position

Performance Interviews

A type of interview that provides employers and managers with information used to determine raises, as well as target areas of improvement for staff; also called performance reviews

Cause-Effect Pattern of Organization

A variation on the chronological pattern of organization used to discuss the causes that led to a specific event or effect

Concept Map

A visual representation of all the potential areas you could cover in your speech that includes circles around topics and lines that connect related ideas; also known as a mind map

Which of the following is an example of face threat?

A. A straight A student recieves a D on a test B. A boy confesses his true feelings to his friend about them only to be rejected romantically C. A self-sufficient single parent breaks their leg and can no longer drive -D. All of these are examples of different types of face threats

Conveying enjoyment helps achieve which guideline for dialogic delivery?

A. Achieve understanding, not agreement -B. Maintain interest throughout your speech C. Ask clarifying questions D. None of the above

When giving a speech on high fashion, the speaker refers first to a leather jacket and then to a shift dress. This is an example of which guideline for keeping delivery dialogic?

A. Achieve understanding, not agreement B. Maintain interest throughout your presentation -C. Provide multiple examples D. None of the above

Which is not an element of transformative explanations?

A. Acknowledge the lay theory understood by the audience B. Explain why the audience's lay theory is plausible C. Explain the theory and demonstrate its effectiveness -D. Tell them their lay theory is wrong and should never be considered

Which example below demonstrates the initiating stage of the Stage Model of Relational Development?

A. Alex and Kristin have gone to dinner together every night this week -B. Nancy made eye contact with Ann then smiled at her C. Jacquelyn and Matt exchanged wedding vows D. None of the above

What should you do if an audience member's question seems a little bit unclear?

A. Answer the question that you wished they had asked -B. Ask for clarification before answering the question C. Guess at what you think they were asking and answer that question

Landon has unofficially been labeled as the leader by his group because he has demonstrated qualities that they recognize as necessary to the group's success. What type of leader is Landon?

A. Appointed leader B. Effective leader -C. Emergent leader D. Elected leader

Felix is running his words together and speaking too quickly for his audience to understand. Which two vocal delivery elements should Felix work on before his next speech?

A. Articulation and rhythm -B. Articulation and rate C. Pronunciation and tempo D. Pronunciation and rhythm

Which suggestion is not a guideline for dialogic nonverbal communication?

A. Ask clarifying questions B. Control nonverbal reactions C. Learn cultural differences in meanings -D. Use nonverbal expressions each time you say something

Functions of nonverbal communication can both ________ the effectiveness of your message.

A. Assist and boost -B. Help and hinder C. Reduce and diminish D. Create and demolish

To give the audience deeper understanding of a phenomenon is synonymous with:

A. Awareness B. Informing -C. Explaining D. None of the above

Visiting a friend in person or picking up the phone to call them are strategies that support which recommendation for dialogic communication in mediated communication?

A. Be honest B. Take care of what you share C. Interact online as if face to face -D. Avoid using media as the only way to maintain relationships

Which of the following is an example that demonstrates the concept comparison level from the Social Exchange Theory?

A. Carson grew up in a family where her mother stayed home and therefore believes it is the woman's role to stay home. She is in a serious relationship with an artist who has trouble keeping work. Carson happily decides to maintain the relationship even though she will likely need to get a job B. Jenny decides to leave Joel because their relationship does not have that "Noah and Allie" type passion from the movie The Notebook C. Mandy decides to end a relationship because she thinks it is interfering with her popularity in Instagram and Twitter -D. All of the above are examples of using the comparison level

Which is not considered part of the legal dimension and options for establishing a family, providing them with legal protection?

A. Civil marriage license -B. Home title C. Custody of children agreements D. Ability to share employer-provided healthcare benefits

Susan is always prodding during her group's discussions and wants to better understand the group's values. Susan is likely serving which task role?

A. Clarifying and summarizing -B. Information and opinion seeking C. Information and opinion giving D. Evaluating ideas

Nikki challenges the ideas her group members propose. Nikki's intent is not to be aggressive but to ensure the group does not move forward too quickly with one idea. Nikki is demonstrating which task role?

A. Clarifying and summarizing B. Information and opinion seeking C. Information and opinion giving -D. Evaluating ideas

The ________ style of leadership is most effective when groups encounter stressful situations or have undergone major structural changes that have caused rifts and sewn distrust among the group.

A. Coercive B. Coaching -C. Affiliative D. Authoritative E. Democratic

In an intimate relationship, both parties become part of the other, joined in one category of family, siblings, partners, couples, spouses, or even close friends. This is due to:

A. Commitments made by one party -B. A high level of interdependence formed between relational partners C. Adjustments made in regard to fluidity D. External experiences that cause tension

Ava wants to see her family during the Christmas holiday. Enzo wants to see his family as well, but does not feel as strongly about it so will likely give up his wishes. In this situation, which conflict management is it appropriate for Enzo to use?

A. Competing -B. Accommodating C. Willingness D. Avoiding

Tannen believes that, more than anything else, women seek:

A. Control B. Human understanding -C. Human connection D. Status

An appropriate book source may include...

A. History on a topic B. Background on a topic C. A fictional story that relates to the topic D. Research -E. All of the above

In 2014, there were 833 reports of car burglary in the state of Texas. Which type of supporting evidence is this?

A. Numbers -B. Statistics C. Graphs D. Data

We communicate to fulfill what needs?

A. Relational and Identity B. Identity and Physical C. Instrumental -D. All of the above

Javier's family goes on vacation every year for spring break. Javier likely belongs to which type of culture?

A. Restrained B. High-power distance -C. Indulgent D. Free will

Logical Fallacies

Errors in reasoning that lead to invalid conclusions

Vocalized Pauses

Filler words that many speakers use when they feel like they should be saying something but do not have anything to say

Rate

How fast or slow you speak

Private Information

Information we believe we have the right to own

Empathy

The ability to understand and feel the same way as another person

Owl

Twenty percent of the population who function best at later times of the day

Which guideline for dialogic communication in intimate relationships suggests that we learn the roots of disagreements?

A. Be honest about feelings B. Own your statements C. Welcome different experiences -D. Approach conflict constructively

State CA

Anxiety that is related to the context in which you are communicating

Interpersonal Relationships

Close associations or acquaintances between two or more people; relationships might be based on love, community or business interactions, friendship, family, or some other social commitment

Asynchronous Communication

Communication that occurs when the communicators are sending and receiving messages at different times

Interactive Strategies

Engaging in direct contact or face-to-face conversation with the other person

Questions of Value

Persuasive messages that try to change an audience's attitudes toward a topic by convincing the audience whether or not a belief, object, or action is moral, ethical, important, or worthwhile

Questions of Policy

Persuasive messages that try to change the audience's actions or convince the audience that something should be done

Comparative Advantages Pattern of Organization

Persuasive pattern of organization in which you compare two potential solutions to a problem to argue why the solution you support is better than another solution that is being proposed by someone else

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Persuasive pattern of organization in which you use five steps to persuade the audience to adopt a plan of action: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

Open-ended Questions

Questions that ask you to craft your best answer to the inquiry

Boundary Permeability

The degree to which a confidant can share private information with others

Gestures

The movements of your hands and arms

Topical Pattern of Organization

Used to divide your speech into categories or subtopics

Intensifying Stage

You invest more time in each other and learn more about a person's history, interests, and goals

Social Loafing

"A reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively compared to when they work individually"

Your professor has asked that transitions between the main points in your speech include all three parts of a transition. The following transition is missing which part of an effective transition statement: "I have just discussed how to give chest compressions. I am going to talk next about opening the victim's airway."

-A. A signpost B. Internal preview C. Internal summary D. Both A and B

Which nonverbal behavior does not complement the content in a message?

-A. Banging on the podium while making a statement B. Smiling while saying hello C. Crying while telling a sad story D. Laughing while telling a joke

Gerry is interested in applying for position that requires a master's degree and three years of experience. Gerry is working on his undergraduate degree. Which guideline of "getting the interview" is Gerry violating?

-A. Making sure you meet minimum qualifications B. Determining preferred qualifications that you fit C. Lining up your references D. Setting high goals

A director is putting together a team to make a new documentary on gymnasts. The director has chosen the leader of this team based on expert power. Which team member described below did the director choose?

-A. Molly, who was a college gymnast and is now a volunteer judge at gymnastic meets B. Eric, who has great planning and execution skills C. Zuri, who is well-liked by everyone on the team D. Gus, who brings great snacks when the team works hard

Which scenario below best represents individualistic culture?

-A. Sam lives with only her immediate family B. Sam lives with her immediate family and extended family C. Sam has close ties with those in the community D. Same does not place high value on personal achievement

Miyu convinced herself that she was going to deliver an effective speech and visualized her success on the days leading up to the presentation. This, in fact, led to well-delivered speech. Which strategy to reduce communication apprehension was Miyu employing?

-A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Self-confidence C. Systematic desensitization D. Imaginative exercise

April likes Korean pop songs. When she was riding the metro, she noticed that someone she sees everyday was also listening to this genre. Suddenly, April felt more attracted to the person. Based on the Attraction Theory, this is due to:

-A. Social attraction B. Complementary difference C. Behavioral uncertainty D. Mutual self-disclosure

Isidore is in a long-distance relationship and is visiting his significant other this weekend. He has planned extravagant and memorable activities to fill their limited time together. This is an example of which tendency of long-distance romantic relationships maintained through mediated communication?

-A. Spending as much time as possible together while face-to-face in order to reduce the amount of mediated communication typically expected B. Letting the distance place pressure on the couple to make the time they have together extra special C. Spending more money on the relationship to make up for the distance D. Keeping a full schedule during a visit to distract one another from the inevitable goodbye

Tobin is tired of going to the same restaurant every time for date night, but he is also a little hesitant toward something unpredictable. Which tension is Tobin experiencing?

-A. Stability and change B. Integration and separation C. Revelation and concealment D. Openness and closedness

Isabella is expressing disagreement with Kairi. Landon is trying to help them compromise. Meanwhile, Ami is annoyed with Kero for dominating the conversation and thinks she should be the one taking charge. What stage of group development does this scenario represent?

-A. Storming B. Performing C. Adjourning D. Norming E. Forming

You are interested in being in Habiba's group for the final project because you know she will get the job done. Your desire is based on which type of attraction?

-A. Task attraction B. Social attraction C. General attraction D. Physical attraction

Transition

A connecting statement that lets your audience know you are moving from one part of your speech to another

Informant

A contact person within the organization or group you can talk with to obtain information about the audience you will be speaking to

Tuckman Model of Group Development

A five-stage theory of group development proposed by Bruce Tuckman consisting of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning; Tuckman suggests not all groups will move through each stage depending on their tasks or goals

Problem-solving Interviews

A form of very specific information gathering coupled with an emphasis on solving a specific problem

Johari Window

A four-quadrant model describing the different aspects of our self- concept based on what we and others know about ourselves

Scatterplot

A graph that shows the relationship between two continuous variables

High-context Culture

A great deal of meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation in which the communication is taking place, and less emphasis is placed on the words

Thesis Statement

A one-sentence summary of your speech that is written the way you will say it out loud to your audience during your speech

Deliberate Confidants

A person with whom we intentionally share information meant to be kept in confidence

Extemporaneous Speech

A practiced, polished speech that makes use of a limited speaking outline

Pie Graph

A round graph that has slices that represent how large the proportion of that particular category is compared to the whole

Race

A set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color

Internal Summary

A statement that reviews or sums up what you just finished telling the audience

Open Systems

A system in which parts both affect and are affected by events within and outside the system

Communication Privacy Management

A theory that offers a map of the way people manage private matters that are shared with others

The majority of the group is listing potential solutions to the problem they are solving. They are generating as many as they can. Alex and Allie are having a side discussion about how the most recently proposed solution will generate a lot of revenue. The majority of the group is in step _______ of the group decision making process. Alex and Allie, however, have moved on to step ________.

A. 1; 2 B. 2; 5 C. 2;3 -D. 3;4

Gender is a social construction that includes all of the __________ associated with being masculine, feminine, androgynous and so on.

A. Beliefs, values, roles, and expectations -B. Beliefs, attitudes, actions, and roles C. Attitudes, experiences, actions, and values D. Attitudes, occurrences, morals, and expectations

Tyler always gives Stan a ride home from practice. Tyler also helps Stan with his homework and lets Stan use his printer. Stan, on occasion, will give Tyler his chips at lunch. Tyler is beginning to wonder if his friendship with Stan is worth it. Tyler's wonderment reflects which characteristic of interpersonal relationships?

A. Create and maintain identity B. Fulfill the need to belong C. Allow for the creation of communities -D. Involve rewards and costs

This problem behavior prevents a person from seeing his or her own roles and responsibilities in the situation and prevents parties from finding common ground when working through conflicts.

A. Criticism -B. Defensiveness C. Contempt D. Stonewalling

If a boss offers weekly workshops to train employees on new skills and then encourages them to apply those skills for the first time during the next work week, she is using a _______ leadership style.

A. Democratic B. Coercive -C. Coaching D. Affiliative E. Pacesetting

If something in my speech is either too small for my audience to see or too large for me to being in the classroom, I should consider using which of the following presentation aids?

A. Demonstration B. Object -C. Model D. Graph

Tino and Eric are roommates and enjoy talking about sports. They mainly discuss their favorite professional soccer teams. Tino enjoys European soccer whereas Eric prefers American teams. Outside of soccer they do not discuss much. Their lack of range of topics would fall into which category?

A. Depth B. Penetration C. Anti-disclosure D. Reclosure -E. Breadth

Jan thought she had a date with Dan at 6 p.m. but Dan thought the date was at 8 p.m. They argued when he showed up two hours late. The argument is a result of...

A. Dialogic communication B. Problem behaviors C. Perceived incompatible goals and resources -D. Having different information

Which of the following is not one of the seven suggestions for effectively employing dialogue in a leadership position?

A. Encourage alternatives, suggestions, and questions -B. Allow for group members to share previous leadership experiences C. Continually communicate with the group D. Openly talk through group processes

If I want my friend to tell me how I can improve my artwork but also want them to recognize and support the effort I have put forth on the project, which tension is manifesting?

A. Freedom to be independent or dependent B. Affection and instrumentally C. Ideal and real -D. Judgment and acceptance

Samira and Abram met with the real estate agent to see a house. Afterward, Abram talked about the square footage of the house and the upgraded furnace. Samira noticed that the kitchen was original to the house and every wall needed painted. Each walked away completely unaware of elements that were important to each other. This is an example of:

A. Having different interpretations B. Having different information C. An example of self-interest D. Conflict differences

Before I left my previous job, I met with someone in Human Resources to answer questions about my experience with and opinion of the company climate. This is an example of which type of interview?

A. Helping interview -B. Exit interview C. Performance interview D. Employment interview

Amira just joined the track team and has already broken the school record in two events but does not believe she is a talented runner since she only just started. Her coaches and teammates, however, see great potential. This falls into which quadrant of the Johari Window?

A. Hidden -B. Blind C. Unknown D. Open

Henri works for a company that is constantly making changes and she is okay with this. Henri also thinks the company may be in trouble but has decided to risk continuing to work for them. Henri is likely part of a:

A. High uncertainty avoidance culture B. Low uncertainty avoidance culture C. Culture where emphasis is placed on flexibility and being open to change -D. Both B and C

When you need to display discrete categories, use a _______. When you need to display categories on a continuum, use a _______.

A. Histogram; scatterplot B. Scatterplot; histogram -C. Bar graph; histogram D. Line graph; bar graph

I called the receptionist at the dentist office and made an appointment. How is this mediated communication best described?

A. Hyperpersonal communication B. Asynchronous call -C. Impersonal communication D. Media rich

Since your audience is a group of students from your same university, part of your same major you conclude they have the same beliefs and attitudes as you and each other. This violates which suggestion for dialogic public speaking?

A. Identify with the audience B. Respect differences -C. Keep an open mind D. Strive for audience understanding

Practicing which suggestion of dialogic speaking will prompt the audience to comment with feedback or ask questions?

A. Identify with the audience B. Respect differences C. Keep an open mind D. Talk with, not at, your audience

Which fact below does not fall under religious diversity?

A. In 2009, 30 different denominations were identified with the Christian faith B. Between 2007 and 2004 there was a 6.7% spike in unaffiliated individuals when asked about denomination -C. Religion is a topic that is discussed in 90% of households D. Religious groups play a role in local, state, and national communities

I am struggling with how much time I want to spend alone, and how much time I want to spend with my partner. Which dialectical tension am I experiencing?

A. Inclusion and seclusion -B. Integration and separation C. Openness and closedness D. Stability and change

Which statement is not true about Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory?

A. Intelligence quotients determine the extent of human learning -B. Seven intelligences are listed in the theory C. People differ in strength of their aptitude for each intelligence listed D. People develop differently and experience the world in different ways

An Olympic-level runner says that Nike is the best shoe for the sport and is also sponsored by Nike. Which source evaluation criteria does this example bring into question?

A. Is the source in a position to know the information? B. Is this source recent? -C. Is this source biased? D. Is this source consistent with other sources

You are preparing a speech on endangered species. Once source says that Cheetahs are endangered and another source, published in the same year, says they are not. Which source evaluation criteria does this example bring into question?

A. Is the source in a position to know the information? B. Is this source recent? C. Is this source biased? -D. Is this source consistent with other sources

A classmate is deciding between two topics and is comparing the amount of time they will need to invest in researching each one. Which question is your classmate likely answering about making a topic selection?

A. Is the topic appropriate for this particular audience? B. Is the topic appropriate for me? -C. Is the topic narrow enough? D. What topics are appropriate for the occasion?

The best man has chosen to tell the story about the bride and groom's one-night stand during his toast at their wedding. Which question did the speaker neglect to ask himself when making his topic selection?

A. Is the topic appropriate for this particular audience? B. Is the topic appropriate for me? C. Is the topic narrow enough? -D. What topics are appropriate for the occasion?

How does the problem-cause-solution pattern of organization differ from the problem-solution pattern?

A. It addresses larger causes -B. A step is added to explain the causes that are contributing to the problem C. It compares two or more solutions D. A and B

Which of the following is true about citing sources?

A. It is ethical B. It is honest C. It creates an atmosphere where the audience is open to what you have to say -D. All of the above

Which is not true about eye contact?

A. It is one of the most important parts of physical delivery B. It helps the speaker build rapport -C. Use a spot on the wall to give the illusion of good eye contact D. Helps the audience feel like the speaker cares about the message and their response

Which is not true about the conclusion?

A. It recaps the highlights of your speech -B. It is a great opportunity to introduce new and interesting information C. It restates the thesis D. It restates the main points

Which is not true about the topic of a speech?

A. It usually dictates the organizational pattern B. The book discusses four types of topics C. Some topics may require you to invent your own organizational pattern -D. Your topic determines the dialogic atmosphere

Which is an example of listening for comprehension?

A. Listening to a friend tell a story about their bad day -B. Listening to a professor explain a concept on a upcoming test C. Listening to music D. Listening to a presidential debate

Which of the following is the best example of dialogic communication in a relationship?

A. Listening to your partner's beliefs and then trying to change their minds B. Your partner enjoys riding horses and thinks it would be fun for you to try. You watch and cheer them on from the other side of the fence -C. Engaging in mundane activities with your partner, like watching TV D. Giving up all of your own interests so that you can concentrate on your partner

Sandy communicates with her significant other throughout the day via texting, Snapchat, and using face-to-face communication while she communicates with her boss via email and phone call. This describes which of the three ways media impact messages in interpersonal relationships?

A. Medium can modify the message B. Viewing the medium as part of a casual chain -C. The types of media used in a relationship communicate something about that relationship D. Asycnrhonous versus synchronous

If I send my friend a text saying, "You will never believe what happened to me" and then she calls me after I do not follow up with another text, it is an example of:

A. Medium can modify the message B. Viewing the medium as part of a casual chain C. The types of media used in a relationship communicate something about that relationship -D. Asynchronous versus synchronous

Diontey watches a video lecture and starts to think about how he will outline his explanatory speech while folding his clothes from the dryer as his mother requested. As he sits down to work on his outline, he also reads several articles related to his topic while watching a basketball game on TV. Which of the following cultural approaches to time does this multitasking behavior represent?

A. Monochronic B. Bi-chronic -C. Polychronic D. Quadro-chronic

Alex and Serge are walking around campus when Serge points out a student wearing an expensive brand of clothing. Alex then says, "they must be loaded." Jumping to the topic of wealth from clothing is an example of which fallacy?

A. Non sequitur -B. Hasty generalization C. Begging the question D. Red herring

Which should be avoided when using humor in a presentation?

A. Open with humor to capture the audience's attention B. Make sure the humor does not distract from your topic -C. If your topic is boring, include at least five humorous jokes or stories D. Make sure the type of humor can be easily understood by all audience members

If my answer to an interview question highlights my interests and work experiences, I am likely answering which type of interview question?

A. Open-ended question -B. "Tell me about yourself" question C. Behavioral question D. Follow-up question E. Situational question

Which is not an aspect of the quality families contain multiple systems?

A. Parents and children interact in a unique way -B. Reactions between parents and their parents change over time C. Siblings react with each other in a specific manner D. A child in the family can have one type of interaction with both parents and a different type when with only one of their parents

Jonas and Felipe are arguing over the fact that Felipe has time to entertain his boss and colleagues throughout the week but only hangs out with Jonas one night a week. This is an example of:

A. Perceived incompatible goals and scare resources -B. Poor time management C. Relational insecurity D. Money issue

In the TV show Gilmore Girls, the character Lane Kim is required to obey her mother's strict rules with no opportunity to ask questions. This is an example of which family type?

A. Pluralistic -B. Protective C. Laissez-faire D. Consensual

In the movie "Mean Girls," Regina George is allowed to make her own decisions, receiving little guidance from her parents. This is an example of which family type?

A. Pluralistic -B. Protective C. Laissez-faire D. Consensual

Task-oriented people value promptness and like to do things in a linear fashion. They fall into the _________ category.

A. Polychronic -B. Monochronic C. Bi-chronic D. Quadro-chronic

It just isn't Thanksgiving at David's house if his mother doesn't make and serve her homemade bread. This is an example of:

A. Positive family activity -B. Rituals C. Habit-forming behavior D. Affirmative pattern

A new neighbor moved in next door from Georgia. Based on the stereotype I hold about people from the South, I invited her over to my house for sweet tea only to find out she doesn't like it. Which type of influence affected my perception process?

A. Positivity bias -B. Cultural influences C. Psychological influences and biases D. Egocentrism

Amit moved to a new city and got a new job. On his first day he was nervous to meet a bunch of strangers. His primary concern for these interactions, according to Berger, would be to:

A. Predict and act upon the outcome value -B. Increase probability about the behavior of himself and others C. Personalize the situation D. Disclose relatively important aspects of their and the other's personalities

What is one advantage of being spontaneous, not strategic?

A. Pressures people to do the right thing B. Assits in concealing an agenda -C. Allows open and pressure-free decisions D. Uses guilt to get participants to participate

Taylor calls Sam, but Sam does not pick up. Taylor assumes Sam is ignoring the call, but in reality, Sam's phone has been misplaced. What is this an example of?

A. Primary effect B. Recency effect C. Situatioal effect -D. Fundamental attribution error

Logan is giving a speech about COVID-19. First, he explains symptoms, effects, and risk factors associated with COVID-19 so that his audience understands that it is a serious illness. Second, he explains how the virus is spread from one person to another. Finally, he describes steps that individuals can take to stop the spread of the illness. Which pattern of organization is Logan using?

A. Problem-solution B. Comparative advantages -C. Problem-cause-solution D. Monroe's motivated sequence

Which type of interview is a medical interview, or the conversation you have with your doctor when communicating your symptoms or reason for the visit?

A. Problem-solving -B. Helping C. Information-gathering D. Performance

People convey interest or lack of interest in another person, respect or disdain for the person or her or his message, and a host of other emotion, attitudes and thoughts with their eyes. This is referred to as ________.

A. Proxemics B. Intimate distance -C. Oculesics D. None of the above

Devon was born in Jamaica and identities as a Jamaican male. He came to the United States to go to college. His parents and siblings reside in Jamaica. His skin color is black. These facts represent all but one of the terms below. Which one is not represented?

A. Race -B. Ethnicity C. Immigrant D. Gender

Which type of reasoning compares two similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other because the two cases share similar features?

A. Reasoning by example B. Reasoning by sign -C. Reasoning by analogy D. Reasoning by cause

Tara has paid for dinner the last seven times she and Zack went out, she has supported him through the death of his uncle, and always reminds him of how much she loves him. Zack seldom offers to drive, never picks up when Tara calls, and wouldn't even help her move last weekend. Which theory explains why Tara will likely end her relationship with Zack?

A. Relationship management theory B. Relational dialects -C. Social exchange theory D. Cognitive dissonance

"Tigers can attack in a minute without warning. They should never be kept as a pet. In my 22 years of working with tigers at the Columbus Zoo, I have learned that tigers can be very volatile." This is an example of:

A. Relevancy B. Effectiveness -C. Credibility D. Responsiveness

Elaine assigns roles to each of her team members and then follows up with an email to each one of them listing their tasks and the corresponding due dates. Which of the eight communication behaviors that serve as the foundation of leadership is Elaine demonstrating?

A. Remaining well informed B. Managing complex situations -C. Providing direction and structure for the group D. Flexibility to the demands of the situation

Which is not true of rapport talk versus report talk?

A. Report talk solves problems while rapport talk builds relationships B. Men tend to communicate through rapport talk while women use report talk -C. Those using report talk focus on the content; those using rapport focus on the person D. None of the above

Which of the following is considered best practice when asked if you have any questions?

A. Say, "you have answered all my questions" B. Ask a question that you already found the answer to on their website -C. Ask one of the few questions you prepared even if you think you know the answer D. Ask about salary

When I tell jokes, the people I am with always laugh. Their response to me influences my conclusion that I am funny. This highlights which aspect of self-concept?

A. Self-concept is always changing -B. Self-concept is shaped by others C. Self-concept is somewhat subjective D. Self-concept endures and changes

When giving her first speech, Mireya used "um" sixteen times. This is an example of:

A. Silent pauses -B. Vocalized pauses C. Quiet tone D. Sighs

An athlete asks her coach, "why do I need to drink more water on the days we practice outside?" and the coach answers, "because I am the coach and I say so." The coach is committing which logical fallacy?

A. Slippery slope B. Ad hominem C. Hasty generalization -D. Ad verecundiam

Jose's parents told him he can't take his car back to campus because of his poor grades. Now Jose has to rely on his parents to come pick him up from campus when he wants to visit home. This threatens Jose's...

A. Social face -B. Autonomy face C. Practical face D. Competence face

Constanza is a naturally anxious person. Which of the following components likely has the biggest impact on the apprehension she feels about giving a speech?

A. State communication apprehension -B. Trait communication apprehension C. General anxiety disorder D. Stage fright

Which is the fastest way to obtain information about your audience?

A. Surveys B. Interviews -C. Contact and informant D. Prior observation

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of workplaces letting employees telecommute by relying on mediated communication?

A. Teams can work together from multiple locations B. Employees can spend less time commuting -C. The team will have more interpersonal affect and group solidarity D. Most employees have increased productivity

Which situation below demonstrates the orientation stage on mutual self-disclosure?

A. Telling your friend your political ideologies -B. Having polite conversation with a classmate on the first day C. Giving someone a hug goodbye D. None of the above

Which of the following is a role of a moderator?

A. The moderator presents their own ideas, opinions, and thoughts on the topic -B. The moderator introduces the entire panel, transitions between speakers, and handle interactions with the audience C. The moderator is one of the featured speakers who is an expert on the subject

Which of the following are important considerations during the first step in the group decision-making process?

A. The nature of the problem B. The extent and seriousness of the problem C. The likely cause(s) of the problem D. The possible consequences of not dealing with the problem -E. All are important considerations

Which of the following is NOT a benefit to using the bookend approach for a group presentation?

A. The speech has a nice sense of closure since the person who introduced the speech ends the speech B. There is an opportunity for a little bit of individuality in each speaker's performance C. It allows each speaker to connect their topic to the next topic -D. It allows consistency since one person does all the speaking

Which is not true about vocalized pauses?

A. They are filler words B. It is normal to use them -C. They should be used when giving a speech to classmates so that they can relate to you D. Using too many can hurt the speaker's credibility

Which is true about a clarification question according to the Media Richness Theory?

A. They are suited for lean media B. They should be asked via email C. They are inappropriate for text messages D. Both A and B

If you do not know the answer to a question, you should make up an answer so that you look like you know what you're talking about.

A. True -B. False

Stella just told her interviewer a story about how she initiated change in her previous role but neglects to connect this story to the role she is interviewing for. Which suggestion for using dialogue during an interview did Stella neglect?

A. Understand the question -B. Ensure answers connect to question and claims C. Do your homework D. Be your professional self

Believing an audience will be hostile before you give your speech violates which guideline for creating an open environment where persuasion can occur?

A. Understand the speaker's perspectives -B. Don't prejudge speakers or audiences C. Avoid inciting your audience D. Clarify your credentials

"Invented and implemented a new employee onboarding process for all the regional offices" is an example of which resume dos from your textbook?

A. Use a variety of action words when describing past experiences B. Use language devices such as alliteration to hook the reader C. Include as many details as possible D. Reference having worked with people

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for writing an effective professional email?

A. Use the person's name B. Use a lot of emojis to help convey emotions C. Include a meaningful subject line D. Consider what time you are sending the email

Taking students on a field trip to the river to learn about the ecosystem appeals most to which type of learning described in the Multiple Intelligence Theory?

A. Visual-spatial -B. Bodily/kinesthetic C. Intrapersonal D. Naturalist

Physical Delivery

All of the physical signals your body sends to your audience during your speech; there are several elements to consider

Multiple Intelligence Theory

Although all individuals can access and learn about the world through each of the nine intelligences, people differ in the strength of their aptitude or preference for those various intelligences

Quasi-Scientific Explanation

An explanation that helps the audience get an overall picture of a phenomenon and see relationships among the parts

Conflict

An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from the other party in achieving those goals

Full-Sentence Preparation Outline

An outline that includes everything you plan to say in your speech and is written somewhat like a manuscript in an outline format

Artistic Proofs

Aristotle's category for credibility, emotion, and logic within a persuasive appeal; he called them artistic because the speaker creates them

Reasoning by Analogy

Comparison of two similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other because the two cases share similar features

Avoidance

Conflict management strategy that involves avoiding the other person, choosing not to express or make a conflict known

Intimate Relationships

Deeply personal bonds that we have with other individuals that are accompanied by affective communication and a sense of belongingness

Comparison Level of Alternatives (CLalt)

Expectations arising from comparing existing relationships to other possible relationships

Transformative Explanations

Explanations that help audience members transform their everyday ideas about how something works into a more scientifically accurate understanding of the phenomenon

Entry Stage

First stage of Uncertainty Reduction Theory during which we follow culturally accepted rules for interactions and politeness, including greeting one another, making small talk, and laughing at jokes

Flexible Leadership Style

Flexible and encouraging, allowing group members to take risks and work on their own to engender trust; a "people-person" leadership style

Circumscribing Stage

Happens when the partners are primarily living different lives and their conversations are increasingly limited in scope and depth

Pitch

How high or low your voice sounds when you speak

Volume

How loud or soft the sound of your voice is when you speak

Tone

How variable your voice is and how "warm" your voice sounds

Problem-solution Pattern of Organization

In a persuasive speech, a persuasive pattern of organization in which you begin by explaining the problem and then discuss your solution

Problem-Solution Pattern of Organization

In an informative speech, used to organize a speech by first explaining a problem and then teaching the audience about the solution

Examples

Instances that we use to help define or clarify concepts, draw attention to a particular feature of an experience, or elicit memories and emotions in our audience

Complementary Interchange

Interaction between members of a system that is based on acknowledged differences in power

Everyday Talk

Interaction that includes mundane, ordinary conversations across our daily experience, making up our relationships in addition to the more noticeable, "bigger" moments, such as our first big fight or a marriage ceremony

Enabling Communication

Interaction that is not assertive and thus allows members to continue abusive, addictive, and otherwise negative behaviors

Deductive Reasoning

Involves using general truths to reach a certain conclusion about a specific instance

Critical Listening

Listening to evaluate a message and assess whether or not we agree with what is said; requires the most cognitive effort of any listening purpose

Listening for Comprehension

Listening to understand and learn something new; requires a significant degree of mental effort

Low-context Culture

Meaning is derived mostly from the language used in an interaction, and less emphasis is placed on the nonverbal communication, environment, and situation

Recalibration

Method of managing tensions that involves reframing the contradiction so you do not see the two opposing forces as being in contradiction with one another

Spiraling Inversion

Method of managing tensions that takes place when we alternate back and forth between attending to our needs

Segmentation

Method of managing tensions that takes place when we choose to privilege the parts of the dialectical pair based on different contexts

Integration

Method of managing tensions that takes place when you are able to completely fulfill both opposing forces at the same time without sacrificing part of either one

Artifacts

Objects used to communicate information about yourself to those around you

Symbolic Convergence

Occurs when groups create a unique meaning for a term, experience, or event in the group's life that serves to further strengthen the bond between group members

Boundary Turbulence

Occurs when information we believe is private and shared in confidence is broadcast to other parties

Behavioral Uncertainty

Occurs when we do not know how the other person will behave in a particular situation

Cognitive Uncertainty

Occurs when we do not know what the beliefs and attitudes of the other person are

Reasoning by Sign

Occurs when you conclude that the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another

Comparison Level

Our general expectations for a certain type of relationship, such as a friendship or romantic relationship

Integrating Stage

Partners begin to develop a sense of an identity for their relationship with each other

Bonding Stage

Partners make their deep commitment formal and public through an engagement, marriage, or civil union

Channel

Pathway through which the symbols travel

Primacy Effect

People are prone to emphasizing the first impression of something over any subsequent impressions when forming their perception of an event or person

Physiological Traits

Permanent enduring physical conditions that impact us throughout our lives

Questions of Fact

Persuasive messages that attempt to change the audience's beliefs about something

Refutations

Persuasive speeches in which a speaker defends his or her own position on an issue while responding to the arguments of another person

Expert Power

Power gained through specific knowledge of a topic or content area, thus providing the person with that knowledge power over those who do not have it, but who need it nonetheless

Reward Power

Power linked to the ability to either provide a good thing or take away a negative thing from someone for doing a task

Coercive Power

Power linked to the ability to introduce something negative or take away something positive from group members

Legitimate Power

Power that emanates from a position, and so the person occupying that position is imbued with authority that must be followed

Psychological Noise:

Preoccupation with other thoughts Emotional reaction to the topic Prejudice or ill will toward the speaker Unwillingness to listen Resistance to the message

Demonstrations

Presentation aids that involve enacting the process you are trying to teach your audience

Minimax Principle

Principle describing the tendency to maximize the benefits and minimize the costs in relationships

Statistics

Quantitative reports that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand and visualize

Closed-ended Questions

Questions that have defined answers from which you will choose the best fit

Numbers

Raw quantitative data

Rituals

Repetitive behaviors that contain a unique meaning for members, and each family develops their own traditions

Presentation Aids

Resources that engage one or more of the audience's five senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) to help the audience better understand the message

Red Herring

Speaker introduces irrelevant ideas in order to distract attention away from the real issue

Non Sequitor

Speaker makes an unjustified move from one topic to another

Cognitive Complexity

The ability to recognize multiple potential ways in which a situation or message could be understood or interpreted

Civility

The ability to treat others with respect so that we can have a lasting, peaceful, and positive interaction

Selection

The act of choosing to attend to, consciously or subconsciously, specific stimuli in the environment

Trait CA

The amount of communication anxiety you were born with and naturally have due to genetics

Situational

The assumption that another person is doing something because of factors in the environment or the situation they are in

Chronemics

The branch of nonverbal communication that involves how people treat,value,react to, and structure time

General Purpose

The broad intent of what your speech should accomplish; the three types of general purposes are to inform, to persuade, and to commemorate

Polychronic

The category of chronemics marked by trying to do several tasks at the same time and having a more fluid approach to scheduling time

Conversational Orientation

The degree to which family members are encouraged to participate in unrestrained conversation about a range of topics

Culture

The distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period

Nonverbal Communication

The elements of communication that do not involve words but nevertheless transmit messages

Report Talk

The exchange of information, solutions, and problem-solving strategies

Provisionalism

The expression of an ability to be flexible and open to different ideas

Criticism

The expression of disapproval of someone or something based upon perceived faults in a person or behavior

Contempt

The expression of insults and disdain for a person, their behaviors, and ideas

Inclusion and Seclusion

The external dialectical tension of integration and separation; spending time alone as a couple and spending time as a couple with others

Communication Apprehension (CA)

The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

Complementing

The function of nonverbal communication whereby nonverbal behavior occurring at the same time as the message displays the same content

Accent

The function of nonverbal communication whereby nonverbal behaviors augment a message while it is delivered

Substituting

The function of nonverbal communication whereby physical actions take the place of verbal messages

Repeating

The function of nonverbal communication whereby the physical actions that follow verbal messages reinforce what is said

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

The idea that increased knowledge of another person improves our ability to predict future behaviors and thus reduces our own uncertainty

Abstract

The idea that language is not tangible or concrete

Negative

The idea that language separates things from their natural state, thus telling us not only what something is, but what it is not

Self-concept

The image we have of who we believe we are

Connection and Autonomy

The internal dialectical tension of integration and separation; spending time with a partner and spending time alone

Collaboration

The most beneficial of the conflict management strategies; its goal is to find a solution that allows both parties to win

Key word Speaking Outline

The outline you will put on a notecard and use during your speech; it should include only key words to remind you of your main points and subpoints, as well as source citations, statistics, and direct quotations you want to make sure you say in a particular way

Signifer

The physical thing as we perceive it in the world around us

Open Posture

The posture achieved when the majority of one's body faces the audience or other person

Division

The principle of outlining that states if a main point is divided into subpoints, it must be divided into two or more subpoints

Systematic Desensitization

The process by which a person is slowly introduced to something they fear so that each time they overcome the fear, the intensity is decreased

Image Management

The process of coordinating the presentation of our self-concept with various groups in different situations

Articulation

The process of physically shaping the sounds that make the word

Listening

The process of receiving and interpreting spoken and/or nonverbal messages

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to look for and remember information that is consistent with what we believe or what we want to happen

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors when evaluating someone else's behavior

Pathos

The use of emotions in persuasion

Oculesics

The use of eye contact to send messages

Connotative Meaning

The way a word or phrase is used in a particular context, potentially as slang or with an implied value judgment

Relationship Maintenance

The work we do to keep a relationship going and in a condition with which both partners are happy

Vocalics

Those things that contribute to the maintenance or creation of sound in your voice that help to convey meaning

Reasoning by Cause

Used when you claim that one event causes another

Line Graphs

Visual presentation aid that uses lines along two axes to show changes in values over time

Gender Expression

Ways people communicate their gender identity

Physical Attraction

We are drawn to someone's physical appearance because we like the way the person looks

Self-disclosure

When one person voluntarily shares personal history and information regarding attitudes, feelings, values, and experiences with another individual

Match each example to the type of reasoning it illustrates.

Whenever you drink more than one cup of coffee you wake up in the middle of the night and can't go back to sleep. You determine that extra caffeine keeps you awake at night - Reasoning by cause After participating in and enjoying a Zumba class plus a yoga class and a cross-training class you conclude that you like group fitness classes - Reasoning by example Rico is sitting in class and looks out the window. He sees that people are carrying umbrellas and concludes that it is raining outside - Reasoning by sign

Experimenting Stage

Where you engage in conversation about surface-level interests and topics with the other person to see if your interest is expanded

Transactional Model of Communication

This model does not differentiate between the sender and receiver, seeing both parties as sender and receiver In this model, communication flows both ways at the same time

Monlogue

A style of communication where only one voice is respected

What are the three fundamental parts of civility?

-A. Politeness, respect for self, respect for others B. Consistency, structure, space C. Beliefs, values, morals D. Cultural, global, national considerations

Using descriptive language is important because:

-A. Presents objective facts or observations without any form of judgement B. Evaluates facts and makes judgement C. Includes the use of assessment D. Assumptions are made based on descriptive facts

Dialogue

A style of communication that respectfully encourages others to want to listen, while also listening in a way that encourages others to want to speak

Ever since Chad's mom died, he has not been talking as much to his partner. His partner believes that Chad needs to discuss his recent loss and continues to ask him about it. Chad eventually grows tired of his partner pushing and decides to end the relationship. Which myth does Chad's partner likely buy into?

A. Everyone is an adept communicator -B. Communication can solve any problem C. Communication is a very broad field D. More communication will ultimately make people agree with you

"You are as slow as a snail getting your work done," is an example of which of the following?

A. Implicit comparison -B. Simile C. Synecdoche D. None of the above

Which model of communication treats the communicators as both senders and receivers simultaneously?

A. Linear model B. Interaction model -C. Transactional model D. Bi-linear model

Telling someone "there is light at the end of the tunnel" is an example of which type of metaphor?

A. Mixed metaphor B. Dead metaphor C. Simile -D. Archetypal

All of the following accept ______ are considered supportive dialogic behaviors

A. Spontaneity B. Provisionalism -C. Neutrality D. Problem orientation

Principle of Mutual Equality

The premise that each person can make an equal contribution to the interaction

Encode

The process of creating a message using symbols

Simile

Metaphoric language devices that compare two things through the use of "like" or "as

Dead Metaphors

Metaphors that have lost the creative element from which they initially drew their power and now are just accepted as true terms, rather than the metaphors they are

Perception

The process of giving meaning to the things we notice in the world around us

Decode

The process of interpreting the symbols within a message

Feedback

The various verbal and nonverbal responses to the message by the receiver

Narrative Fidelity

Term for describing how well a story reflects the values and beliefs of its audience

Arbitray

Term that describes symbols themselves as having no direct connection with the things they represent

Ambiguous

Term that describes words as being without absolute meanings

Genuineness

The act of being direct, honest, and straightforward regarding what we believe and think

Units of Analysis

The item that the researcher is trying to understand or study

Denotative Meaning

The meaning prescribed to a sign without understanding its history of usage and application; its dictionary, or literal, definition

Parallelism

The practice of placing related words or phrases in a pattern that highlights what they have in common

Antithesis

The practice of placing two contrasting ideas side by side in a parallel structure

Repetition

The practice of repeating words and phrases either immediately following the initial statement or in the same location in a message

Alliteration

The practice of using the same vowel or consonant sound at the beginning of consecutive words