Commercial Checkride
What are the eligibilty requirements for a commercial pilot? (Why are you able to take this checkride?)
-I am at least 18 years old -I know english -I have a private pilot license -I have a 1st class medical (need at least a 3rd class) -I have received the ground and flight training endorsements -I have the aeronautical experience -I have pass the FAA knowledge test
AIRMET SIERRA
-IFR conditions
Who can perform Annual Inspection only
-Inspector Authorized (IA)
4 dynamic forces that act on an airplane
-Lift -Thrust -Drag -Weight
Define LIFR
-Low IFR -CIG less than 500 feet and/or -Visibility less than 1 mile
Unstable Air
-Low Pressure -Cumulus clouds -Rough Turbulence -Showery/Spotty Precipitation -Good visibility
Make and Horsepower of your Engine
-Lycoming -4 cylinder -horizontally opposed -aircooled -fuel injected -direct drive -200 HP
Type of Engine
-Lycoming -horizontally opposed -4 cylinder -air cooled -carbureted -160 HP
MVFR
-Marginal VFR -CIG 1,000 to 3,000 ft -Visibility 3 to 5 sm
Different Operational Categories for Aircraft and max load factor
-NORMAL (+3.8 to -1.52)
Who is responsible for ensuring aircraft is MAINTAINED in airworthy condition
-Owner/Operator of aircraft
Left Turning Tendencies (P.S.T)
-P Factor -Spiraling Slipstream -Torque
Responsible for DETERMINING aircraft is airworthy
-PIC
Vso
-Stall speed in landing config. -55 kts
What briefings can you get from FSS
-Standard -Outlook -Abbreviated -Inflight
Situations where Load Factor is at MAX.
-Steep turns (bank reaches 45 to 50 degrees) -Turbulence -Speed -speeds below maneuvering speed the airplane will stall
Factors for thunderstorm to form
-Sufficient moisture -unstable air -lifting force
How to determine Wind SHear will occur
-TAFs -METARs -SIGMETS -Convective SIGMETS -LLWAS (Low Level Windshear alert system) -PIREPS
TAFs
-Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts -within 5 sm of terminal -valid for 24 hours -4 times daily -every 6 hours starting at 0000Z
How to determine stability of atmosphere
-Unstable air decreases uniform (3 degrees Celsius per 1,000 feet) -Stable air decreases only slightly per altitude
Maneuvering Speed
-Va -maximum speed at which abrupt control movement can be applied -not indicated on Airspeed Indicator
Structural Icing conditions
-Visible moisture -below freezing temperatures
How to determine if Mode C transponder is equipped
-Weight and Balance equipment list
Flight with inoperative equipment
-Yes under conditions -TOMATO FLAMES, FLAPS at Night
Function of a magnetometer
-a device that measures the strength of earth's magnetic field to determine heading -located on the right wing
What are some basic characterisitics of a microburst?
-a mile to 2 and a half miles in diameter -downdrafts as strong as 6000 feet per minute -horizontal wind speeds as strong as 45 knots resulting in a 90 knot wind shear
How does the Carb Heat Work
-a shroud induces heated air to air manifold prior to the carburetor -should be used if carb icing is suspected
Landing behind a large aircraft
-above and beyond path
Taking off behind larger aircraft
-above and prior path
2 ways fog form
-air close to dewpoint -high moisture level near ground
Normal category aircraft
-aircraft structure capable of withstanding a load factor of 3.8 Gs without structural failure -non-aerobatic
utility category aircraft
-aircraft structure must be capable of withstanding a load factor of 4.4 Gs. -permit limited aerobatics, including spins
What aircraft are required to have 100-hour inspections?
-all aircraft under 12,500 lbs used to carry passengers for hire -aircraft used for flight instruction for hire
What does the throttle do
-allows the pilot to manually control the fuel/air mix entering the cylinders
What does the Mixture control do
-allows the pilot to regulate the amount of fuel in the fuel/air ratio -richer mixture means more fuel -leaner mixture means less fuel -leaner mixture is required for better power output at higher altitudes
Pressure Altitude
-altitude indicated when altimeter is set to 29.92
What are the requirements to remain current as a commercial pilot? 61.56, 61.57
-every 24 cal. months a flight review -preceding 90 days 3 takeoffs and landings -if tailwheel airplane, takeoffs and landings must be to a full stop -if at night, takeoffs and landings must be to a full stop The takeoffs and landings at night can be counted towards the day requirement
Surface Analysis Chart
-every 3 hours -pressure systems -fronts -winds -temperatures -dew point temperatures
Weather Depiction Chart
-every 3 hours -sky cover -cloud height/ceilings -weather phenomena -visibility
AIRMET
-every 6 hours -3 types -sierra -zulu -tango
What causes a spin
-exceeding the critical angle of attack while uncoordinated
Describe Detonation
-explosive ignition of fuel/air mix -causes engine overheating, roughness, loss of power, failure
Rime Ice
-forms in stratus clouds, light drizzle -freezes rapidly -forms when small drops hit the aircraft and freeze rapidly
Mixed Ice
-forms when drops vary -intermingled with snow/ice particles -rough
Clear Ice
-forms when large drops hit the aircraft and freeze slowly -freezing as smooth sheet
What causes carb. icing
-fuel vaporizes and air expansion in venturi of the carb causes cooling of mixture -water vapor is squeezed out and when it reaches freezing point it freezes in the carb. -1st indication is loss of RPM
Describe preignition
-fuel/air mix ignites prior to engine normal ignition -high operating temperatures -reduced engine power
Intake stroke
-fuel/air mixture drawn into cylinder by downward stroke
What is carbon monoxide poisioning?
-gas from exhaust fumes -reduces the ability to carry oxygen
How does carbon monoxide poisioning occur in our plane
-heater combined with exhaust fumes can enter cabin through cracks
Bernoullis Principle
-high speed low pressure vice versa -air above airfoil is fast so low pressure -air below airfoil is slow so high pressure -creates LIFT
What limitations apply to the aircraft operations conducted using the deferral provision of 91.213 (d)?
-if equipment is inoperative during preflight or prior to takeoff, flight must be canceled -maintenance must be obtained, or item/equipment must be deferred.
Is a commercial pilot required to log all flight time
-if for a certificate, rating or flight review of Part 61, then yes -if for experience and currency/recency requirements under Part 61, then yes
Describe your ignition system
-ignition is provided by two magnetos and 8 spark plugs -independent of the electrical system -magnetos are actuated by crankshaft -spark plugs are actuated by secondary coil from magneto actuation
Increase in weight means
-increase in maneuvering speed
Increase in Load Factor means
-increase in stall speed -stall speed increases in proportion to square root of load factor
Temperature inversion
-increase in temperature with height -stable air -low turbulence -warm rain can fall to cold air below (critical icing)
Load Factor Importance
-increased load factor means increased stall speed
2 advantages of dual ignition system
-increased safety; one magneto can fail but one can still operate -complete and even combustion of mixture -improved engine performance
what does ammeter indicate
-indicates flow of current
Low Pressure Air flow
-inward, upward, counterclockwise
Define situational awareness
-knowing what to do during phases of flight and other things viable to know for flight
SIGMET
-lasts 4 hours -severe icing not associated with thunderstorm -severe or greater turbulence not associated with thunderstorm -duststorms or sandstorms -Volcanic Ash
Air density effect on aircraft performance
-lift produced by wings -power output of engine -prop efficiency -drag forces
Isobars
-line on weather chart -connects areas of equal pressure
What are Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL)
-lists instruments, equipment and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with inoperative equipment
Load Factor
-load supported by the wings divided by total weight of airplane
Where are fuel sumps
-located on underside of wings and on left cowl flap -drain them during preflight for water/sediments contamination
Currency as Private Pilot
-preceding 24 months flight review with CFI (Biannual), and receive the logbook endorsement for it -preceding 90 days, 3 takeoffs and landings as PIC to carry passengers -preceding 90 days, 3 takeoffs and landings to a full stop as PIC to carry passengers at night (1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise) -Tailwheel Airplane, 3 takeoffs and landings to a full stop
Radar SUmmary Chart
-precipitation -cell movement -type of storm -intensity
Density altitude
-pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature
Anti-icing equipment
-prevents ice from forming -pitot heat, carb. heat, heated prop
What uses electricity in your plane
-radio equipment -turn coordinator -fuel gauges -pitot heat -landing light -strobes -interior lights -position lights -instrument lights -stall warning system -aux fuel pump
Tumbling backwards
-rapid accel. during takeoff into climb makes me feel nose high attitude -instinct will tell me to lower the nose -this can lead to crashing into terrain
Wind Shear
-rate of change of wind velocity per wind direction
What must you do if the plane has had maintenance before you can fly passengers
-rated pilot with private pilot certificate -fly the plane -make operational check of maintenance -logs the flight in aircraft records
How can be PIC of high performance airplane
-receive and log ground and flight training from CFI -receive 1 time endorsement from CFI in logbook -must be in high performance airplane -simulator is accepted
to act as pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane what flight experience requirements must be met?
-received and logged flight training from a CFI -receive endorsement -must include normal and crosswind takeoffs, landings, wheel landings, go-around procedures
How to recover from spin (P.A.R.E)
-reduce Power -neutralize Ailerons -apply full opposite Rudder -smoothly apply forward Elevator Pressure
Recover from preignition
-reduce power -reduce climb rate -enrich fuel/air mix
How to reduce detonation
-reduce power -reduce climb rate -enrich fuel/air mixture -check type of fuel
How will establishing a personal minimums checklist reduce risk?
-reduce risk by making a go/no-go or divert decision than does a vague sense that you can probably deal with the conditions you face at any given time
FDC NOTAMS
-regulatory -changes to IFR charts, AIRSPACE usage, -TFR due to a hurricane
Deicing Equipment
-removes ice formed on protected surfaces
Complex Airplane
-retractable flaps -retractable landing gear -controllable pitch propeller -must have ground and flight training -must receive 1 time endorsement from CFI
What equipment would be considered hydraulic on this aircraft?
-retractable landing gear -emergency hand pump -hydraulically actuated brake on each main gear -nose gear shock strut
Flashing white
-return to ramp -N/A
What change occurs to the fuel/air mix when applying carb heat
-richer mixture -less dense air -warm air -less air for same amount of fuel -THE Air becomes thinner
Two properties of a Gyroscope
-rigidity in space -precession
Torque
-rotation of prop to the right -aircraft will roll/bank to the left
VOR Checks
-selected radials over a ground point-plus or minus 6 degrees
What is the vestibular system
-sensory system in the ear, for feeling
Convective SIGMET
-severe or greater turbulence -severe or greater icing -low level wind shear -severe thunderstorms -embedded thunderstorms -Squall Line (line of thunderstorms) -Tornadoes
Far Isobars
-shallow pressure gradient -lower wind speeds
What is a kinds of operations equipment list (KOEL)?
-shows which equipment is required for particular kinds of operations -equipment for day or night VFR, day or night IFR, Icing conditions etc. -located in the limitations section of the FAA-approved airplane flight manual
How to recover from carbon monoxide
-shut off heater, open air vents
Preventive Maintenance
-simple/minor preservation operations and replacement of small standard parts -oil change -light bulb change -brake fluid refill
Power Stroke
-spark plug ignites mixture -forces piston downward -produces power
Type
-specific make and model of aircraft -PA-161/CHEROKEE WARRIOR, C-172, B-737
Frost hazardous because...
-spoils the smooth flow of air -airflow separation around the wing
Vs1
-stall speed in clean, specified, takeoff config -60 kts
What is hypoxia
-state of oxygen deficiency to the body
All 4 opposing forces are equal in flight
-steady state -straight and level -unaccelerated flight
Close Isobars
-steep pressure gradient -higher wind speeds
Steady Red light
-stop -continue circling, yield
symptoms of hyperventilation
-suffocation, dizziness, lightheadiness -muscle spasms -unconciousness
Low LEvel Significant Weather Prog Chart
-surface to FL240 -2 forecasts periods (12 hours and 24 hours) -2 lower panels depict 12 and 24 hour surface prog -2 upper panels depict 12 and 24 hour sig. weather prog -issued 4 times daily (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z)
Rearward Center of Gravity Effect
-tail heavy -lower stall speed -higher cruise speed -less stable -less back elevator pressure required
Dewpoint
-temperature to which air must be cooled to reach saturation
Conditions favorable for carb icing
-temperatures below 21 degrees celsius -humidity above 80%
Examples of situational awareness
-terrain awareness -traffic relative to your plane -weather -plane performance overall -airspace -me as pilot -PAVE -passengers
Airworthiness Certificate
-the plane is safe for operation -meet requirements of part 21 -FAA approved -must be displayed in aircraft (panel behind my seat)
WHat is the Eustachian Tube
-tube in the middle ear that equalizes pressure
Gyroscopic instruments
-turn coordinator -heading indicator -attitude indicator
What is a spin
-uncoordinated stalls
Why is wind shear an operational concern
-unexpected changes in wind speed and direction -dangerous on approaches and departing aircraft
Examples of SRM
-use autopilot during diversion -having checklist, sectional, cross country plan within arms reach -situational awareness
Causes of Detonation
-using lower fuel grade -operating engine at high power settings with lean mixture -steep climbs
Temperature and Dewpoint are close together means
-visible moisture -clouds -fog -dew -ideal for carb. icing
Advection Fog
-warm humid air over cold surface -coastal areas
PIREPS
-weather observed by Pilots while flying -two types -routine (UA) -urgent (UUA)
Risk management
-weighing risk costs versus risk benefits
What is ear block
-when we ascend to high altitude rather quickly pressure decreases and the eustachian tube opens -when we descend back to lower altitudes, eustachian tube must be periodically opened to equalize pressure -if congested, it will be hard to open the tube -if it cant be opened, ear block will occur and it will cause pain in the sinuses and even loss of hearing
When are you cleared to enter Class C airspace
-when you are identified by your callsign
Relative Wind
-wind in direction of airflow with respect to wing -flight path is parallel but opposite direction of it
Does your aircraft use a fuel pump
-yes -it has two; engine driven and aux.
If the annual inspection date has passed, can an aircraft be operated to a location where the inspection can be performed?
-yes under a special flight permit
Atmospheric Pressure lapse rate
1" Hg per 1,000 ft
Areas where wind shear is likely to occur
1) low-level temperature inversion 2) frontal zone or thunderstorm 3) clear air turbulence (CAT) at high levels associated with a jet stream or strong circulation
Class G airspace minimums
1,200 ft or less AGL Day -1 mile clear of clouds Night 3-152 1,200 ft or above AGL Day -1 mile 152 Night 3-152 1,200 above AGL and above 10,000 ft MSL Day 5-111 Night 5-111
How is the landing gear extended and retracted?
A hydraulic actuator powered by an electrically driven hydraulic power pack enables the landing gear extension, retraction, and main gear down lock release operations to occur. A pressure switch starts and stops power pack operation an hydraulic pressure is directed by a landing gear lever.
What type of landing gear warning system is used?
A micros switch in the throttle quadrant activates a warning horn and red "warning gear unsafe" light under the following conditions: a) gear up and power reduced below 14 inches of manifold pressure b) gear is up and flaps are extended beyond 25 degrees
If your route of flight takes you toward a low-pressure system, in general what kind of weather can you expect? What if you were flying toward a high-pressure system?
-low pressure system means rising air, which is conducive to cloudiness, precipitation, and bad weather -high pressure system is an area of descending air, which tends to favor dissipation of cloudiness and good weather
3 areas of concern to Wind Shear
-low-level temp. inversion -frontal zone or thunderstorm -Clear Air Turbulence @ high altitudes (Jet Stream or strong circulation)
Freezing Level
-lowest altitude where OAT is 0 degrees Celsius -Temperature Inversion can cause more than one freezing level
Records to check owner or operator has complied with inspections, airworthiness directives
-maintenance records -aircraft and engine logbooks
Va
-maneuvering speed -max speed at the load can be imposed without structural damage 2750lbs - 118KIAS 1865lbs - 96KIAS
Vfe
-max flap extension speed -103 kts
Vno
-max structural cruising speed -146 kts
Special Flight Permit
-may be obtained from FSDO or the DAR -flying aircraft to a base for maintenance -delivering or exporting an aircraft -production flight testing new-production aircraft
What does the Carburetor do
-mixes fuel and air to the perfect ratio to be combustible
Compression Stroke
-mixture is compressed by upward stroke
AIRMET ZULU
-moderate icing -freezing level
AIRMET TANGO
-moderate turbulence -winds of 30 kts or greater
Upslope Fog (Adiabatic Fog)
-moist, stable air cools as it moves up sloping terrain -dense -extends to high altitudes
Voltage regulator
-monitors system voltage -maintains constant regulated system voltage
Flaps
-movable panels on trailing edges of wings -closer to the fuselage -creates lift and drag -permits slower airspeed -steeper angle of descent during landing approach -shorten takeoff distance
Tailwheel Airplane
-must have ground and flight training -must receive 1 time endorsement from CFI
Vne
-never exceed speed -if exceeded, structural damage will occur. YOU DIE -186 kts
RODS
-night vision
Minimum safe altitude over area of a city
-no lower than 1,000 ft of highest obstacle -cannot be 2,000 ft horizontal of any person property vessle
minimum safe altitude anywhere
-no lower than 500 feet AGL
Minimum safe altitude around eastman
-no lower than 500 feet over people, property, vessle
Forward Center of Gravity Effects
-nose heavy -Higher Stall Speed -Slow Cruise Speed -more stable -greater back elevator pressure required
Black Hole Approach
-only light visible is runway approach lights -can make runway seem upsloping, downsloping, far away, etc
High Pressure Air flow
-outward, downward, clockwise
High Altitude Airplane
-plane can operate above 25,000 feet MSL -must have ground and flight training -must receive 1 time endorsement from authorized instructor
What is a high performance airplane?
-plane with more than 200 HP
Ground Effect
-positive influence on lifting characterisitcs of the wings -reduces the wing's upwash, downwash, and wingtip vortices
Prove to me that the aircraft is air worthy
A.R.O.W. and A.V.1.A.T.E, TOMATO FLAMES, Airworthiness Directives etc.
What privileges and limitations apply to a commercial pilot?
As a commercial pilot -I may carry persons or property for compensation or hire -I may work for compensation or hire
Discuss what qualifies as a commercial pilot operation
As a commercial pilot, having a commercial pilot certificate does not allow you to act as a commercial operator. It only allows you to work for a commercial operator and be paid for your service, with certain exceptions.
General characterisitics of a cold front and warm front
Cold front -towering cumulus/cumulonimbus clouds -heavy rain -thunderstorms/lightning during passage -poor vis. -winds gusting and variable -temp. dew point and pressure drop rapidly Warm front -straitiform clouds -drizzle -low ceilings -poor visibility -variable winds -rise in temperature
D E C I D E
Detect Estimate Choose Identify Do something Evaluate
Part 117
Flight and duty limitations and rest requirements: flight crew members
F L A P S
Fuses (circuit breakers) Landing light Anti collision lights Position lights Sources of power
How does the heading indicator operate?
It uses the rigidity in space. The rotor turns in a vertical plane, and the compass card is fixed to the rotor. Since the rotor remains rigid ins pace, the points on the card hold the same position in space relative the vertical plane. As the instrument case and the airplane revolve around the vertical axis, the card shows clear, accurate heading information.
electrical system (Piper Arrow 28R-201)
Primary power is provided by a 14 volt 60 amp alternator, which is protected by the alternator control unit that incorporates a voltage relay and a overvoltage relay. Secondary power is provided by a 12 volt 35 amp battery. The ammeter shows the electrical load placed on the system, which includes whatever equipment is being used, plus the battery system.
Propeller Overspeed
Propeller over speed is caused by malfunction of propeller governor, which allows the propeller blades to rotate to full low pitch. In event of overspeed, move prop control to full decrease RPM, reduce airspeed and reduce throttle to maintain a maximum of 2700 RPM
T O M A T O F L A M E S
Tachometer Oil press. Manifold press. Altimeter Temperature Oil temp Fuel Press Landing Gear Airspeed Magnetic Compass ELT Safety Belts
Base of Cumulus Cloud formula
Temperature - Dewpoint / 4.4 X 1,000
What to look for when checking magnetos
a small decrease in engine rpm during the preflight check if the decrease is more than 175 rpm then the magneto may be damaged, spark plugs may be fouling, there may be broken or shorted wires, or improper firing of the plugs may occur in any case the flight should not be done
How is accidental gear retraction prevented on the ground?
a squat switch when the nose gear is compressed by the weight of the airplane on the ground, the squat switch is electrically prevents operation of the landing gear system
How are magnetos actuated
battery>starter>crankshaft>Magnetos -Batt. supplies electric power to starter -starter, with gears, rotates engine crankshaft -crankshaft actuates the armature of magneto -this produces sparks for ignition of fuel in each cylinder
When should i fly after scuba diving
flight under 8,000 feet -after 12 hours without controlled ascent -after 24 hours with controlled ascent flight above 8,000 feet -after 24 hours any type of dive
Aviation Area Forecast
-FA -covers a large region (Southeast) -3 times daily
Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
-FAA approved -for particular make and model -we do not have it for our planes at MGA
Primary means of a weather briefing
-FSS -1800-WX-BRIEF
Stable air
-High Pressure -Stratus Clouds -Smooth Turbulence -Steady Precipitation -Poor visibility
Vacuum system
-engine driven vacuum pump provides suction -suction pulls air from instruments -air is drawn into instruments from a filter
Factors that affect air density
- High Altitude less Density -High Temperature less density -High Humidity less density
During runup you switch magnetos from BOTH to RIGHT and there is no RPM drop
-engine has been running on only the right magneto -left magneto has failed most likely
Centrifugal force
-equal and opposite of horizontal component of lift (ailerons)
Other sources of Weather info
-DUATS -AWC.gov -FOREFLIGHT
Coriolis Force
-Earth rotates while we fly in the air -we move to the right (clockwise) because of this -must apply magnetic variation because of it
Describe your fuel injection system
-Engine driven and Electric driven Fuel Pump
Four main controls
Elevator-pitch, lateral axis Ailerons-roll, longitudinal axis Rudder-yaw, vertical axis Trim Tabs-alleviate the pilot, controls the nose
When are stalls/spins most likely to occur
-Engine failure during takeoff/climb -crossed control turn from base to final -Engine failure on Final approach to landing -Go around with full nose up trim -Go around with improper flap retraction
Agonic line
-0 magnetic declination -mississippi
Octane rating of your plane
-100LL -Blue -never use red or green
Supplemental Oxygen Requirements
-12,500 ft to 14,000 ft more than 30 min, me and you must receive oxygen -14,000 or above me and you must receive oxygen at all times -15000 or above all occupants must receive oxygen at all times
Standard Temp. and Pressure
-15 degrees Celsius -29.92 inches Mercury
Describe your electrical system
-24 volt battery -28 volt DC system powered by engine driven 60-amp alternator
What does Winds ALoft 7545 mean
-250 degrees -145 kts
Class B airspace minimums
-3 miles -clear of clouds -private pilot license -student pilot cert. with cfi endorsement
Capacities of Fuel Tanks
-36 gal. max usable -25 gal. at tabs usable
Medical Certificate required, which one do you have, when does it end?
-3rd class is required -I have a 2nd class -Mine will end December 31st 2021
WINDS ALOFT FORECASTS
-4 times daily -True direction -9900 means light and variable, wind speeds less than 5 kts
Dimensions of Class C airspace
-5 nm core -10 nm shelf -20 nm outer layer
personal minimums
-5 sm visibility -8 kts direct crosswind -ceiling must be 1,500 ft above when flying 1,000+ AGL -14-15 kts headwind, or gusts at or above -
Usable gallons of fuel
-72 max
What factors affect aircraft performance
-Air density -Surface Wind -runway surface -upslope/downslope of runway -weight
Required Maintenance and Equipment Inspections (A.V.1.A.T.E)
-Annual Inspection (12 cal months, IA) -VOR check (30 days) -100 hour (for hire) -Altimeter, Pitot Static system (24 cal months) -Transponder (24 cal months) -ELT (12 cal. months, 50% of batt., 1 hour of use)
Required maintenance inspections
-Annual Inspection (12 calendar months) -100 hour Inspection (for hire/or giving flight instruction) -100 hour limitation cannot exceed more than 10 hours
Define IFR
-CIG 500 to 1,000 feet and/or -Visibility 1 to 3 sm
VFR
-CIG greater than 3,000 ft -Visibility greater than 5 sm
Flashing Red Light
-CLEAR the RUNWAY -Do not land
Structural Icing that is most dangerous
-Clear Ice -It is transparent
3 types of structural icing
-Clear Ice -Rime Ice -Mixed Ice
3 stages of a thunderstorm
-Cumulus (updrafts, raindrops increase in size) -Mature (rain fall to the surface, lightning) -Dissipating (downdrafts, rain dissipates)
To act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft what must be met ? (61.31)
-an aircraft that has a service ceiling or max operating altitude above 25000 ft MSL, a person must have received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor -received endorsement -satisfactorily accomplished the ground training, which includes high-altitude aerodynamics. meteorology, respiration, hypoxia -training in cruise flight above 25,000 ft msl, emergency procedures, rapid decompression, emergency descent procedures
If a pilot certificate were accidentally lost or destroyed, a pilot could continue to exercise privileges of that certificate provided he/she follows specific procedure? (61.29)
-an application for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman certificate issued under Part 61 is made by letter to the Department of Transportation, FAA -a person who has lost a certificate may obtain a temporary certificate which is valid for 60 days by the administrator
Angle of Attack
-angle between the wing chord line and direction of relative wind -can be changed
Angle of incidence
-angle formed by longitudinal axis of airplane and chord of wings -measured by angle at which the wing is attached to airplane -fixed, cannot be changed
Ridge
-area of high pressure -sinking air -good weather
Trough
-area of low pressure -rising air -bad weather
Purpose of fuel vents
-as fuel level in tank decreases with use a vacuum can decrease fuel flow -vents replaces used fuel with outside air -prevents form of vacuum and engine stoppage
Explain the difference between being "current" and being "proficient"
-being "current" means that a pilot has accomplished the minimum FAA regulatory requirements -being "proficient" means that a pilot is capable of conducting a flight with competence or skill -being "proficient" is about being smart and safe when it comes to flying while being "current" means that a pilot is "legal" when it comes to the regulations
Vx
-best angle of climb -max altitude per horizontal distance - 72 gear down kts -78 gear up kts
Vy
-best rate of climb -max altitude per time -78 gear down kts -90 gear up
Category
-broad classification of aircraft -AIRPLANE, rotorcraft, glider
Exhaust Stroke
-burned gases are pushed out of cylinder by an upward stroke
What causes an airplane to stall
-by exceeding the critical angle of attack
Procedure for deferral of INOP. Equipment
-cannot be required by TOMATO FLAMES -cannot be required by the POH/AFM -place an INOP. placard on equipment not working
how to avoid ear block
-chew gum -yawn - blow your nose -clean your ears
Class
-classification within similar operating characteristics -SINGLE-ENGINE LAND, multi-engine land
Artificial Horizon Night Illusion
-clear night -lights far away will give impression of stars in the distance -makes you think that there is an horizon
Steady Green Light
-cleared for takeoff -cleared to land
Flashing Green Light
-cleared for taxi -cleared for approach
What can you do to improve eyesight at night
-concentrate on seeing objects -use peripheral vision -avoid white light -wait 30 min for rods to adjust -move eyes more slowly than daylight -blink eyes if become blurrred
What will you do for suspicious activity?
-contact local law enforcement -contact 866-GA-secure
Radiation Fog
-cool air strikes radiating surface -calm, clear nights -Eastman @ Night
What does it mean if the Engine rpm does not drop during the preflight check
-could be a broken P lead. the p lead is what causes the magnetos to short circuit/ground. a broken or disconnected P lead on either magneto means that the ignition system cannot be shut off in the ground or in flight.
Cause of preignition
-damage in the cylinder that causes a part to heat and ignite fuel/air mix that is not intaken
Cones
-day vision
What do you do when you encounter Icing conditions
-descent altitude -turn to different course -leave visible moisture
What is an Airfoil
-device that gets a useful reaction from air moving over its surface (LIFT) -Wings, Flaps, Vertical Stabilizer, Propeller, Rudder
symptoms of hypoxia
-dizziness -loss of muscle use -sense of well-being -headaches -impairment -drowsiness
Function of the primer
-draws fuel from the fuel strainer -injects it directly into cylinder intake
What is hyperventilation
-due to stress, heavy breathing can occur -carbon dioxide builds up
Greatest Vortex strength
-during climb -aircraft is HEAVY, CLEAN, SLOW
Ammeter indicates discharge/charge continuously during flight. What do you do
-electrical equipment that is not necessary should be turned off -alternator should be turned off -you have 30 to 45 min to land before electrical system fails
Gallons per hour
11.4
Max. Crosswind Component for aircraft
17 kts
How far away you must be from a thunderstorm
20 nm
gallons for 2 hours
23
What max airspeed can you fly below 10,000 feet MSL
250 kts
What class medical certificate is required for a commercial pilot (61.23)
2nd class med
What is the normal length of time necessary for landing gear retraction or extension
5 to 7 seconds
gallons per 30 min
5.7
What engine out glide speed will give you max range
79 kts
gallons for 45 min
8.5
Colors of fuel
80-red 100-green 100LL-blue Jet A-colorless/straw
Define wind shear
A change in wind speed or direction within a short distance (horizontal or vertical) Turbulence can occur with wind shear
How is the gear locked in the up position?
A positive "up" pressure is maintained on the landing gear by the hydraulic power pack. To accomplish this, the power pack automatically maintains an operating pressure of 1000 to 1500 PSI in the landing gear system.
A I I M R
Anti-Authority-follow the rules Impulsitivity-dont think so fast Invulnerability-anything can happen Macho-taking chances is foolish Resignation- I am not helpless
Avionics system
AHRS- Attitude Heading Reference System ADC-Air Data Computer PFD-Primary Flight Display MFD-Multi Function display
Documents required on board an aircraft
AIRWORTHINESS Cert. REGISTRATION Cert. OPERATING LIMITATIONS/POH AFM WEIGHT and Balance
Acceleration error
ANDS
How to prioritize workload/tasks
AVIATE NAVIGATE COMMUNICATE
Ammeter indicates left deflection
After Starting- normal during start During FLight- alternator is not functioning -battery is not receiving charge -master switch could be shutoff
Ammeter indicates right deflection
After starting- power from the battery used for starting is being replenished by the alternator During FLight- voltage regulator causing alternator to overcharge the battery
Part 137
Agricultural Aircraft Operations
Pitot/Static System
Airspeed indicator, Altimeter, V.S.I
What are Airworthiness Directives?
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) are legally enforceable mandates from the FAA about the equipment on the aircraft. This can be due to design defects, maintenance, or other causes. They are mandatory and must be followed to keep the aircraft airworthy. Kept with maintenance records. They are one time or recurring.
What must be done in any aircraft after maintenance has been done (91.407)
An appropriately rated pilot with at least a private pilot certificate -flies the aircraft -makes an operational check of the maintenance performed or alteration made -logs the flight in the aircraft records
How does an altimeter work?
Aneroid wafers expand and contract as atmospheric pressure changes, through shaft and gear linkage, rotate pointers on a dial of the instrument
P Factor
At High Angles of Attack (CLimbing, Stall practice etc.) -bite of downward moving prop. blade is greater than bite of upward moving blade -downward moving blade hits relative wind at higher angle of attack than upward moving blade
Spiraling Slipstream
At high prop speeds and low forward speeds (takeoff) -slipstream strikes the vertical tail surface (rudder) on the left side -pushes the tail to the right -Yaws the plane to the left -"RIGHT RUDDER"
What instruments contain gyroscopes?
Attitude indicator, heading indicator and turn coordinator/indicator.
Heading Indicator Errors
Because of precession and friction it will creep or drift from a heading to which it is set. This should be reset regularly every 15 minutes.
At what speed can I fly into the town of Dublin area?
Below 10,000 MSL? below 250 kts
Flashing RED and GReen
Exercise extreme caution
Part 125
CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT
Part 119
Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators
What type of fuel system does your aircraft have
Fuel Pump system
Describe the different types of fronts
Cold front- occurs when a mass of cold, dense, and stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air Occluded front- Fast moving cold front catches up with a slow-moving warm front. Two types: cold front occlusion and warm front occlusion Warm front- Boundary area formed when a warm air mass contacts and flows over a colder air mass Stationary front- When the forces of two air masses are relatively equal, the boundary or front that separates them remains stationery and influences the local weather for days
Part 136
Commercial Air Tours and National Parks Air Tour Management
Causes winds aloft to flow parallel to isobars
Coriolis Force
The Ignition System
Dual Magnetos which supply spark to 4 spark plugs each which equal a total of 8 spark plugs, 2 per cylinder. Both Magnetos are actuated by the starter which when engaged by the battery, turns the crankshaft. As the crankshaft turns the armature of the Magnetos are actuated. Each Magneto provides spark to one spark plug per cylinder. The spark plug ignites the fuel/air mixture in the intake combustion chamber of the cylinder. The ignition system is independent of the aircraft electrical system
Problems with Ground Effect
During Landing -drag is less -excess speed during landing means excess float -dangerous with short runway During takeoff -drag is less -aircraft will seem capable of takeoff and climb -induced drag will result in marginal climb performance
H A S H
HYPOXIC HYPEMIC STAGNANT HISTOTOXIC
HIWAS
Hazardous In-flight Weather ADvisory Service -Dublin VOR
Describe the braking system on this aircraft.
Hydraulically actuated disk type brakes are used on each main gear wheel. A hydraulic line connects each brake to a master cylinder location on each pilot's rudder pedals. By applying pressure to the top of either the pilot's or copilot's set of rudder pedals, the brake may be applied.
Describe the landing gear system.
Hydraulically actuated, fully retractable, tricycle-type landing gear. Hydraulic pressure for gear operation is provided by an electrically powered, reversible hydraulic pump.
What are some examples of private carriage operations that are conducted under Part 91?
In accordance with Part 91.501 -flights conducted by the operator of an airplane for the operator's own personal transportation, or the transportation of guests -carriage of company execs, employees, and guests on an airplane operated under a time sharing, interchange, or joint ownership agreement -carriage of property incidental to business -carriage of a group when there is no charge, assesment or fee
What commercial operations are allowed without being in possession of an "Operating Certificate?"
Listed in part 119.1 student instruction sightseeing flights ferry or training flights crop dusting banner towing aerial photography pipeline patrol aerial surveying
Pitot Static System
Measures temperature, pitot and static pressures surrounding the aircraft.
How is the gear locked in the down position?
Mechanical down locks
At what speed can I fly in Heart of Georgia Regional Airspace?
Must be below 200 kts
At what speed can I fly into Hartsfield Jackson Airspace?
Must be below 250 kts
As a newly certificated commercial pilot, you're ready to use your certificate. Can you begin charging for your services? (AC-120-12)
No you cannot fly people around for money. A Commercial Pilot Certificate simply allows a pilot to be PIC engaged in a commercial operation (airline) that has an Air Carrier Certificate. A pilot certificate does not entitle the holder to become a commercial air-taxi operator. When you offer a package (airplane, price, pilot), you are no longer operating under Part 91 and would need an Air Carrier Certificate
As a flight crewmember, you discover you have high blood pressure. You are in possesion of a current medical certificate. Can you continue to exercise the privileges of your certificate? (61.53)
No. If a medical condition inhibits your ability to perform duties and makes you unable to meet standards for the medical cert. in accordance with part 67 then you cannot exercise your privileges
Can a pilot with a commercial certificate and multi engine land rating carry passengers in a single engine airplane?
No. Unless the pilot holds a category, class and type rating of the single engine airplane
Part 135
Operating Requirements: Commuter and On-Demand Operations
Part 121
Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations
What are the various compass errors
Oscillation error—Erratic movement of the compass card caused by turbulence or rough control technique. Deviation error— Due to electrical and magnetic disturbances in the aircraft. Variation error—Angular difference between true and magnetic north; reference isogonic lines of variation. Dip errors: a. Acceleration error— On east or west headings, while accelerating, the magnetic compass shows a turn to the north, and when decelerating, it shows a turn to the south. Remember: ANDS Accelerate North Decelerate South b. Northerly turning error—The compass leads in the south half of a turn, and lags in the north half of a turn. Remember: UNOS Undershoot North Overshoot South
What are your personal minimums
PAVE checklist: Peronal, Aircraft, enVironment, External Pressures. Personal: I'M SAFE checklist Aircraft: -Only fly solo in types of aircraft I have flown before with someone who is experienced in that aircraft type -Fuel to first intended point of landing + 1 hr -CG more than 2 inches within min/max -Have enough fuel to reach alternate enVironment: Wind- -12 kt crosswind component -18 kt total Visibility- -Visibility 5sm Turbulence -No more than light-moderate turbulence -Don't fly into active sigmets External Pressures: -Don't fly under stress - if pressing obligations within 2 days, don't fly.
As a commercial pilot, being paid for your services, what Federal Aviation Regulations (other than Part 91) must you comply with?
Part 91, 119, 121, 125, 129, 135
3P model
Perceive-identify Process-evaluate Perform-implement
P A V E
Pilot- am i fit to fly? IMSAFE? Aircraft- are documents all legal? AV1ATE? can my plane handle that crosswind of 12 kts? enVironment- weather, is there a thunderstorm coming? is the airport class Bravo airspace? can i handle the flying into mountains? External Pressures- think of AALIYAH accident. They wanted to leave even though the PIC said no at first. He gave into the pressure. AALIYAH DIED.
Discuss the limits of an attitude indicator
Pitch and bank limits Pitch limits -100 to 110 degrees Bank limits -60 to 70 degrees If either limit is exceeded, the instrument will tumble or spill giving incorrect indications until reset
5P model
Plan-cross country plan, fuel, weather info, what are you gon do at 20 nautical miles before CLass C Plane - maintenance of plane, is it airworthy, performance limitations, automation, G500, autopilot Pilot-IMSAFE, Passengers-have they been briefed, are they nervous, are they pilots, are they Dicks? Programming- autopilot, GPS, G500, G1000. What is it doing? Can i disconnect it?
Special emphasis areas
Positive Aircraft Control-I fly the airplane. Airplane does not fly me. Positive Exchange of Flight Controls-three step process Stall/Spin Awareness-exceeding angle of attack Collision Avoidance-clearing turns, watching traffic pattern before takeoff, call outs, Wake Turbulence Avoidance-big aircraft means above, beyond, prior LAHSO-must be private pilot to accept. only accept if you feel comfortable. if you accept, you must do it Runway Incursion Avoidance- know where to hold short of crossing runways. Have your airport diagram when taxiing. Ask for progressive taxi when flustered CFIT-have situational awareness. know terrain levels, obstructions, mountains, check notams ADM and risk management-PAVE, IMSAFE, 3Ps Wire Strike Avoidance-while doing takeoff or landing, entering approach watch out for towers. Wires are around them. Look for the balls! When doing ground reference maneuvers watch out! Checklist USage-always conduct checklist. If you do not know procedure....CHECKLIST!!! TFRs-Temporary flight restrictions Special USe Airspace- MOAs, alert areas, prohibited areas, restricted areas, controlled firing areas, ADIZ, low control area. IS the MOA hot or cold? can I enter this restricted area without permission? Aviation Security-contact law enforcement if you sense anything suspicious. Call 866-GA-Secure SRM- 5P model. use the resources available to you to ensure successful flight. use autopilot. use checklist. use atc. use your sectional. use your experience. Any areas the ******* becomes *******y about
Types of Fog (R.A.I.U.P.)
Radiation Advection Ice Fog Upslope Precipitation Induced
What are Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins?
SAIB -recommendations to pilots/owners/operators -non-regulatory -non-mandatory -do not meet the criteria for an Airworthiness Directive
Determine if either of the following two scenarios are common carriage operations and, if so, why? Scenario 1: I am a local business man and require a package to be flown to a distant destination ASAP. I will pay you to fly my airplane to deliver this package> Scenario 2 : I am a local businessman and require a package to be flown to a distant destination ASAP. You reply that you can do the job for a fee. You promptly line up a local rental aircraft you're checked out in and deliver the package.
Scenario 2 is common carriage because you are holding out by providing the means to transportation and you asked for a fee.
Surface winds flow across isobars at an angle because
Surface Friction
Pitot static system instruments
The airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator, and altimeter.
What limitation is imposed on a Commercial Pilot if they do not have their instrument rating? (61.133)
The carriage of passengers for hire on cross country flights in excess of 50 nm and the carriage of passengers for hire at night is prohibitied
Define the term common carriage
The carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability of the carriage to the public
How does the attitude indicator work?
The gyro in the attitude indicator is mounted on a horizontal plane and depends upon rigidity in space for its operation. The horizon bar represents the true horizon and is fixed to the gyro; it remains in a horizontal plane as the airplane is pitched or banked about its lateral or longitudinal axis, indicating the attitude of the airplane relative to the true horizon.
Turning Error
UNOS
How does the turn coordinator operate?
The turn part of the instrument uses precession to indicate direction and approximate rate of turn. A gyro reacts by trying to move in reaction to the force applied, thus moving the miniature aircraft in proportion to the rate of turn. The inclinometer in the instrument is a black glass ball sealed inside a curved glass tube that is partially filled with a liquid. The ball measures the relative strength of the force of gravity and the force of inertia caused by a turn.
Adverse Yaw
Turning the airplane to the left -downward deflecting aileron on the right produces more lift on the right wing -downward deflecting aileron on the right produces more drag -Left aileron has less lift and less drag -the airplane will try to turn (yaw) to the right
Tell me about Wake Turbulence
Wake turbulence is airflow created by vortices that sink -wingtip vortices
Basic Equation for Weight and Balance
Weight x Arm= Moment
Can a pilot legally conduct flight operations with known inoperative equipment onboard?
Yes, but under specific conditions described under 91.213 such as -operation of an aircraft with a MEL -operation of an aircraft without a MEL under 91.213 (d)
How to eliminate carb. ice
after heat is applied -drop in RPM will occur -RPM will rise after drop and after ice is melted then turn off the carb. heat
How does the vacuum system operate?
air is drawn into the vacuum system by the engine driven vacuum pump. it first goes through a filter, which prevents foreign matter from entering the vacuum pressure system. The air then moves through the attitude and heading indicators, where it causes the gyros to spin.
What provides power to the landing gear system
an electrically driven hydraulic power pack provides all hydraulic power to the landing gear system
Variation error of the compass
angular difference between true and magnetic north
Where are microbursts most likely to occur?
anywhere there is convective activity.
Define ADM
approach to figure out the best course of action
Hydraulic power pack operation
controlled by the landing gear lever
Symptoms of carbon monoxide and how to detect its
detect it by -smelling exhaust begin to feel dizzy, have headache, feel impaired etc.
Deviation error of the Compass
due to electrical and magnetic disturbances in the aircraft
Attitude Indicator errors
during a rapid acceleration -slight nose-up indication during a rapid deceleration -slight nose-down indication
How is the landing gear position indicated in the cockpit?
green indicates gear down three lights, one for each main gear and the nose gear
rigidity in space
gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning
Arm
horizontal distance in inches from reference datum line to center of gravity of an item
Datum
imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken -fixed
When may a commercial pilot log flight time as second in command?
in accordance with 61.51 -occupies a crewmember station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type certificate -holds the category, class, and type rating for the aircraft being flown and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft
Where are fuel tanks located
in the wings of the plane
4 strokes of each cylinder
intake, compression, power, exhaust
What information does the turn coordinator provide
it shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft around the vertical and longitudinal axes direction of turn as well as rate of turn
Where are fuel vents
located below the fuel tanks on underside of the wings
Five functions of engine oil
lubricates cools removes seals cleans
Minimum and Max Oil Capacity
min. 2 quarts max. 8 quarts ALWAYS WANT 6 QUARTS
Runway width illusion
narrower than usual -you think you are high wider than usual -you think you are low
NOTAM (D)
notices to airmen -information for facilities, services, procedures etc -non lighted tower on a final approach
Define Holding out
offering to the public the carriage of persons and property for hire thru means of advertising, signs actions of agents, salesmen gaining a reputation to "serve all"
Limitations to an altimeter
on a warm day -altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude on a cold day -altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude HIGH TO LOW LOOK OUT BELOW HOT TO COLD LOOK OUT BELOW
A pressure altimeter is subject to what limitations
on a warm day -altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude on a cold day -altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude higher than standard pressure -altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude lower than standard pressure -altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude High to low or hot to cold, look out below
Center of Gravity
point at which an aircraft would balance inches from the datum
What type of engine does the aircraft have
powered by lycoming horizontally opposed air cooled normally aspirated direct drive four cylinder 361 inch cubic displacement fuel injected
Moment
product of weight of an item multiplied by its arm
Define private carriage
providing carriage for hire for one or several selected customers on a long term basis
Position lights on an aircraft
red-left wing tip green-right wing tip white-tail
Rigidity in Space
refers to the principle that a wheel spun rapidly will remain in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning
What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope?
rigidity in space precession
What will the turn indicator indicate when the aircraft is in a "skidding" or a "slipping" turn?
skid - ball in the tube will be to the outside; too much rate of turn for the amount of bank slip- ball in the tube will be to the inside of the turn; not enough rate of turn for the amount of bank
Microbursts
small intense downdrafts which upon reaching the surface, spread outward in all directions from the downdraft center -vertical and horizontal windshear -dangerous at low altitudes -not easily detectable
During takeoff at night, you climb but you feel that you are climbing excessively. What type of illusion is this?
somotogravic illusion
Position lights are required to be on from
sunset to sunrise
What can you always do if workload is becoming heavy
take a deep breath eliminate things needed to be done-not all at once slow down checklist autopilot
Who is responsible for determining that the aircraft is in an airworthy condition?
the PIC
What is fuel injection?
the fuel is normally injected into the system either directly into the cylinder or just ahead of the intake valves; whereas carbureted system, the fuel enters the airstream at the throttle valve.
Precession
tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a deflective force the reaction to this force occurs at a point 90 degrees later in the direction of rotation
Define SRM
to be able to use all resources available to ensure successful outcome of a flight
When would a commercial pilot be required to hold a type rating? (61.31)
to fly as PIC in -aircraft that weighs over 12,500 lbs -turbojet-powered airplanes -other aircraft specified by the FAA
Why is wind shear an operational concern to pilots?
unexpected changes to wind speed and direction can be potentially hazardous at low altitudes on approach and departure
Runway Slope illusion
upsloping runway -you think you are high downsloping runway -you think you are low
What airplane charactertisics will be observed in the following wind shear situation? a sudden decrease in headwind
wind shears from headwind to tailwind -pitch attitude decreases -airspeed decreases -loss of altitude occurs required action is to add more power and higher pitch attitude
What airplane characterisitics will be observed in the following wind shear situations? a sudden increase in headwind
wind shears from tailwind to a headwind -increase in airspeed -increase in altitude -nose-up pitching tendency the usual reaction is to reduce both power and pitch which can be dangerous if unexpected downdraft or tailwind occurs
