Communication in Sport Final Exam
Which of the following leagues currently generates the largest sports broadcasting contracts in the United States has been featured in most of the highest-rated shows in all of U.S. television history?
NFL
Sport and sport media have historically created discourse that framed black athletes as "natural" athletes, who possessed superior athleticism, while also downplaying their intelligence and decision-making abilities. True or False?
True
When sport managers advertise and market the sport product, they are essentially marketing three key elements: competition, entertainment, and benefits gained through sport product consumption. True or False?
True
Which of the following professional organizations advocates for women in sport media?
AWSM
Which term refers to a sponsoring entity's promotion of sponsorship?
Activation strategies
USA Track & Field's program RunJumpThrow is an example of
Advertising
Internet ______________ involve(s) an element of planning, relying heavily on the use of search engines.
Analytic searches
Where did the stereotype of dumb jocks begin?
Ancient Greece
Among major wire services, which one covers the most sporting events in the United States?
Associated Press
Prior to being fired by ESPN in 2015, what new-age sport media professional founded Grantland and helped build up the ESPN 30 for 30 sports documentaries?
Bill Simmons
___________ describes a phenomenon (what occurs) rather than why it occurs.
Descriptive research
___________ expounds on why something occurs and measures causal relationships.
Explanatory Research
Latin Americans are often portrayed by the sport media as the model minority, whereas Asian-American athletes are more likely to be framed as hot-tempered by sport media. True or False?
False
Research questions are derived from rational observation in the inductive process. True or False?
False
Web 2.0 had limited features, while the current Web 1.0 features the accessible networks and platforms that now dominate the Internet. True or False?
False
Which social media platform is most popular among sport journalists for posting photos?
The phrase "Sky Hook" was trademarked by what NBA Hall of Fame center?
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Explain the difference between slander and libel as those terms relate to the press.
Libel is an untrue defamatory published written statement. Slander- is an untrue oral statement.
Which of the following organizations produces the annual "state of the news media" research study?
Pew Research
Marketing communication is an all-encompassing term covering such elements as graphic design and public relations. True or False?
True
Overall, male athletes are more likely to be characterized for their athleticism, while female athletes-when compared to male athletes-are more likely to be depicted in terms related to their attractiveness. True or False?
True
Per 2014 research cited in the text, more than 70 percent of sport fans bring a mobile device to the stadium when attending a live sporting event. True or False?
True
When developing sponsorships, a sport organization should focus on the sponsoring company's objectives. True or False?
True
While ABC initially broadcast the Olympics to American television audiences, NBC now regularly has the rights to show the Olympics in the United States. True or False?
True
List and describe the 5 W's that should be in every news story and press release.
Who- performed the actions in the story/ experience the results What- were the actions and what happened as a result Where- did the actions take place When- did the actions occur Why- did the actions occur
ESPN sought to increase its female audience when it launched what in 2011?
espnW
Describe three differences between traditional and new media.
1. success is measured differently 2. new media companies place more emphasis on new media 3. mobile media
Typically, what should be the time limit for a sport press conference?
30 minutes
According to a Pew Research Center survey published in 2014, what percentage of American adults used the Internet in the previous year?
87 percent
Which of the following television networks was the first to regularly broadcast the Olympics and primetime sporting events such as Monday Night Football?
ABC
Of the most popular professional sport leagues in the United States, which one was engulfed in more steroid scandals this century as covered extensively by sport media, such as the Biogenesis and BALCO scandals?
MLB
To effectively persuade individuals, organizations must provide ________ that coincide(s) with individuals' existing beliefs, emotions, and expectations.
Evidence
Television was the first major electronic medium in the United States. True or False?
False
The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of the press. True or False?
False
The majority (51% or higher) of fantasy sport participants in the united states are white married males with at least one college degree. True or False?
False
The most popular social media in the world (per number of users) is Twitter. True or False?
False
Title XII was the landmark legislation passed into law in 1979 that prohibited discrimination against women and girls in institutions that receive federal funds. True or False?
False
Which of the "Big 4" American sport leagues was the last to have an African-American athlete compete in a game?
NHL
Two of the primary influences on sport public relations are the _________ and scope of the player-press relationship.
Nature
The first U.S. newspaper sports department and first newspaper sports section both initially appeared at newspapers in the late 19th century in what city?
New York
A landmark victory for the right of female reporters to interview male athletes in locker rooms where male reporters are allowed, Ludtke v. Kuhn (1978), occurred after MLB denied access to a female reporter from which media outlet?
Sports Illustrated
In recent decisions on fantasy sports, courts have ruled that the First Amendment trumped the right of publicity by finding that players' names and statistics are not owned by individual players or leagues. True or False?
True
Sport entities should not release information to media through press releases unless it is newsworthy and has general interest to the public. True or False?
True
When preparing coaches and athletes to interact with media, the recommended first step of the sport public relations professional is to brainstorm with the interviewees about what questions might be asked by reporters. True or False?
True
By the late _______, sporting events were a vital part of network TV in the US and were also important for sport leagues' financial stability.
1950's
The first newspaper sport story published in the Unites States in 1733 focused on which sport?
Boxing
Describe the differences between browsing and searching while using the Internet.
Browsing is simple and generalized. Searching is detailed and specific.
_____________ was a transgender pioneer in tennis who competed as a woman after the Supreme Court ruled in her favor.
Renee Richards
In this era of the Internet and social media, the public usually forms its perception of a crisis situation within how many hours after news breaks?
24
Sport communication research began in the 1830's but did not emerge as an established discipline within academia until the 1920's, nearly a full century later. True or False?
False
According to sport media scholar Lawrence Wenner (1988), what do both college sport information departments (public relations) and the sport mass media help shape?
public opinions
Explain what is meant by the term gender marking and provide an example.
Represents the verbal and visual presentation of male athletes and men's sports as being the norm, while rendering female athletes and women's competitions as secondary. Ex. Women's World Cup vs. World Cup (men)
The two major types of mobile technology that sport media consumers use to access the Internet are tablets and
Smartphones
A _________ is a segment of consumers with similar characteristics who have purchasing power and are willing to purchase the product.
Target market
According to the Global Sports Media Consumption Report in 2014, 70 percent of the U.S. population claimed to follow sports, with _______ the number one medium used to do so.
Television
Per research (Blank & Grosejl, 2014) cited in the text, the number one reason people engage with the Internet is which of the following?
To check email
In which decade did advertisers in the United States began to seriously use sport despite an ongoing economic depression throughout the decades?
1930's
The golden age of radio in the United States began in the
1930's
List three reasons companies engage in sport sponsorship.
1. helps build and support their brand identity 2. Excellent way to increase revenue 3. Enhance their consumers experience and enhance their own brand image
Over ___________ of advertisements in the United States include the image of a celebrity.
15 percent
Which of these Olympic Games will always be remembered for the tragic and heartbreaking massacre of Israeli athletes by terrorists?
1972 Munich games
Typically, sport press releases should be short and concise, not exceeding how many pages?
2
___________ measure circulation for daily newspapers and publications.
Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)
Per eBizMBA, the three most popular U.S. sport websites as of March 2016 were Yahoo! Sports, ESPN, and
Bleacher Report
The five components of the Model of Online Sport Communication addressing the needs of sport consumers are content, design, performance, usability, and
Commerce
Which of the following is potentially protected by copyright protection?
Dramatic works
A group of former college athletes suing ______ and the NCAA for profiting from use of their names, images, and likenesses in video games settled the suit for US$60 million in 2013.
EA Sports
In New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that public figures can recover financial damages against the media for any inaccuracies reported about them. True or False?
False
Explain the Fair Use Doctrine and provide at least two examples of when copyrighted materials can be used for free.
Fair use doctrine- any copying of copyrighted material clone for a limited and transformative purpose. Ex. Scholarship, Criticism, Research, News report, Teaching
A superstar in the NBA who has his extramarital affair exposed accurately by TMZ Sports could still likely win an invasion of privacy suit because his dating life is protected against the press prying. True or False?
False
Actual individual names, like Tiger Woods and Urban Meyer, cannot be trademarked. True or False?
False
CPM measures the cost and value of newspaper and magazine advertisements. True or False?
False
Due to stagnant economic growth in the U.S. economy and declining popularity of sport, the number of companies using sport sponsorship to enhance their brands has dramatically decreased. True or False?
False
Name the cereal company that used sport figures as spokespersons to build it's brand behind the slogan "Breakfast of Champions."
General Mills
__________ refers to the ever-changing nature of the sport product, which means the sport consumer's perception of the product can change over time.
Heterogeneity
Describe the differences between interconnectivity and interactivity in the new media usage.
In interconnectivity, sport consumers can obtain information easily. Interactivity provides opportunity to access a product without having to experience it.
Explain what is meant by the symbiotic relationship between sport and mass media.
Media relies on sport- ex. programming, advertisements, web traffic Sport relies on media- provides promotion, marketing, and publicity
Which of the following companies has long been and remains the "official measurement service of the television industry"?
Nielsen Media Research (NMR)
Both ___________ campaign and Wheaties' "Breakfast of Champions" campaign ranked in Advertising Age's top 10 slogans of the century.
Nike's "Just Do It"
_____________ require(s) interviews but goes further in the process because the researcher immerses herself or himself in the behavior and actions of a specific group of individuals.
Participant observation
Define and provide an example of the media convergence expected of sport media professionals in the 21st century.
Partnerships across mass media. Example: ESPN
List and describe the three primary styles of media relations.
Reactive- involves responding to inquiries and providing info from media or other interested parties Proactive- SID's and MRD's contact sport media outlets directly in order to pitch story ideas and distribute info Interactive- Involves developing a mutually beneficial relationship between sport entity and media outlet
Few athletes were used as endorsers in the 1960's, but that changed dramatically in the 1980's when which industry began using athletes to endorse their products?
Shoe industry
Explain what is meant by the phrase hegemonic masculinity and describe how it affects women in the sport media profession.
The general acceptance of masculinity as the primary characteristic that places women in positions below men. It affects women in the sport media by the jobs they are allowed to have, how much they get paid, and whether or not they get a job over a male
Define "content analysis"
The most traditional analysis, is the the objective, systematic and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication can be quantitative assessment of the amount of content devoted to a subject or qualitative assessment of language and meaning within the narratives
After earlier legal defeats, athletes initially were granted a right of publicity in a 1953 decision involving which famous baseball card manufacturer?
Topps
Which of the following is an example of an event classified as "niche" sport sponsoring?
Tough Mudder race series
As of 2014, more than half of the world's population had never been online. True or False?
True
At least under U.S. judicial precedent, a college athlete at a public university actually has a greater right against punishment for exercising her freedom of speech than a player in the NFL because the NFL is not a state actor. True or False?
True
ComScore is a leading Internet technology company that measures individuals' use of digital space and provides audience, advertising, and enterprise analytics. True or False?
True
Football, hockey, and lacrosse were among the sports labeled as hypermasculine due to their rough nature. True or False?
True
Most sport news is now reported through which social medium?
The _________ model of public relations is most often considered the most appropriate model in establishing positive relations with constituents.
Two-way symmetrical
In Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that actual malice occurred when the Saturday Evening Post published a false accusation, saying that football coach/AD Wallace Butts was trying to "fix" a game to have the team he coached lose to Alabama. Which of the following teams did he coach?
University of Georgia
According to the Alliance for Audited Media, the three most circulated daily newspapers in the United States in 2014 were USA Today, New York Times, and
Wall Street Journal
Which of the following teams has received the most attention and criticism for what many consider a nickname offensive to Native Americans, criticism that is supported by the U.S. Patent Office which cancelled six of its federal trademarks in 2014?
Washington Redskins
Which of the following tend to be written in bulleted format by sport public relations professionals?
fact sheets
What is the most frequently used type of public relations model in sport?
press agentry-publicity
Whereas marketing deals primarily with consumers and exchanges, public relations builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their
publics
