COMP EXAM

An evaluation of truancy policies in a local high school appears to indicate that rules regarding absences are being applied differently for students depending on their race and gender; i.e., African-American male students are being suspended at significantly higher rates than other students for comparable infractions. What type of practice evaluation is most likely to have uncovered this discriminatory practice? a. A process evaluation using secondary data from school records. b. A client satisfaction survey of students in the local high school. c. An outcome evaluation using a classical experimental design. d. A needs assessment using data from personal interviews with school administrators.

A process evaluation using secondary data from school records. The scenario describes the students, their infractions, and consequences related to the current policies at the school. It does not mention a survey, an intervention or desired outcome, and there is no random assignment or control group, so you can eliminate the other response options.

In the SOAP note method of documentation, which section includes the social worker's professional opinion of the problem and needs of the client, including possible areas of further inquiry or testing? a. S-subjective data b. O-objective data c. A-assessment data d. P-planning data

A-assessment data The assessment portion of the SOAP notes takes the information from the first two sections and uses it to form an opinion about the problem and needs of the client including further information that might be needed to develop the intervention plan.

Aid to Dependent Children Program (ADC).

Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) was established by the Social Security Act of 1935 as a grant program to enable states to provide cash welfare payments for needy children who had been deprived of parental support or care because their father or mother was absent from the home, incapacitated, deceased, or unemployed. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands operated an AFDC program. States defined "need," set their own benefit levels, established (within federal limitations) income and resource limits, and administered the program or supervised its administration. States were entitled to unlimited federal funds for reimbursement of benefit payments, at "matching" rates that were inversely related to state per capita income. States were required to provide aid to all persons who were in classes eligible under federal law and whose income and resources were within state-set limits.

Kinship bonds and corresponding extended family forms are cultural dimensions that are important to consider in family practice with diverse families. Which of the following aspects of practice may be most affected by how these dimensions are defined? a. Confidentiality. b. Defining family boundaries. c. The family's social status. d. Both a. and b.

Both a. and b. Confidentiality may be affected by the need for an interpreter; family systems and roles of family members may differ according to social and cultural norms

A mother, father, and 16 year old daughter meet with a social worker because the daughter is breaking curfew, running away from home, and failing in school. The mother states at the initial session that she does not know what to do and that they need help. After acknowledging each family member's distress, what should the social worker do next in the intervention phase? a. Establish the number of sessions that the family is allowed with the social worker. b. Clarify the parents' expectations for the social work intervention. c. Formulate goals for the family members. d. Contract with the daughter on specific behavior goals.

Clarify the parents' expectations for the social work intervention. In family therapy, the family needs to know the role of the social worker in helping the family work through their difficulties with the daughter.

A social worker employed with a public school system makes an initial home visit with a 16 year old female client at the request of the client's probation officer. Before the social worker begins the assessment of the client and home situation, the client says "I don't have to tell you anything, and I won't tell you anything." To facilitate the client's participation, what should the social worker explain to the client FIRST? a. There are potential legal consequences for noncompliance. b. Clients have control of their own information. c. Her probation officer requested the assessment. d. The assessment is necessary in order to provide service.

Clients have control of their own information. The connection between communication principles and basic social work skills is reflected in this question. It requires an understanding that relationship building depends not only on a commitment to self-determination and starting where the client is, but also on making it clear that the social worker is committed to these principles. The other options may also be true, but they are not the first response to a client who is articulating such a clear position. This response also reflects a way to help empower the client.

A local community action group has discovered that families from low-income neighborhoods are systematically being denied loans based on the fact that they live in a low-income neighborhood. What is the illegal banking practice being used to discriminate against these families? a. Loan sharking. b. Predatory lending. c. Redlining. d. Gerrymandering.

Redlining.

Lisa is pregnant and receives vouchers to purchase nutritional food such as milk and eggs. Lisa also receives nutrition education and health services aimed at improving her health and that of her newborn baby. Based on this information, what is the program in which Lisa is a participant? a. Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (SNAP). b. Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). b. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). d. Medicaid

Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides federal grants to states for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age 5 who are found to be at nutritional risk.

The director of the MSW program is conducting a survey of recent MSW program graduates to determine what elective courses they found most useful and relevant to practice. About a quarter of the recent graduates need to be surveyed in order to have the desired sample size. The director gets a list of all the MSW alumni who graduated in the past two years, randomly picks a name on the list as the starting point and then selects every fourth student on the list to be in the study sample. What type of sampling is being used? a. Simple random sampling. b. Cluster sampling. c. Convenience sampling. d. Systematic random sampling.

Systematic random sampling. Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which sample members from a larger population are selected according to a fixed, periodic interval. This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).

TANF is a time-limited program that helps families when parents or other relatives cannot provide for the family's basic needs. The federal government provides grants to states to run the TANF program. States carry out their own programs and decide on things like: Design of the program. Type and amount of assistance payments. Range of services to be provided. Rules for determining who qualifies for benefits.

Feminist theories of gender oppression: a. are most concerned with the role of power and domination in creating inequality. b. are most concerned with structural differences that are tied to the organization of society c. point to commonalities in all humans. d. highlight the importance of both stability and change.

are most concerned with the role of power and domination in creating inequality. Feminist theory focuses on inequality and discrimination based on gender, including stereotyping of women's roles, acceptance of sexual and physical violence aimed at women, and lack of representation by women in positions of authority and power.

Bernice H. is a family social worker. The divorced mother of the family with whom she is working says, "I am going to make my daughter leave the house. She doesn't follow my rules or listen to anything I say. I am over it! She can go live with her father!" Which of the following responses would demonstrate the highest level of empathy from Bernice H. ? a. "Which daughter are you talking about? Is it the 17 year old?" b. "You sound upset--maybe you should start coming to my anger management group." c. "It sounds like you feel angry and hurt that your daughter isn't listening to you." d. "Teenagers are the worst! It sounds like you need some time alone."

"It sounds like you feel angry and hurt that your daughter isn't listening to you." This response provides a non-judgemental reflection and affirmation of the feelings that the mother is experiencing in this situation without defending or blaming the daughter or other members of the family.

A social worker is conducting an initial assessment with a client. What is the best way for the social worker to inquire about the client's sexual orientation? a. "Do you consider yourself to be gay or straight?" b. "Are you attracted to men or women?" c. "Tell me about your sexuality." d. "What is your sexual orientation?"

"What is your sexual orientation?" Asked in a non-judgmental manner, this clearly asks for specific information without being as open-ended as "tell me about your sexuality" or as limiting and discriminatory as the other responses.

Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA).

1997. The Adoption and Safe Families Act legislation (ASFA) is under increased scrutiny with some even calling for its repeal. An accurate understanding of the history and implementation of this landmark child welfare legislation is more important than ever. This article will help you understand what ASFA does and the real impact on children and families.

Jessie is seeking therapy to address her social phobia. She would like to be able to initiate and engage in social interactions without feeling anxious and "unworthy". Her therapist asked her to count the number of times during the past one week period that she started a conversation with a stranger. This is an example of which of the following? a. Therapist control related to identifying symptoms of social phobia. b. A baseline record appropriate for a single subject design. c. Behavior analysis appropriate for a process evaluation. d. Asserting independence to establish Jessie's empowerment.

A baseline record appropriate for a single subject design. Jessie is establishing a baseline of a measure she can use to see if her ability to engage in social conversations improves as she progresses in her therapy program.

How is Medicaid funded? a. State funds. b. Federal funds. c. A blend of state and federal funds. d. Medicaid trust fund.

A blend of state and federal funds. Medicaid is funded by the federal government and each state. The federal government pays states for a share of program expenditures, called the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP). Each state has its own FMAP based on per capita income and other criteria.

Which of the following would NOT qualify as a measure of an outcome variable in a practice/program evaluation? a. A client's depressed feelings. b. A client's score on a scale measuring work readiness. c. The percentage of clients who show improvement on a standard measure of anxiety. d. The number of days a client is absent from work in a 3 month period.

A client's depressed feelings. This response is too vague as written--how are the client's depressed feelings being measured?

Mary Richmond.

A cornerstone of building the social work profession, Mary Richmond was known for her ability to organize communities, her development of casework practice, as well as her ability to teach and speak intelligently on a wide array of subjects. It was Richmond who systematically developed the content and methodology of diagnosis in the period around 1910. Her first principle was that care had to focus on the person within their situation. Building on extensive research, she developed what she labelled 'social diagnosis'. Her famous circle diagram visualized the correspondence of client and environment. Richmond identified six sources of power that are available to clients and their social workers: sources within the household, in the person of the client, in the neighborhood and wider social network, in civil agencies, in private and public agencies. This is a precursor of the system theory that was so popular in 1970's social work. With her book Social Diagnosis (1917), Mary Richmond constructed the foundations for the scientific methodology development of professional social work. She searched for the causes of poverty and social exclusion in the interaction between an individual and his or her environment. For her contributions, Mary Richmond is considered a principle founder of the profession of social work and the importance of professional education.

A social worker has developed an intervention program to help parents who have been referred to Child Protective Services for neglecting their children. She plans to evaluate the success of her intervention program by measuring changes in the parents' scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale. "Program participants' mean scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale at program completion will be significantly higher than their mean baseline scores". This is an example of what type of statement? a. An operational definition. b. A process objective. c. An outcome objective. d. Wishful thinking.

An outcome objective. It might be wishful thinking, but it is written as an outcome objective, specifically stating what she is hoping to see change as a result of the intervention.

A social worker meets with a father who becomes angry when his two year old son soils or wets his pants. The father's usual response to this behavior is to yell at the child, telling him to "grow up". What should the social worker explore with the father FIRST? a. An unrealistic perception of child development. b. His dysfunctional relationship with the child. c. The need for the father to develop new ways of coping with stress. d. His possible displacement of anger toward the other parent.

An unrealistic perception of child development. This question requires some understanding of normal child development. The social worker should FIRST explore whether the father simply does not understand the typical developmental abilities of children. The other options may need to be explored later.

As part of the social work process, how is assessment BEST described? a. As a discrete task to be completed before effective intervention can begin. b. As a continuing process throughout the course of intervention. c. As a way to measure the effectiveness of the intervention process. d. As a method of setting goals for the intervention process.

As a continuing process throughout the course of intervention. Assessment doesn't end when intervention begins—it should continue throughout contact with the client.

Adele, a social worker employed by a program serving at-risk youth at a local YMCA in an urban community, lives in an apartment complex within walking distance of her work. An avid reader, she frequently visits the local library and has joined a monthly reading group. At her most recent visit, the group welcomed a new member who happens to be the mother of one of the youths in her program. To determine how to respond to this situation, what should Adele do first? a. Assess the situation for risk of potential harm or exploitation of the client. b. Quit the reading group even though she enjoys it. c. Ask the youth's mother to find another reading group since Adele is a long time member and has seniority in the group. d. Ignore the situation/pretend that she does not recognize the youth's mother to protect her client's confidentiality.

Assess the situation for risk of potential harm or exploitation of the client. "To determine how to respond"--she should assess the risks prior to taking any action.

In working with clients from a racial or ethnic group different from their own, what are social workers advised to do? a. Promote diversity. b. Explore oppression. c. Avoid generalizations. d. Clarify reactance.

Avoid generalizations. To provide culturally responsive evaluation and treatment planning, counselors and programs must understand and incorporate relevant cultural factors into the process while avoiding a stereotypical or "one-size-fits-all" approach to treatment.

A client with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is verbalizing destructive thoughts directed at herself. While she does admit to depression, she denies any intention to act on the thoughts. What should the social worker do FIRST? a. Seek inpatient hospitalization of the client b. Explore the basis of the depression with the client. c. Complete a suicide risk assessment. d. Refer the client to a psychiatrist for medication.

Complete a suicide risk assessment. This question asks about rule of safety, but also requires a knowledge of the characteristics of borderline personality disorder. In clients with whom there is any possibility of self-harm (such as persons with borderline personality disorder who generally have impulsive and often self-destructive behaviors), the social worker FIRST needs to determine if there is a risk of suicide. The other responses might be warranted depending on the outcome of the risk assessment.

A social worker employed by a community-based organization finds her professional decision-making to be influenced by elements other than concern about the client. What ethical issue is this social worker facing? a. Dual relationships. b. Conflict of interest. c. Incompetence. d. Duty to warn.

Conflict of interest. Although a dual relationship might be a conflict of interest, it is not the only type of conflict of interest that might interfere with a social worker's ability to maintain professional behavior.

Which type of cost analysis is generally most feasible for evaluating social service programs? a. Cost-incentive analysis. b. Cost-benefit analysis. c. Cost-effectiveness analysis. d. Cost-significant analysis.

Cost-effectiveness analysis. You should have been able to narrow this down to this or cost-benefit analysis. It is more difficult to quantify the benefits or a social service program than it is to quantify and compare the costs and effectiveness of different services.

What core value of the social work profession is violated when a client is coerced into consenting to treatment? a. Service. b. Commitment to clients. c. Dignity and worth of a person. d. Altruism.

Dignity and worth of a person. Social workers promote clients' socially responsible self-determination and right to make their own choices.

Kevin G. is a group therapist meeting a new group for their initial session. As part of the introductions, some of the group members ask him to disclose more personal information about himself. What would be the best approach for Kevin G. to take in response to that request? a. Disclose his reactions to what is going on in the group but be careful to maintain professional boundaries. b. Tell them everything they want to know; self disclosure is a tenet of good social work practice. c. Disclose one personal issue to satisfy their curiosity but maintain professional boundaries. d. Disclose more personal issues so that he can get support and assistance from the group.

Disclose his reactions to what is going on in the group but be careful to maintain professional boundaries. Self-disclosure can be a useful tool if it doesn't take the focus off the clients and is in the best interests of the clients. An initial session with a new group is not typically the setting to disclose personal information beyond the introductory level.

Statistics indicate that women, particularly those who are members of minority groups and are serving as single heads of households, are more likely to report earnings that keep them below the poverty line. They are paid less on average compared to their male counterparts for doing the same jobs, and they have less access to jobs that offer a living wage. These statements provide an example of which of the following? a. Racial discrimination that often shows up in relative measures of poverty. b. Discrimination against vulnerable populations that is documented through statistical measures of their economic well-being. c. Discrimination against single parents that is most commonly seen in rural areas. d. Discrimination based on inability to deduct costs of child care from reported earnings.

Discrimination against vulnerable populations that is documented through statistical measures of their economic well-being. Measures of income and poverty provide data to track levels of inequality and effects of intersectionality among vulnerable populations.

Mia H. and Johnny B. interviewed for the same job. Mia has more education and experience than Johnny, and is the better qualified candidate for the position. However, the hiring official did not offer the job to Mia because he believes women are inferior to men and do not belong in the work force. Based on this information, Mia experienced which of the following? a. Prejudice. b. Discrimination. c. Equal rights. d. Oppression.

Discrimination. Discrimination involves acting on prejudice, which the hiring official has done in this case. He is discriminating against Mia H. on the basis of prejudice regarding her gender/discriminating based on his sexism.

A social worker is interviewing the parents of a 13 year old who has recently begun resisting their authority. The parents are angry and confused about how to handle the situation. When the social worker asks questions about other family members, the father says, "You're not getting it—it is our son who is the problem." What should the social worker do FIRST? a. Recommend an individual assessment of the son. b. Obtain a developmental history of the son. c. Discuss the importance of understanding everyone's perspective. d. Redirect questions toward the son's behavior.

Discuss the importance of understanding everyone's perspective. This question illustrates a common issue when one family member is designated as the "problem" and other family members are resistant to exploring family dynamics and their impact on the behavior of individual family members. The social worker can't explore family dynamics without the family members' participation.

During a counseling session at a mental health center, a social worker is told by their client that the client intends to shoot a specific relative after leaving the session. What professional duties are in conflict in this situation? a. Duty to warn per the Tarasoff decision and confidentiality. b. Privileged communication and confidentiality. c. Privileged communication and informed consent. d. Confidentiality and dignity and worth of the person.

Duty to warn per the Tarasoff decision and confidentiality. Duty to warn is a counselor's obligation to warn identifiable victims. Confidentiality is a professional duty to not share information pertaining to clients without the client's permission. Privileged communication refers to a client's legal right to not have a social worker disclose confidential information in court or legal proceedings.

Jerry Fletcher believes that there are a handful of critical people that control the policies that dictate the actions of society. Which of the following best describes Jerry's position? a. Critical Power Theory. b. Elite Power Theory. c. Power Economic Theory. d. Social Control Theory.

Elite Power Theory. Elite theory posits that a small minority--consisting of members of the economic elite (i.e., the 1 percenters) and policy-planning networks--holds the most power in society and their power is independent of and unaffected by democratic elections.

The Five Faces of Oppression include all but which of the following? a. Violence. b. Marginalization. c. Elitism d. Exploitation

Elitism. This is a memory/recognition item. The Five Faces of Oppression are: violence, exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, and cultural imperialism.

"I feel so incompetent when preparing for the exam," is an example of which of the typical distortions in thinking listed below? a. "Should" statements. b. Labeling. c. Emotional reasoning. d. Catastrophizing.

Emotional reasoning. The key here is "feeling" incompetent without facts to support that feeling.

What term best describes the strategy to increase the personal, interpersonal and political capacity of oppressed and vulnerable populations for individual and collective transformation? a. Social construction. b. Voter registration rally. c. Empowerment. d. Intimidation.

Empowerment. If you answered anything but this, you really need to study.

A social worker is a member of a team of professional planners hired by an inner-city revitalization agency. The team's assignment is to improve living conditions in a deteriorated neighborhood that was once a thriving community. The area is now characterized by high crime rates and drug traffic. Those living in the neighborhood are intimidated and fearful. In adhering to the concept of social justice, what should the social worker do in a meeting with the residents? a. Tell the group what other communities have done to bring about change. b. Suggest that the residents become involved in plans made by the city planners. c. Educate the group about using the media to call attention to their problems. d. Encourage the residents to voice their concerns and identify priorities for change.

Encourage the residents to voice their concerns and identify priorities for change. Empowerment for the oppressed neighborhood residents should begin with identification of the residents' needs and concerns so they will be involved in and supportive of change efforts. Option c. might be useful once the residents have become participants in the change efforts.

During the active listening phase of an initial assessment, a client presents her problem as "too much stress and not enough time to get everything done." As the client elaborates on the sources of stress, which is the best approach/response for you, the therapist, to make in building therapeutic alliance? a. Tell the client all about how you have been there yourself and describe in detail your similar experience. b. In an attempt to comfort the client, remind her that everyone has stress and some of your other clients have many more sources of stress than she does. c. Establish eye contact, nod your head, and provide brief reiteration of what the client has stated. d. Keep yourself situated behind your desk and avoid eye contact so the client does not feel you are in their personal space.

Establish eye contact, nod your head, and provide brief reiteration of what the client has stated. Active listening and starting where the client is are basic components in building rapport.

A social worker conducts a home visit to a 45 year old Latino client whose young son was killed in a recent automobile accident. The social worker observes that a large altar has been made. It contains many candles and pictures of the boy and other deceased relatives. The client sobs throughout the interview and tells the social worker that the boy has been communicating to the client each evening through angels. In order to most effectively work with the client, what should the social worker do FIRST? a. Refer the client for a medical evaluation. b. Assess the client for psychotic symptoms. c. Explore the mourning rituals of the client's family. d. Evaluate the potential for self-harm.

Explore the mourning rituals of the client's family. The social worker needs to understand the client's reaction from a cultural perspective. It is often more difficult to "start where the client is" with a client of another culture, because of lack of comprehension. With this client, discussing mourning rituals is a first step in gaining understanding, especially if the social worker doesn't really know if the client's reactions are unusual for a person of the Latino culture. The other options might be logical in terms of some cultures, but not others. Exploring the cultural context of the client's reaction is the first order of business.

Eduardo is a 21 year old veteran who was involved in a training accident which nearly claimed his life and left him in intensive care for two months followed by three months of physical rehabilitation. What is your FIRST intervention strategy? a. Assess for PTSD. b. Advocate for stricter safety regulations related to military training. c. Facilitate him telling his story and personal experience. d. Facilitate involvement with others who have a shared common experience to decrease his isolation.

Facilitate him telling his story and personal experience. The FIRST intervention is to facilitate him telling his story and recounting his feelings.

Cultural humility includes all but which of the following ? a. Fluidity and change based on context. b. Recognition that everyone follows traditions. c. Focus on immigrants and minorities. d. Recognition that power differences exist and must be recognized and minimized.

Focus on immigrants and minorities. Unlike cultural competence, which focuses on diversity and difference, cultural humility takes a broader view that includes different and unique combinations of ethnicity, race, age, income, sexual orientation, class, abilities, faith, and more.

Frank works for a small accounting firm. Extremely precise in adhering to the rules & regulations of each contract related to the accounts he is managing. Desk perfectly ordered, annoyed if other workers want to borrow any of his supplies or materials. Same lunch to work each day, 15 minute walk after he eats it. Does not like to vary his routine, declines invitations to socialize. Only varies his routine if unable to complete planned work for the day-will stay overtime to complete those tasks. For the most part, supervisor is happy with Frank's work, but the firm is expanding & current staff will have to engage in planning process, make a number of changes in their routines, train and supervise new personnel. Frank resistant & feels that he should be able to maintain his current workload & routine. Causing some friction with his supervisor & co-workers & may lose his job if he is unable to "change with the times".

Frank is most likely suffering from what disorder? a. The physical environment where the client lives. b. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. c. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder: A person with OCPD typically has rigid rules and regulations they like to follow. They do not believe they need any treatment because, unlike persons with OCD, they are not troubled by true obsessions or compulsions that they recognize as being unreasonable. d.Brief Reative Psychosis.

The family social worker wants to get a clearer idea of the Wilson family's structure, internal relationships, and appearance of issues across generations. What visual technique will illustrate these? a. Genogram. b. Family sculpture. c. Ecomap. d. Family timeline.

Genogram. A genogram is a family history that looks like a family tree; the other options are visual techniques that have different purposes in the family assessment process.

A hospital social worker interviews a couple whose infant has recently been hospitalized for cystic fibrosis. The social worker notices that the parents are reluctant to touch the child. Based on this observation, what should be the social worker's FIRST intervention? a. Provide the couple with information about cystic fibrosis b. Have the parents talk about their reactions to the child's illness. c. Refer the couple to an appropriate support group. d. Evaluate the situation for special needs foster placement for the child.

Have the parents talk about their reactions to the child's illness. This question asks for the FIRST intervention. The social worker has observed the parents' reluctance to touch their child and now should begin an intervention by helping the couple express their feelings. The other options may turn out to be appropriate actions to take at a later time.

If a social worker is using an asset-based community development approach to build a stronger and more sustainable community for residents in an area that has high rates of poverty, unemployment, and homelessness of individuals and families, which of the following actions would they promote? a. Identification of federal programs to provide expertise in fund-raising. b. Identification of housing programs. c. Identification of local assets and needs. d. Identification of training programs.

Identification of local assets and needs. Identification of local assets and needs is the over-arching response—the other options might be part of that process.

Evaluating the practice decision or change is the fifth step in evidence based practice in clinical social work. Which of the following activities best illustrates that step in conducting evidence based practice? a. Conduct a thorough search of research literature for evidence of efficacy of interventions for the identified client(s). b. Evaluate the methods and results in the research literature for strength of effect sizes and reduction of symptoms related to the issues of the identified client(s). c. Identify a psychometrically sound measure and engage in research methods to evaluate the progress of the client(s) and effectiveness of the intervention being used. d. Work with the client(s) to select an intervention based on the evidence reviewed and evaluated in the research literature.

Identify a psychometrically sound measure and engage in research methods to evaluate the progress of the client(s) and effectiveness of the intervention being used. This is the step that relates to practice evaluation.

When a social worker has first-hand information of a colleague's impairment due to substance abuse or mental health difficulties that may be interfering with the effectiveness of their practice, what should the social worker do first? a. Report the colleague to his/her supervisor. b. If feasible, discuss concerns with the colleague and assist them in getting help. c. File a complaint with the licensure board. d. Complete a biopsychosocial assessment on the colleague.

If feasible, discuss concerns with the colleague and assist them in getting help. If feasible, they should consult with the colleague and assist them in taking remedial action. If the colleague does not take adequate steps to address the impairment, the social worker should take further action to report the issue to the colleague's supervisor or regulatory body.

Margaret Sanger.

In 1914 she coined the term "birth control" and soon began to provide women with information and contraceptives. Indicted in 1915 for sending diaphragms through the mail and arrested in 1916 for opening the first birth control clinic in the country, Sanger would not be deterred. In 1921 she founded the American Birth Control League, the precursor to the Planned Parenthood Federation, and spent her next three decades campaigning to bring safe and effective birth control into the American mainstream. Since the 1842 invention of the diaphragm in Europe and the introduction of the first full-length rubber condom in the U.S. in 1869, there had been no new advances in contraceptive methods. Sanger had championed the diaphragm, but after promoting it for decades, she knew it was still the least popular birth control method in America. The diaphragm was highly effective, but it was expensive, awkward -- and most women were too embarrassed to use it. Tired of waiting for science or industry to turn its attention to the problem, Margaret Sanger set out on a mission. She sought someone to realize her vision of a contraceptive pill as easy to take as an aspirin. She wanted a pill that could provide women with cheap, safe, effective and female-controlled contraception. Her search ended in 1951 when she met Gregory Pincus, a medical expert in human reproduction who was willing to take on the project. Soon after, she found a sponsor for the research: International Harvester heiress Katharine McCormick. Their collaboration would lead to the FDA approval of Enovid, the first oral contraceptive, in 1960. With the advent of the Pill, Sanger accomplished her life-long goal of bringing safe and effective contraception to the masses.

Medicaid.

In the United States, Medicaid is a government program that provides health insurance for adults and children with limited income and resources. The program is partially funded and primarily managed by state governments, which also have wide latitude in determining eligibility and benefits, but the federal government sets baseline standards for state Medicaid programs and provides a significant portion of their funding. Medicaid was established in 1965 and was significantly expanded by the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was passed in 2010. In most states, anyone with income up to 138% of the federal poverty line qualifies for Medicaid coverage under the provisions of the ACA.

In 2013, the Violence Against Women Act was expanded to include specific protections for Native American women. Which policy making approach would this change appear to follow? a. Window of opportunity in policy making. b. Rationalism in policy making. c. Incrementalism in policy making. d. Dynamics in policy making.

Incrementalism in policy making. In public policy, incrementalism is an approach which adds small policy changes to existing policies--over time, this approach is meant to create a larger broad based policy change.

What theory/theories of poverty suggest that poverty is primarily based on the shortcomings of those who are poor rather than lack of equal opportunities and access to resources? a. Individual. b. Structural. c. Capitalist. d. Socialist.

Individual. Individual theories of poverty suggest that poverty is based on the shortcomings of those who are poor rather than the policies and institutions that limit their opportunities to meet their basic needs and develop adequate financial assets.

A social worker is meeting with her client for a first therapy session. What is the first ethical responsibility she is obligated to meet in this session? a. Protect the client's best interests and wishes in goal setting. b. Inform the client about the limits of confidentiality. c. Determine the client's values so that these can be used to guide treatment. d. Review the elements of privileged communication.

Inform the client about the limits of confidentiality. Confidentiality and its limits should be explained to clients prior to beginning service.

Which threat to internal validity could be identified if researchers did not use the same measures for the pre-test and post-test observations of their research subjects? a. History. b. Instrumentation. c. Testing. d. Maturation.

Instrumentation. Instrumentation is a threat to internal validity that is related to changes in the instrument/measure, observers, or scorers that might affect study outcomes.

Eduardo is a 60 year old Latino man who identifies as gay and is disabled due to a work-related accident. These aspects of his identity illustrate which of the following terms? a. Privilege. b. Intersectionality. c. An invertedly advantaged population. d. A protected population.

Intersectionality. Intersectionality is a framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or social problem as affected by a number of discriminations and disadvantages. It takes into account people's overlapping identities and experiences in order to understand the complexity of prejudices they face.

Who of the following is most associated with the Settlement House Movement? a. Mary Richmond. b. Lilly Ledbetter. c. Margaret Sanger. d. Jane Addams.

Jane Addams. A progressive social reformer and activist, Jane Addams was on the frontline of the settlement house movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She later became internationally respected for the peace activism that ultimately won her a Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, the first American woman to receive this honor.

Lilly Ledbetter.

Ledbetter started working at a Goodyear tire factory in 1979 and was one of few women on the factory floor. Almost two decades later, in 1998, she learned that had been paid significantly less than men doing the same job throughout her career. She filed a sex discrimination case—Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire &Rubber Co.—which went all the way to the Supreme Court in 2007. She lost in a 5-4 opinion arguing that she was required to file her case within 180 days of receiving her first discriminatory paycheck. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg, who dissented, encouraged her to keep fighting and she did. She became an outspoken advocate for pay equity and women's rights. Her work led to the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, signed into law in 2009. The law loosens time restrictions on filing discrimination cases, resetting the 180-day filing period each time discrimination occurs.

Which value orientation is most consistent with universal service provision? a. Liberal value orientation. b. Conservative value orientation. c. Independent value orientation. d. Critical value orientation.

Liberal value orientation. Liberal value orientation is consistent with universal service provision

Alma, a 74 year old active senior, is facing retirement and has concerns about how she will adapt to this change because she has worked ever since she was a teenager. What do you address in your first treatment plan? a. Assess for fear. b. Feelings of depression. c. Positive self-talk to build self-esteem. d. Life cycle transition.

Life cycle transition. The treatment plan should reflect issues related to life cycle transition.

When group members receive painful feedback from other members, what should they be encouraged to do? a. Listen carefully to what they are being told and explore how what they are hearing fits for them. b. Accept what they are being told as valid. c. Consider leaving the group since the other members are not supportive of them. d. Start preparing feedback for each of the other group members to address their inappropriate behaviors.

Listen carefully to what they are being told and explore how what they are hearing fits for them. Working on issues, listening to feedback from other members and examining responses to that feedback is part of the working stage of group process. The member doesn't necessarily need to accept the feedback as valid, but they should be encouraged to listen and assess its validity.

What anti-poverty strategy is designed to change wage policy from a set state/federal minimum wage that must be paid to every employee to a local wage policy that takes into account the cost of living and sets the minimum that a worker can be paid at a level that keeps people from living in poverty? a. Fair trade agreement. b. Individual Development Accounts. c. Investment in Human Capital. d. Living wage campaign.

Living wage campaign. "Living wage" is defined by advocates as the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs including food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing. This typically varies by geographical location, so a set state/federal minimum wage is not seen as the most feasible option.

According to most textbooks on social work practice, social workers accomplish the engagement component of the helping process by which of the following activities? a. Making warm introductions, using encouraging non-verbal communication. b. Collecting comprehensive data about the client's problems. c. Increasing client self-efficacy and client's strengths. d. Negotiating a contract between themselves and the client.

Making warm introductions, using encouraging non-verbal communication. Encouraging trust and reducing threat are important components of engagement in the helping process.

During a natural disaster, what macro-level social work activities are best when practicing early intervention? a. Contacting the media to develop and establish a means of communication. b. Needs assessment, activating command structure, resource assessment and resource deployment. c. Attending to the mental health needs of individuals and families. d. Attending to the mental health needs of first responders.

Needs assessment, activating command structure, resource assessment and resource deployment. Evaluating need is the first step in early intervention when practicing social work in a natural disaster.

What does a null hypothesis predict? a. No relationship between two or more study variables. b. A negative relationship between two or more study variables. c. Whether the proposed question is valid. d. A positive relationship between two or more study variables.

No relationship between two or more study variables. A directional hypothesis predicts a positive or negative relationship between variables; e.g., clients getting a particular intervention will show improvement in their condition as compared to clients who are not in the intervention group. A null hypothesis would predict that clients getting the intervention will show no significant improvement as compared to clients who are not in the intervention group.

If research includes grouping subjects based on religious and political affiliations, what kind of information/data is being used? a. Ordinal. b. Nominal. c. Ratio. d. Correlational.

Nominal. Nominal measurement is used to group or categorize objects or subjects with similar characteristics. The groups or categories have no quantitative or numerical value. Ordinal, interval, and ratio measurements have numerical value.

What type of organizational system is dependent on and interacts frequently with external environments? a. Open system. b. Closed system. c. Nonprofit system. d. Hierarchical system.

Open system. Systems theory applies to all levels of practice from individuals to community systems.

Which of the following is NOT an underlying assumption of interest group theory? a. Family policy is influenced by interest groups. b. Compromise, bargaining, formulation of coalitions, negotiations and overlapping interests maintain group balance. c. Influence of a particular group is largely determined by wealth, cohesion, and access to key policymakers, size and power. d. Opinion elites are key to the process of accessing policymakers.

Opinion elites are key to the process of accessing policymakers. Opinion elites are part of elite theory, not interest group theory.

If a social worker is comparing her therapy group's mean/average scores on a symptomatology scale at admission and again upon completion of an intervention program, what statistic is she using to compare the group's mean scores at admission and discharge? a. Independent samples t-test. b. Paired samples t-test. c. Regression to the mean. d. Correlations.

Paired samples t-test. T-tests compare two sets of means. In this case, the social worker is comparing the mean scores of the same group of clients at two points in time 1 (admission) and time 2 (completion), so she is using a paired t-test. If she was comparing the mean scores of this group to those of a control or comparison group, she would use the independent samples t-test.

A social worker experiences a language barrier with a client during the process of obtaining informed consent. The social worker has a limited ability to speak the client's language. To best ensure that the client understands the information the social worker is providing, what should the social worker do? a. Ask the family member who has accompanied the client and speaks English to assist with interpreting the information. b. Review the information to the best of their ability in the client's native language and encourage the client to ask questions as they work together. c. Pause the consent process and arrange for a professional interpreter. d. Inform the client that they aren't eligible for services if they cannot speak English.

Pause the consent process and arrange for a professional interpreter. This is the ideal response--if possible, a professional interpreter should be consulted.

Which of the following policies changed the structure of public assistance for poor families by replacing guaranteed support with time-limited support? a. Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA). b. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PWRORA). c. Aid to Dependent Children Program (ADC). d. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PWRORA). Congress created the TANF block grant through the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, as part of a federal effort to "end welfare as we know it." TANF replaced AFDC, which had provided cash assistance to families with children in poverty since 1935.

Sally G. has been referred to a rehabilitation facility for issues with alcohol and other substances. She tells the social worker that she is only there because her family disapproves of her lifestyle choices. She personally does not think that her behavior is a problem; she is just having fun and enjoying her youth. According to the transtheoretical model, Sally G. is in which of the following "stages of change"? a. Precontemplation. b. Contemplation. c. Preparation. d. Action.

Precontemplation. From the scenario, it does not appear that this client is ready to change; her perspective seems to be in line with the precontemplation stage.

Jason is an African American man who has just recently gained employment with an advertising company. One of Jason's coworkers is resentful of Jason because he thinks Jason was hired because of Affirmative Action and not because he is qualified for the position. This same coworker also assumes that Jason is not as smart as their colleagues because of his minority status. What term best describes the attitude of the coworker? a. Xenophobia b. Ethnography. c. Prejudice. d. Discrimination.

Prejudice. Prejudice is based on feeling, but in this scenario it is not followed by action.

What term best describes unearned advantages that accrue to members of certain social groups because of membership in those groups, and at the cost of corresponding marginalized groups? a. Intersectionality. b. Oppression. c. Privilege. d. Dominance.

Privilege. Within American and other Western societies, these privileged social identities—of people who have historically occupied positions of dominance over others—include whites, males, heterosexuals, Christians, and the wealthy, among others. Privilege is often unrecognized by those who have it.

Outcome evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy should focus on which of the following? a. Feedback from the therapist regarding thought processes of the client. b. Documentation of the issues experienced and discussed by the client. c. Progress toward specific treatment goals determined by the therapist and client. d. Development of an "action plan" to follow between therapy sessions.

Progress toward specific treatment goals determined by the therapist and client. Outcome evaluation focuses on impact of the practice or whether it appears to help effect change in the client system.

Most group leaders/group therapists will have group members from diverse cultural backgrounds. What is not a good way for group leaders to become culturally competent? a. Gain knowledge and skills for cross-cultural encounters. b. Recognize the commonalities and differences of humans from different backgrounds. c. Appreciate diverse cultures by taking a "cultural learner" stance. d. Promote universal values.

Promote universal values. Promoting universal values is a valid goal in some situations, but does not promote cultural competence.

A therapist determines that a client's primary ego rules for living are to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Together, they develop a treatment plan to address this issue. This therapist is likely viewing the client's problems from which theoretical perspective? a. Psychoanalytic b. Existential. c. Cognitive. d. Systems.

Psychoanalytic . Id, ego, and the pleasure principle are terms associated with Freud and his psychoanalytic theory.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a social policy targeting the regulation of behavior? a. Regulating the school lunch program. b. Regulating licensing of family therapy providers. c. Monitoring behavior of criminal offenders. d. Monitoring behavior of parents who abuse their children.

Regulating the school lunch program. School lunch program is a component of distribution of resources, not of a behavioral regulation.

What type of family policy seeks to alter the behaviors of individuals, families and entities in a manner deemed proper or preferred by society? a. Regulatory. b. Structural. c. Definitional. d. Procedural.

Regulatory. The manner in which the question is phrased provides the definition of a regulatory policy.

What term refers to the consistency of a measure and its dependability? a. Reliability. b. Standardization c. Validity. d. Correlation

Reliability. Reliability is the correct answer. Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure--i.e., whether it is measuring what it is intended to measure.

During a counseling session, a client with a history of relationship problems shares a text she received from one of your co-workers inviting her to a social event as their date. Your co-worker is part of the treatment team that regularly reviews client cases (including your client) and evaluates their progress. The client is seeking your advice about whether to accept the date and attend the event. What should you do? a. Tell the client that you cannot discuss your co-workers and cannot give advice. b. Advise the client to decline the invitation. c. Report the situation to your supervisor. d. Ignore the question and change the subject as this is not the focus of your work together.

Report the situation to your supervisor. The social worker's duty is to protect the client. Ideally, talking to the colleague would be the first step, but talking to your supervisor can help in determining if the interaction your colleague is having with the client poses a danger to that client's well-being, given the colleague's role in the treatment team.

During the assessment phase with family members, the social worker asks, "How do you decide who does something in the family?" What criterion of family functioning is the social worker assessing? a. Role behavior. b. Communication. c. Autonomy. d. Affective involvement.

Role behavior. Assessing the roles of family members within the family system and how they are determined is an important aspect of understanding family dynamics.

Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (SNAP).

SNAP provides food benefits to low-income families to supplement their grocery budget so they can afford the nutritious food essential to health and well-being.

Accessibility to benefits may cause problems for a client who has a right or entitlement to a service, program or benefit. Tom is in need of outpatient alcohol treatment but needs to maintain his full-time job. To participate in the program, he will have to take a leave of absence which will leave his family without enough resources to pay their rent. This is an example of what accessibility issue? a. Scheduling. b. Quality. c. Location. d. Affordability

Scheduling. Scheduling is the primary accessibility issue for Tom. The agency should examine whether "ordinary" people can make use the program without endangering their employment.

Barry - computer whiz. Taught himself to code by 12 & designs programs to accomplish tasks, such as solving numeric puzzles. Barry could excel, but has no interest in pursuing a career. 23, still lives with his parents, no social life. Fine with Barry. Finds interacting with people to be stressful & annoying. Never had a romantic relationship & no wish to. Barry's parents used to encourage him to channel talents toward vocation, but have given up. Barry seems indifferent to praise or criticism. Communicating can be frustrating as responds to questions with short, literal answers. Almost never laughs & shows little emotion at all. Has never met criteria for psychotic disorder & has never used an intoxicating substance. Barry likely suffers from what disorder? a. Avoidant Personality Disorder. b. Passive Aggressive Personality Disorder. c. Schizoid Personality Disorder. d. Dependent Personality Disorder.

Schizoid Personality Disorder.

A 16 year old has become a client of an outpatient clinical social worker after surviving a sexual assault by the sibling of a classmate at her school. The client's parents have signed a release of information allowing the social worker to communicate directly with school staff. The social worker is contacted by one of the teachers who is concerned that the client's school work has declined drastically. The teacher wants to know if something has happened to the client. What should the social worker do in this situation? a. Contact a supervisor before disclosing any information. b. Talk to the client about whether they want any information disclosed and the possible implications of disclosure. c. Tell the teacher that a traumatic event is affecting the student. d. Contact the client's parents to determine what information they feel comfortable sharing with the teacher.

Talk to the client about whether they want any information disclosed and the possible implications of disclosure. It is appropriate to discuss with the client whether or not she wants her teacher to be made aware of the assault, and she should be warned of the possible implications. Even if the guardians have signed release of information, that does not imply that that information must be released without consulting the client.

A social worker is providing disaster relief services to families following extensive loss of lives and property due to flooding in their area. What is the MOST important thing for the social worker to help the families understand? a. That a crisis will continue indefinitely without therapeutic intervention. b. That persons involved in a crisis will try to achieve a degree of equilibrium. c. That resolution of feelings related to this crisis will prevent recurrence of disequilibrium. d. That they will be unable to return to the pre-crisis level of functioning.

That persons involved in a crisis will try to achieve a degree of equilibrium. According to crisis theory, those involved in a crisis will try to achieve a sense of equilibrium since previous coping measures may not be helpful.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a federal law that required the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge. The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued the HIPAA Privacy Rule to implement the requirements of HIPAA. The HIPAA Security Rule protects a subset of information covered by the Privacy Rule.

If a social worker is measuring her therapy group members' scores on a symptomatology scale at admission and again upon discharge from an intervention program, what type of design is she using to determine if there has been a change in her clients' scores? a. The classic experimental design. b. Secondary data analysis. c. The one-group pre-test/post-test design. d. The non-equivalent control group design.

The one-group pre-test/post-test design. Since there is no mention of a comparison or control group that is not receiving the intervention, this is not a classic experimental design or a non-equivalent control group design. The social worker is collecting primary data on her group and comparing the group's pre-intervention and post-intervention scores to see if there is improvement.

All but which of the following would be classified as dysfunctional group behavior? a. Members are critical of differences in others, viewing them as a threat. b. Members show unwillingness to accept responsibility for themselves or the success of the group and blame the leader when things are not going well. c. The group is concerned about its own operations and addresses obstacles that prevent individual members from fully participating. d. Members focus on others rather than on themselves.

The group is concerned about its own operations and addresses obstacles that prevent individual members from fully participating. In a group that is working together in a functional manner, group members feel some ownership of the group and don't rely on the the group leader or others to "fix" problems that might be impeding healthy relationships and behaviors of individual members and the group as a whole.

A social worker has developed an intervention program to help parents who have been referred to Child Protective Services for neglecting their children. She plans to evaluate the success of her intervention program by measuring changes in the parents' scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale. What is the independent variable in the above scenario? a. The intervention program. b. The parents' scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale. c. Whether the children remain in their homes. d. The allegations of neglect.

The intervention program. The intervention program would be the independent variable--it is designed to influence or have an effect on the dependent variables. The scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale or whether the children remained with their parents could be dependent variables in the scenario--variables influenced or affected by the intervention/independent variable.

According to the Nuremberg Code, which provides the basis for Institutional Review Boards' requirements for human subjects research, voluntary consent to participate in research activities is an imperative. Which of the following statements does not meet the criteria defining voluntary informed consent? a. The consent needs to have been obtained without coercion. b. The participant must legally be allowed to provide consent. c. The participant must be compensated either financially or by directly benefiting from the study. d. The participant must have the mental capacity to understand their consent.

The participant must be compensated either financially or by directly benefiting from the study. There is generally no guarantee that subjects will directly benefit from participation in research. In order to provide informed consent, before they agree to participate potential subjects should be informed of the potential risks and benefits and whether or not they will receive some compensation for their participation in a study.

External validity of a study refers to that study's findings or results in terms of what quality? a. Their historical significance to other disciplines. b. Their compliance with ethical guidelines. c. Their generalizability to other populations. d. Their potential to attract funding from external sources.

Their generalizability to other populations. External validity refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied (generalized) to other situations, groups or events. Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that any causal relationship being observed is not influenced by other factors or variables.

A social worker and client use a session to negotiate a treatment plan. They agree on specific goals and objectives as well as responsibilities, activities, and techniques. If they are following the SMART process for developing treatment goals, what is the final component that should be included in the treatment plan? a. Time frames for measuring progress. b. Arrangements for payment for treatment. c. Ethical guidelines on confidentiality. d. A safety contract.

Time frames for measuring progress. SMART is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, and Timely, so they need to include a time frame for completing the treatment goals.

Which of the following is the best example of a measurable program objective? a. To have fair housing opportunities for people of any race or ethnic background. b. To encourage a range of affordable, accessible and decent rental housing options throughout our community. c. To have thirty rental units that meet city inspection standards occupied by low income renters by the end of the fiscal year. d. To upgrade or replace substandard housing units.

To have thirty rental units that meet city inspection standards occupied by low income renters by the end of the fiscal year. This response is more specific than the others; they are commendable goals, but you can count how many rental units are occupied in a specific time frame.

From a cognitive theory perspective, which of the following tasks should occur FIRST in the therapeutic setting? a. Refuting irrational beliefs such as that the client is unlovable or bad. b. Counterconditioning to erase unwanted feelings.. c. Confrontation to challenge dysfunctional patterns of behavior.. d. Understanding the link between thoughts, feelings and behaviors.

Understanding the link between thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Cognitive theory approaches to human behavior focus on how thought processes affect the way in which we behave and understanding its basic premises is where the social worker and client can start.

A social worker at a community mental health center is working with a 21 year old client who has been experiencing rejection from family and friends following the admission by the client that she is a lesbian. During the third session the client begins to cry and says, "Maybe my mom is right. She says all I need to do is find the right man." After reflecting the client's unhappy feelings, what should the social worker do NEXT? a. Use universalization to provide reassurance to the client about the behavior of others in these circumstances. b. Explore the client's psychosocial history to determine the origins of her sexual orientation. c. Encourage the client to spend some time rethinking her sexual orientation before continuing with the "coming out" process. d. Arrange for a family session to assist the client's family in understanding how to best support a gay family member.

Use universalization to provide reassurance to the client about the behavior of others in these circumstances. This question asks for the social worker's NEXT action, which should be to help the client understand that feelings of rejection are not uncommon among gay and lesbian individuals who begin informing others of their sexual orientation. The social worker needs to understand issues of diversity--not just as they affect the client, but how they may affect the client's relationships with others.

Feminist theory posits that couple's therapy is not a viable therapeutic approach for victims/survivors in relationships where intimate partner violence is present for which of the following reasons? a. Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are not in a position to contribute freely and equally in couple's therapy. b. Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are unable to understand their role in the dysfunction of the relationship. c. Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are resistant to losing their status within the relationship and are not motivated to engage in couple's therapy. d. Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are in denial about their responsibilities in the relationship.

Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are not in a position to contribute freely and equally in couple's therapy. The premise is that victims/survivors of abuse need to be free of fear and coercion in order to viably participate in couple's therapy and if the abuse is present, that is not possible.

Which one of the following measurements would have the highest frequency of reliability? a. Weight. b. Beck's Depression Inventory. c. Personality. d. Intelligence.

Weight. Weight measurement would have the highest frequency of reliability or consistency of measurement because a scale measuring weight is less dependent on human subjectivity than instruments relying on human subjects' self-reports or responses to cognitive measures.

A social worker employing motivational interviewing explores all but which of the following with a client who is resistant to change? a. Pros and cons of ambivalence. b. Reasons to change. c. Clarification of the client's values. d. What their friends will think.

What their friends will think. In motivational interviewing, the social worker helps the client to initiate change by recognizing and respecting their responsibility and decision-making ability in a nonconfrontational, collaborative manner. This includes examining the client's values, motivations, and ambivalence about changing, which may or may not include concerns about how their friends may react.

What does process evaluation (program monitoring/patterns of use evaluation) focus on? a. How a practice, policy, or program impacts clients. b. Whether a practice, policy, or program needed in an agency or community. c. Whether a program's benefits outweigh its costs. d. Whether a practice, policy, or program is implemented as planned or required.

Whether a practice, policy, or program is implemented as planned or required.