Comp TIA

mini ATX

11.2 X8.2

ATX

1995 INTEL. power supply 20 pin. CPU close to cooling fan. access entire motherboard without reaching around drives. 12 X 9.9 or 12 x 10

micro ATX

9.6 x 9.6 backward compatible , fewer 110 ports so may have to use external USB drives, cd burners

intrusion detection system

An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations. Any detected activity or violation is typically reported either to an administrator or collected centrally using a security information and event management (SIEM) system. A SIEM system combines outputs from multiple sources, and uses alarm filtering techniques to distinguish malicious activity from false alarms. There is a wide spectrum of IDS, varying from antivirus software to hierarchical systems that monitor the traffic of an entire backbone network.[citation needed] The most common classifications are network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDS). A system that monitors important operating system files is an example of a HIDS, while a system that analyzes incoming network traffic is an example of a NIDS. It is also possible to classify IDS by detection approach: the most well-known variants are signature-based detection (recognizing bad patterns, such as malware) and anomaly-based detection (detecting deviations from a model of "good" traffic, which often relies on machine learning). Some IDS have the ability to respond to detected intrusions. Systems with response capabilities are typically referred to as an intrusion prevention system.

CPU SPEED

CPU clock speed, or clock rate, is measured in Hertz — generally in gigahertz, or GHz. A CPU's clock speed rate is a measure of how many clock cycles a CPU can perform per second. For example, a CPU with a clock rate of 1.8 GHz can perform 1,800,000,000 clock cycles per second.Dec 16, 2013

dhcp server

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a defined range of numbers (i.e., a scope) configured for a given network. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway.

ecc memory

Error-correcting code memory (ECC memory) is a type of computer data storage that can detect and correct the most common kinds of internal data corruption. ECC memory is used in most computers where data corruption cannot be tolerated under any circumstances, such as for scientific or financial computing.

BSOD-- blue screen of death

Hard drive is damaged or not working properly

OLED -- organic light emitting diode

LED but use organic compounds like hydrogen and carbon to emit light

MMX

MMX is a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction set designed by Intel, introduced in 1997 with its P5-based Pentium line of microprocessors, designated as "Pentium with MMX Technology".[1] It developed out of a similar unit introduced on the Intel i860,[2] and earlier the Intel i750 video pixel processor. MMX is a processor supplementary capability that is supported on recent IA-32 processors by Intel and other vendors.

common motherboard issues

Not enough power Yes, listing "check the power" as the first step in any guide is a bit cliché, but it's an absolute must here, because motherboards have not just one power connection, but two. There is a main 20-to-24-pin connector, and a second 4-pin connector hidden away by the processor socket, though the 4-pin may instead be an 8-pin, particularly on mobos built with overclocking in mind. Many people forget the second connector. We've done it before in our early PC building days, so you should check to make sure that both are in use. Make sure both plugs are fully seated, and properly matched with the correct power supply cords. This will solve many issues, particularly those that crop up when you're installing a new motherboard for the first time. Improperly installed components Components can cause a motherboard to malfunction if they're not properly installed. In some cases, your computer may not even get through POST (a self-testing mechanism employed by PCs during boot-up), or even turn on. Potential culprits include the processor, video card, and RAM. Improper seating of the video card and RAM are the most likely sources of your problems, because issues in those areas are easy to overlook. Examine the video card, and make sure that it's evenly seated across the width of the PCI-Express slot. Then, give it a firm downward push, just to be sure. The RAM slot has two plastic wings that should snap over the sides of each stick of memory. These should be standing upright 90 degrees from the motherboard's surface, and securely inserted around the tabs found on each side of your RAM sticks. If one or both wings are slightly askew, the RAM isn't properly installed. Improperly installing a processor is much more difficult, but worth checking if you're really stumped. The pins and the slot on the processor and motherboard must be properly lined up. Once inserted, the processor should sit flat in the socket's surface. The processor's heatsink should also attach firmly. A short circuit Motherboards are filled with capacitors and soldered connections that route data and power from one part of the board to another. As you may have noticed, the motherboard is held aloft from the PC case by a series of screw-in "standoffs" that are about a quarter-inch thick. These exist because the motherboard can short if it makes contact with other metallic components. a motherboard experiencing a short may not get through POST, may complete POST but then behave erratically, or may boot but then crash at random. A failure to pass the POST process is the most frequent symptom, but the other situations can occur even if only occasional contact is made between the motherboard and the case. Examine how your motherboard is installed. Check that you used the stands that keep the mobo above the case, and ensure that any un-supported portions of the motherboard haven't bent towards the case's interior. Also, check that all internal wires are properly shielded with a rubber or plastic exterior. No case power button connection The power button on a computer's case connects to the motherboard through a small, thin two-pin wire. Without this important, but easy-to-miss connection, your computer won't start. That's because the motherboard never receives the command to do so if you press the power button when the wire isn't connected to the proper pins on your motherboard. Connecting the power button can be difficult. Unlike so many other motherboard connectors, which are designed to make improper installation impossible, the power button connector usually is labeled only with plus and minus symbols. Lining these up with the plus and minus printed on the motherboard should be easy, except most motherboards print their labels in hilariously small text. Matters are made worse by the fact that the front power button's connection is part of a cluster of connections, so accidentally connecting power to pins that control the reset button or hard drive light are easy mistakes to make. You'll need your motherboard's manual, and possibly a magnifying glass to solve this issue. You'll need the manual to confirm where the power button connector goes, and you (might) need the magnifying glass to properly align the connection with the pins. If you can't find your manual, your motherboard's manufacturer should have a PDF version of it on the company's site. Just search for your motherboard's model number. BIOS hardware incompatibility Motherboards ship from the factory with a BIOS or UEFI operating system that can handle modern hardware, but any hardware released after it ships is not guaranteed to work. Even new processors that fit into the motherboard's CPU socket may not be compatible out of the box. If this situation occurs, your computer may not POST, or it may POST, but refuse to boot your operating system. The fix to this situation is simple, but a bit frustrating. You'll first have to re-install whatever old hardware you removed, both to confirm the issue, and to boot your computer. Once you do so, you can boot your computer, go to your motherboard manufacturer's website, and find the latest BIOS/UEFI version. Install it, and then try installing your new hardware again. Conclusion While motherboards can be difficult to troubleshoot, they're far from impossible to handle. Learning to handle them is an important skill for any PC builder. The experience you gain by replacing your mobo gives you the potential to use the same computer for a decade (or more) by replacing the internals when necessary. Don't be intimidated; the problems above, though far from uncommon, can be handled with a little patience.

HDMI

Proprietary, avoid video for transferring compressed and uncompressed digital audio data from a display controller to a compatible peripheral device

raid 10

RAID 01, also called RAID 0+1, is a RAID level using a mirror of stripes, achieving both replication and sharing of data between disks. The usable capacity of a RAID 01 array is the same as in a RAID 1 array made of the same drives, in which one half of the drives is used to mirror the other half.

raid 1

RAID 1 consists of an exact copy (or mirror) of a set of data on two or more disks; a classic RAID 1 mirrored pair contains two disks. This configuration offers no parity, striping, or spanning of disk space across multiple disks, since the data is mirrored on all disks belonging to the array, and the array can only be as big as the smallest member disk. This layout is useful when read performance or reliability is more important than write performance or the resulting data storage capacity.[13][14] The array will continue to operate so long as at least one member drive is operational.[15] Performance[edit] Any read request can be serviced and handled by any drive in the array; thus, depending on the nature of I/O load, random read performance of a RAID 1 array may equal up to the sum of each member's performance,[a] while the write performance remains at the level of a single disk. However, if disks with different speeds are used in a RAID 1 array, overall write performance is equal to the speed of the slowest disk.[14][15] Synthetic benchmarks show varying levels of performance improvements when multiple HDDs or SSDs are used in a RAID 1 setup, compared with single-drive performance. However, some synthetic benchmarks also show a drop in performance for the same comparison.[11][12]

rimm

RIMM is computer memory that resembles DIMMs; however, it is 184-pin and is available with built-in ECC support and Non-ECC at speeds up to 800MHz. RIMM modules are commonly used on the Intel Pentium 4 motherboards. Unlike most other computer memory, computers that support RIMM require a continuous signal. If a memory socket is left empty, the computer will not work properly. Therefore, users must utilize C-RIMM modules in any slots that do not have RIMM modules.

WIRELESS RADIO FREQUENCY

Radio frequency (RF) is any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that lie in the range extending from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used for communications or radar signals.[1] RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations. However, mechanical RF systems do exist (see mechanical filter and RF MEMS). Although radio frequency is a rate of oscillation, the term "radio frequency" or its abbreviation "RF" are used as a synonym for radio - i.e., to describe the use of wireless communication, as opposed to communication via electric wires. Examples include: Radio-frequency identification ISO/IEC 14443-2 Radio frequency power and signal interface[2]

HD PROBLEMS SLOW PERFORMANCE

STEP #1: Scan Your Hard Drive One of the major causes of a slow hard drive is errors. Some hard drives errors can be caused by the bumping your PC. This can actually cause physical damage to the hard drive. The damage is known as a bad sector. A very slow hard drive is usually the result of this phenomenon. Bad sector cause your hard drive to constantly try to read inaccessible information. Running Check Disk will help you determine if your hard drives has bad sectors. Click the Windows button and open the Computer folder. Find and Select your hard drive, right click the hard drive icon. Choose Properties from the drop down list. In the Local Disk Properties dialog box, click the Tools tab. Click the Check Now button. For maximum cleanup click "Automatically fix..." and "Scan for ..." If you see new dialog window, click Schedule disk check to start. Switch FAT to NTFS— You can increase your hard drive speed by switching FAT to NTFS. The NTFS configurations provides increased security, file-by-file compression, quotas, and even encryption. The default setting for XP may be set to FAT which is slower system. However if you have Vista converted to the NTFS16 or NTFS32. Older hard disk also may suffer from PIO mode. You may be able to switch your settings to DMA which is a faster protocal. To learn more about PIO/DMA Modes, visit Microsoft Help Page HOW TO SPEED UP A SLOW HARD DRIVE Constant read-write noise, a buzzing fan, and freezing are all symptoms of a slow hard drive. A big, fast, hard drive is a must for any modern PC. The hard drive acts as the primary storage unit for all of your data. Further, your productivity hinges on the speed with which you can retrieve your files and access your programs. Each new generation of PCs offers bigger hard drives. However, an oversized, cluttered drive is just a bigger, slower drive. Nevertheless, you can easily maintain the quality of your hard drive and learn how to avoid experiencing slow hard drive problems. Special note: One of the easiest ways to clean up your hard drive's clutter is to use a registry cleaner. Click here to learn more! STEP #1: Scan Your Hard Drive One of the major causes of a slow hard drive is errors. Some hard drives errors can be caused by the bumping your PC. This can actually cause physical damage to the hard drive. The damage is known as a bad sector. A very slow hard drive is usually the result of this phenomenon. Bad sector cause your hard drive to constantly try to read inaccessible information. Running Check Disk will help you determine if your hard drives has bad sectors. Click the Windows button and open the Computer folder. Find and Select your hard drive, right click the hard drive icon. Choose Properties from the drop down list. In the Local Disk Properties dialog box, click the Tools tab. Click the Check Now button. For maximum cleanup click "Automatically fix..." and "Scan for ..." If you see new dialog window, click Schedule disk check to start. Switch FAT to NTFS— You can increase your hard drive speed by switching FAT to NTFS. The NTFS configurations provides increased security, file-by-file compression, quotas, and even encryption. The default setting for XP may be set to FAT which is slower system. However if you have Vista converted to the NTFS16 or NTFS32. Older hard disk also may suffer from PIO mode. You may be able to switch your settings to DMA which is a faster protocal. To learn more about PIO/DMA Modes, visit Microsoft Help Page Unfortunately, current Windows version don't pack in a Registry Cleaner to check errors in your registry you have to hunt and seek them manually if you don't have a cleaner. STEP #2: Clean Up Your Hard Drive Each file on your computer is stored in more than one place. A slow hard drive has useless and abandoned files stored in multiple places on your computer. This is similar to having a very messy room. When you are in a rush and need to find your keys. It will take forever to find them. Same goes for finding files in your hard drive. Click the Windows button and open the Computer folder. Find and Select your hard drive, right click the hard drive icon. Choose Properties from the drop down list. In the Local Disk Properties dialog box, click the Disk Cleanup tab. Choose Files from all users on this computer. Click OK after the check box for all the files you want to delete. STEP #3: Defragment Your Hard Drives Open the Start Menu Click on Computer Right Click your hard drive icon. Scroll down to the Properties. In the Properties Menus, Open the Tools menu. Choose Defragment Now. In the Disk Deframenter menu. Click on Defragment STEP #4: Enable Write-Caching One of the features that you can find in Windows 7 and Vista is called Write-Caching. This allows your hard drive to work at high performance by allow information to be written in a temporary fast storage cache before its written on your hard drive. It takes time to write info to your hard drive but the temporary cache hold it until later. This is a high performance measure which puts speed before safety because if your system suddenly shuts off you may lose the data in the temporary cache. Here is how to enable write caching. If you need a visuals step by step, click here Click Start Right Click Computer and Choose Manage and Choose Device Manager. Or Simply type Device Manager in to your Windows Search Bar In the device manager, click Disk Drives and choose your hard drive. Right Click and Choose Properties Click the Policies tab, under Policies, choose enable write caching on device. Proactive Solution The second solution, fragmentation prevention, is proactive, providing a more complete solution that keeps your disk performing at optimum speeds at all times. Diskeeper combines the best of both worlds by automatically handling any fragmentation that is already hurting your disk performance, and combining that with IntelliWrite® fragmentation prevention technology to stop future fragmentation before it happens. As a result, Diskeeper keeps your PC running better than new. When your files are written to the disk contiguously (without fragmentation) rather than scattered across your disk, your PC doesn't have to work as hard to read or write your files. Plus as an added bonus, the reduction in disk activity actually extends the life of your hard drive by an additional 1-3 years - saving you money in replacement costs. Keep your corporate PCs running like new, request evaluation of Diskeeper and try it for yourself »

vga

Short for Video Graphics Array, VGA is a popular display standard developed by IBM and introduced in 1987VGA provides 640 x 480 resolution color display screens with a refresh rate of 60Hz and 16 colors displayed at a time.

ITX

Small motherboard used in firewalls, home theater, pcs and embedded car computers. consume less power while do not drain processing power. board itself does not demand excessive cooling components.

usb 1.1

The Universal Serial Bus is the most widely deployed PC peripheral interface in history, enabling simple plug and play connectivity for a wide variety of devices to enhance the computing experience. Developed to improve ease of use and provide flexible port expansion, the USB bus has become an indispensable computing technology. USB 1.1 provides support for two interface speeds: Low Speed at 1.5Mb/s and Full Speed at 12Mb/s.

DIM SCREEN IMAGE

The easiest explanation for a suddenly dim laptop screen is a loose AC adapter cord. Most laptops automatically dim the screen brightness when they run on battery to minimize power usage. Check that the AC cord is firmly connected to the outlet and laptop. There should be no movement at the laptop connection -- if there is, the power component inside may be damaged and require repair. Verify that the outlet is live by plugging in a different device, such as a lamp or radio. If the outlet works and all connections are solid, your adapter may have failed and needs replacement. Power Saving Option Laptops allow you to control the brightness of your screen, which helps give a better picture, reduce eyestrain or save electricity while on battery power. Adjusting this setting incorrectly can cause an unusually dim screen. The controls for display brightness are usually found under Start, Control Panel and System and Security. Click Power Options to open a new dialog and find the Screen Brightness control. There should be separate controls for when the laptop is on AC power or battery power. Adjust these as desired to correct screen brightness. Component Failure One of the more complicated causes of a dim laptop screen is failure of the LCD itself. Behind that liquid crystal display, an inverter board and backlight bulb control the picture. The inverter board converts the low voltage your laptop's innards uses into the higher voltage required by the long bulb that lights up the LCD screen. If the inverter board or bulb fail, you're left with a very dim image on the screen. Generally speaking, the entire screen needs replacing when one of these two components fail, although some service shops may be able to replace just the bulb. Troubleshooting Checking your adapter simply requires some experimenting, as you wiggle, plug and unplug the cord to check for problems. Check the status bar at the bottom of the desktop screen to see if your laptop is running on AC power or battery while your cord is plugged into a working outlet. If it's showing battery power even though all connections are correct, the laptop isn't receiving power through the adapter, due to cord failure or a broken power connector inside the machine. A quick way to tell if your laptop's brightness controls are off is to use the F keys at the top of the keyboard to brighten the screen. Press the brightness up control -- which usually looks like a little sun with an up arrow on your F keys -- while holding the FN key, and you should brighten the screen. If it does, this means your settings are off. Bad components require an external monitor to double check, as a perfect image on another monitor but dim laptop screen points to LCD failure. Sponsored links "Fix Windows Update" Fast & Easy Windows Update Fix. Takes Just 2 Minutes (Recommended) remooptimizer.com​/​Windows-Update Windows® 7 Driver Updates Windows® 7 Drivers Latest Download. W/ DriverUpdate™ - Free Scan! www.windows-7.driverupdate.net if you replaced the inverter already then how can it be a faulty part? is it dim too when you are in the bios? try this if you haven't already. •Right-click on the desktop and a drop-down menu will appear. •Click on "Display Properties." •Click on "Color Correction." •Note the "Brightness" scale. Slide the marker toward the right to brighten it and toward the left to decrease the brightness. •Click on "Apply." •Click on "OK." The "Display Properties" screen will close and the laptop screen's brightness will change. have you tried an external monitor to see if has that issue or not? if your laptop screen undimmed while booting that's means its a software problem.... it happens to me... and i fix it by following this steps... 1- under "Device Manager" 2- find "Batteries" 3- then uninstall "Microsoft AC Adapter" + "Microsoft ACPI- Compliant Control Method Battery" then restart your computer..now its fixed Reply to ezzashater m 0 l M Atif 7 minutes ago ezzashater said: if your laptop screen undimmed while booting that's means its a software problem.... it happens to me... and i fix it by following this steps... 1- under "Device Manager" 2- find "Batteries" 3- then uninstall "Microsoft AC Adapter" + "Microsoft ACPI- Compliant Control Method Battery" then restart your computer..now its fixed

shadow copy how do i turn it on?

To enable and configure Shadow Copies of Shared Folders Open Computer Management. In the console tree, right-click Shared Folders, click All Tasks, and click Configure Shadow Copies. Click the volume where you want to enable Shadow Copies of Shared Folders, and then click Enable. To make changes to the default schedule and storage area, click Settings.

action center

a centralized point of contact for security and maintenance items on your system that require your attention . it can be accessed through control panel, or if there are items that currently need your attention, the action center flag will appear in the notification area on the taskbar.

PAN personal area network

connects 2 or 3 devices together for use by one person using a router with cabling .

native resolution

fixed resolution for LCD or other flat panel display devices. display devices will only display the best quality image when input signal and native resolution are the same.

resolution

is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It is usually quoted as width × height, with the units in pixels: for example, "1024 × 768" means the width is 1024 pixels and the height is 768 pixels.

led

legacy like CRT consumes less power than CRTs

near field communication

less power and slower than blue tooth. close proximity

UTM unified threat managment

managment appliance is a security device that combines the features of a firewall, gateway, antivirus, and IDS/IPS into a single device.

routers

networking device that connects multiple networks

vrm voltage regulator module

ometimes called processor power module (PPM), is a buck converter that provides a microprocessor the appropriate supply voltage, converting +5 V or +12 V to a much lower voltage required by the CPU, allowing processors with different supply voltage to be mounted on the same motherboard.ss

readyboost

performance enhancer available for windows that enables the user to supplement the computer's memory with an external device such as a flash drive.

tokens

physical or virtual objects, smart cards and ID badges to store authentication . tokens store pins.

CACHE

s a hardware or software component that stores data so future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation, or the duplicate of data stored elsewhere. A cache hit occurs when the requested data can be found in a cache, while a cache miss occurs when it cannot. Cache hits are served by reading data from the cache, which is faster than recomputing a result or reading from a slower data store; thus, the more requests can be served from the cache, the faster the system performs. To be cost-effective and to enable efficient use of data, caches must be relatively small. Nevertheless, caches have proven themselves in many areas of computing because access patterns in typical computer applications exhibit the locality of reference. Moreover, access patterns exhibit temporal locality if data is requested again that has been recently requested already, while spatial locality refers to requests for data physically stored close to data that has been already requested.

windows defender

the antispyware software that is included with vista and you can configure defender to scan for malicious materials at scheduled intervals, automatically remove any spyware detected during a scan, or even alert you to real time if spyware installs or runs on the computer.

FORM FACTOR

the form factor is the specification of a motherboard - the dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc. Specifically, in the IBM PC compatible industry, standard form factors ensure that parts are interchangeable across competing vendors and generations of technology, while in enterprise computing, form factors ensure that server modules fit into existing rackmount systems. Traditionally, the most significant specification is for that of the motherboard, which generally dictates the overall size of the case. Small form factors have been developed and implemented.

dui interface

transmits large amounts of data from computer to a digital display such as flat panel lcd monitor

Burn in

use a screen saver

cores

which are units that read and execute program instructions.[1] The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions (such as add, move data, and branch), but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing.[2] Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package. A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a single physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely. For example, cores may or may not share caches, and they may implement message passing or shared-memory inter-core communication methods. Common network topologies to interconnect cores include bus, ring, two-dimensional mesh, and crossbar. Homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores; heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical (e.g. big.LITTLE have heterogeneous cores that share the same instruction set, while AMD Accelerated Processing Units have cores that don't even share the same instruction set). Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as VLIW, superscalar, vector, or multithreading. Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains, including general-purpose, embedded, network, digital signal processing (DSP), and graphics (GPU). The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the software algorithms used and their implementation. In particular, possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can run in parallel simultaneously on multiple cores; this effect is described by Amdahl's law. In the best case, so-called embarrassingly parallel problems may realize speedup factors near the number of cores, or even more if the problem is split up enough to fit within each core's cache(s), avoiding use of much slower main-system memory. Most applications, however, are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest a prohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem.[3] The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research.

5 Ways To Fix A Computer With A Black Screen

1: Check Your Cords If you have a desktop computer, go through and check all the cords which connect to your monitor. #2: Make Sure Your Computer Boots If your computer isn't booting, you'll get a black screen, so make sure your computer actually turns all the way on when you press the power button. This applies to both desktops and laptops. Press the power button and then listen to your computer and watch its LEDs. Your computer fans should turn on, making noise. If you have a magnetic hard drive, you should hear it working to load Windows or Mac OSX. If you have wired networking (ethernet), you may have lights where the cord connects to your computer—see if they start flashing. If you have wireless, you should have a light which indicates that the wireless adapter is active. #3: Try A Temporary Monitor This applies only to desktops: borrow a computer monitor from a friend and see if it works with your computer. At the same time you borrow the monitor, also borrow your friend's monitor power and display cords (if they aren't hardwired in), that way you can test everything at once. If your friend's monitor and cords work with your computer, then you know one of your components is broken. Try every combination of parts until you find the faulty part—and then replace it. #4: Try An Install Disk Some people get a black screen from an operating system problem, such as an incorrect display driver. In this case, your monitor will probably work during your computer's boot up, but then it will suddenly stop working. If you get this sort of problem, you will need to boot in Window's Safe Mode or reinstall Windows so you can change the driver. But before you do that, you want to verify that this is actually the problem. You can verify it by using a live CD such as the Windows install disc or a free Linux Live CD such as Ubuntu. You don't need to install anything—just run the disc until it displays a desktop; if the desktop displays, then you know your monitor black screen is caused by a bad video driver. #5: Use A Flashlight Modern LCD monitors have two main parts: a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) which creates images and a backlight which illuminates those images. In modern displays, the backlight is usually a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) that should last thousands of hours, but sometimes they stop working prematurely (especially if you have a laptop which you abuse). It's typically impossible to fix an LCD display for less than the cost of a new display, but you (or a repair shop) can often fix the backlight if that's all that is broken. So how do you find out which isn't working? Use a flashlight. Turn on your computer and your monitor and wait for them to boot up fully. Then get the brightest flashlight you own and point it at the monitor on a steep angle (so the glare doesn't hit you directly). If you can see an image (such as your desktop), then the LCD display still works; it's the backlight which is broken, so take your computer to a repair shop to fix your computer black screen problem.

DIMM

A DIMM (dual in-line memory module) is a double SIMM (single in-line memory module). Like a SIMM, it's a module containing one or several random access memory ( RAM ) chips on a small circuit board with pins that connect it to the computer motherboard .

DIMM ALT DEFINITION

A DIMM or dual in-line memory module comprises a series of dynamic random-access memory integrated circuits. These modules are mounted on a printed circuit board and designed for use in personal computers, workstations and servers.

vga connector

A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector was provided on many video cards, computer monitors, laptop computers, projectors, and high definition television sets.

bridge

A bridge is a type of computer network device that provides interconnection with other bridge networks that use the same protocol. Bridge devices work at the data link layer of the Open System Interconnect (OSI) model, connecting two different networks together and providing communication between them. a bridge is a device that connects two local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN. Unlike a router, bridges are protocol -independent. They forward packets without analyzing and re-routing messages.

integrated gpu

A graphics processing unit (GPU) on the same chip as the central processing unit (CPU). The GPU is a programmable logic chip (processor) specialized for display functions. See logic chip, GPU and integrated graphics. This Trinity chip from AMD integrates a sophisticated GPU with four cores of x86 processing and a DDR3 memory controller. Each x86 section is a dual-core CPU with its own L2 cache. (Image courtesy of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., www.amd.com) Integrated graphics, shared graphics solutions, integrated graphics processors (IGP) or unified memory architecture (UMA) utilize a portion of a computer's system RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory. IGPs can be integrated onto the motherboard as part of the chipset, or on the same die with the CPU (like AMD APU or Intel HD Graphics). On certain motherboards [58] AMD's IGPs can use dedicated sideport memory. This is a separate fixed block of high performance memory that is dedicated for use by the GPU. In early 2007, computers with integrated graphics account for about 90% of all PC shipments.[59][needs update] They are less costly to implement than dedicated graphics processing, but tend to be less capable. Historically, integrated processing was often considered unfit to play 3D games or run graphically intensive programs but could run less intensive programs such as Adobe Flash. Examples of such IGPs would be offerings from SiS and VIA circa 2004.[60] However, modern integrated graphics processors such as AMD Accelerated Processing Unit and Intel HD Graphics are more than capable of handling 2D graphics or low stress 3D graphics. As a GPU is extremely memory intensive, integrated processing may find itself competing for the already relatively slow system RAM with the CPU, as it has minimal or no dedicated video memory. IGPs can have up to 29.856 GB/s of memory bandwidth from system RAM, however graphics cards can enjoy up to 264 GB/s of bandwidth between its RAM and GPU core. This bandwidth is what is referred to as the memory bus and can be performance limiting.[citation needed] Older integrated graphics chipsets lacked hardware transform and lighting, but newer ones include it.[61][62]

rca connector

An RCA connector, sometimes called a phono connector or Cinch connector, is a type of electrical connector commonly used to carry audio and video signals. The connectors are also sometimes casually referred to as A/V jacks. The name "RCA" derives from the Radio Corporation of America, which introduced the design by the early 1940s for internal connection of the pickup to the chassis in home radio-phonograph consoles. It was originally a low-cost, simple design, intended only for mating and disconnection when servicing the console. Refinement came with later designs, although they remained compatible. RCA connectors began to replace the older quarter-inch phone connectors for many other applications in the consumer audio world when component high-fidelity systems started becoming popular in the 1950s. However, quarter-inch phone connectors are still common in professional audio, while miniature phone connectors (3.5 mm) have become predominant in personal stereo systems. The connection's plug is called an RCA plug or phono plug, for "phonograph." The name "phono plug" is sometimes confused with a "phone plug" which may refer to a quarter-inch "phone plug" - Tip/Sleeve (TS) or Tip/Ring/Sleeve (TRS) connector - or to a 4P4C connector used for a telephone (which is often, though incorrectly, called "RJ9", "RJ10", or "RJ22").

authentication server

An authentication server is an application that facilitates authentication of an entity that attempts to access a network. Such an entity may be a human user or another server. An authentication server can reside in a dedicated computer, an Ethernet switch, an access point or a network access server. An authentication server provides a network service that applications use to authenticate the credentials, usually account names and passwords, of their users. When a client submits a valid set of credentials, it receives a cryptographic ticket that it can subsequently use to access various services. Authentication is used as the basis for authorization, which is the determination whether a privilege may be granted to a particular user or process, privacy, which keeps information from becoming known to non-participants, and non-repudiation, which is the inability to deny having done something that was authorized to be done based on the authentication. Major authentication algorithms include passwords, Kerberos, and public key encryption.

bios firmware

BIOS is Firmware for computers. As you continue to read and learn about computers, you will gain understanding about BIOS, UEFI, EFI, and so on. BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System and also known as System BIOS, ROM BIOS, or PC BIOS. It is a type of Firmware used during the booting process (power-on/start up) on IBM PC compatible computers. BIOS Firmware is built into PCs, and it is the first software they run when powered on. The name itself originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. Firmware is a combination of persistent memory, program code, and the data stored in it. Typical examples of devices containing Firmware are embedded systems such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, digital watches, computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The Firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device.

wireless bluetooth

Bluetooth is a telecommunications industry specification that describes how mobile devices, computers and other devices can easily communicate with each other using a short-range wireless connection. Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz[4]) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[5] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect up to seven devices, overcoming problems that older technologies had when attempting to connect to each other.[clarify] Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.[6] The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks.[7] A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device.[8] A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices.

what is bootrec.exe

Bootrec.exe - The ultimate repair tool for boot problems in Windows. No matter whether you use Windows 7 or Windows 10, if your operating system has trouble booting and Startup Repair can't fix the problem, it's worth trying the Bootrec.exe tool.Feb 2, 2017

buffered ram

Buffered (also called Registered) RAM has additional hardware (a register) that sits between the memory and CPU, and will store data (buffering the data) before it's sent to the CPU. This is meant for reliability in systems that have lots of memory and lots of memory modules (think large servers), because in those systems more memory modules means more electrical demands, so buffering/registering the data reduces electrical load. Registered (also called buffered) memory modules have a register between the DRAM modules and the system's memory controller. They place less electrical load on the memory controller and allow single systems to remain stable with more memory modules than they would have otherwise. When compared with registered memory, conventional memory is usually referred to as unbuffered memory or unregistered memory. When manufactured as a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a registered memory module is called an RDIMM, while unregistered memory is called UDIMM. Registered memory is often more expensive because of the lower number of units sold and additional circuitry required, so it is usually found only in applications where the need for scalability and robustness outweighs the need for a low price - for example, registered memory is usually used in servers. Although most registered memory modules also feature error-correcting code memory (ECC), it is also possible for registered memory modules to not be error-correcting or vice versa. Unregistered ECC memory is, for example, supported and used in workstation or entry-level server motherboards that do not support very large amounts of memory.[1]

CHKDSK

CHKDSK (short for "check disk") is a system tool in DOS, OS/2 and Windows. It verifies the file system integrity of a volume and fixes logical file system errors. It is similar to the fsck command in Unix. On Windows NT operating systems, CHKDSK can also check the disk surface for bad sectors and mark them. Chkdsk Creates and displays a status report for the disk. The chkdsk command also lists and corrects errors on the disk. The chkdsk command with the parameters listed below is only available when you are using the Recovery Console The chkdsk command with different parameters is available from the command prompt. chkdsk [drive:] [/p] [/r] Parameters none Used without parameters, chkdsk displays the status of the disk in the current drive. drive : Specifies the drive that you want chkdsk to check. /p Performs an exhaustive check even if the drive is not marked for chkdsk to run. This parameter does not make any changes to the drive. /r Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information. Implies /p.

THROTTLING

CPU throttling. Adjusting the speed of the CPU. Also called "dynamic frequency scaling," CPU throttling is commonly used to slow down the computer whenever possible to use less energy and conserve battery. It is also used to make the system quieter. frequency of a microprocessor can be automatically adjusted "on the fly", either to conserve power or to reduce the amount of heat generated by the chip. Dynamic frequency scaling is commonly used in laptops and other mobile devices, where energy comes from a battery and thus is limited. It is also used in quiet computing settings and to decrease energy and cooling costs for lightly loaded machines. Less heat output, in turn, allows the system cooling fans to be throttled down or turned off, reducing noise levels and further decreasing power consumption. It is also used for reducing heat in insufficiently cooled systems when the temperature reaches a certain threshold, such as in poorly cooled overclocked systems.

format

Disk formatting, preparing computer hard disks to store data, destroying any existing contents format, a command-line utility to format disks in many computer operating systems To format a drive (hard disk, floppy disk, flash drive, etc.) means to prepare the chosen partition on the drive to be used by an operating system by deleting all of the data1 and setting up a file system. The most popular file system to support Windows is NTFS but FAT32 is also sometimes used.Oct 5, 2016

diskpart

DiskPart is a text-mode command interpreter in Windows Vista, Windows® XP, and the Windows Server 2003® family. This tool enables you to manage objects (disks, partitions, or volumes) by using scripts or direct input at a command prompt. When you use the list commands, an asterisk (*) appears next to the object with focus. You select an object by its number or drive letter, such as disk 0, partition 1, volume 3, or volume C.

execute disable bit

Execute Disable Bit (EDB) is an Intel hardware-based security feature that can help reduce system exposure to viruses and malicious code. EDB allows the processor to classify areas in memory where application code can or cannot execute. Execute Disable Bit (EDB) is an Intel hardware-based security feature that can help reduce system exposure to viruses and malicious code. EDB allows the processor to classify areas in memory where application code can or cannot execute.

hyperthreading

Hyper-threading (officially called Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology, and abbreviated as HTT or HT) is Intel's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT) implementation used to improve parallelization of computations (doing multiple tasks at once) performed on x86 microprocessors. It first appeared in February 2002 on Xeon server processors and in November 2002 on Pentium 4 desktop CPUs.[4] Later, Intel included this technology in Itanium, Atom, and Core 'i' Series CPUs, among others. For each processor core that is physically present, the operating system addresses two virtual (logical) cores and shares the workload between them when possible. The main function of hyper-threading is to increase the number of independent instructions in the pipeline; it takes advantage of superscalar architecture, in which multiple instructions operate on separate data in parallel. With HTT, one physical core appears as two processors to the operating system, allowing concurrent scheduling of two processes per core. In addition, two or more processes can use the same resources: if resources for one process are not available, then another process can continue if its resources are available. In addition to requiring simultaneous multithreading (SMT) support in the operating system, hyper-threading can be properly utilized only with an operating system specifically optimized for it.[5] Furthermore, Intel recommends HTT to be disabled when using operating systems unaware of this hardware feature.[citation needed]

IEEE 1394

IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple, which called it FireWire. The 1394 interface is also known by the brand i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments). The copper cable it uses in its most common implementation can be up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) long. Power is also carried over this cable allowing devices with moderate power requirements to operate without a separate power supply. FireWire is also available in wireless, Cat 5, fiber optic, and coaxial versions. The 1394 interface is comparable to USB though USB requires a master controller and has greater market share.[1] IEEE 1394 replaced parallel SCSI in many applications, because of lower implementation costs and a simplified, more adaptable cabling system.

dns server

Image result for dns server A DNS server is any computer registered to join the Domain Name System. A DNS server runs special-purpose networking software, features a public IP address, and contains a database of network names and addresses for other Internet hosts. A DNS server is any computer registered to join the Domain Name System. A DNS server runs special-purpose networking software, features a public IP address, and contains a database of network names and addresses for other Internet hosts.

hard drive problems data corruption

Improper shutdowns, such as caused by power outages or performing a hard restart: pressing and holding the power button or, on Macs so equipped, the restart button. Hardware problems or failures, including hard drive failures, bad sectors, bad RAM, and the like. Power outages or other power-related problems. Improper shutdowns, such as caused by power outages or performing a hard restart: pressing and holding the power button or, on Macs so equipped, the restart button. Hardware problems or failures, including hard drive failures, bad sectors, bad RAM, and the like. Failure to eject external hard drives and related storage devices before disconnecting them or powering them off. Bad programming, particularly if it results in either hard restarts or data that is saved incorrectly. Implement a comprehensive Backup and Recovery Solution and use it regularly. Eject external storage devices, such as FireWire® drives, before either disconnecting them or turning them off. Think twice before implementing RAID.

ir infrared

Infrared enables computer network communications via short-range wireless signals.

BIT LOCKER

It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes. select Control Panel. Click System and Security. Click BitLocker Drive Encryption. More items...

MMX- ALT MEANING

MMX is officially a meaningless initialism trademarked by Intel;[3] unofficially, the initials have been variously explained as standing for MultiMedia eXtension, Multiple Math eXtension, or Matrix Math eXtension. AMD, during one of its numerous court battles with Intel, produced marketing material from Intel indicating that MMX stood for "Matrix Math Extensions". Since an initialism cannot be trademarked, this was an attempt to invalidate Intel's trademark. In 1995, Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp. for misuse of its trademark MMX. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to use the MMX trademark as a technology name, but not a processor name.

hd problems os not found

Missing Operating System When you start your computer to the Recovery Console to recover functionality, you may receive an error message that resembles the following error message: Setup did not find any hard drives installed on your computer. Cause This issue may occur if one or more of the following conditions are true: The basic input/output system (BIOS) does not detect the hard disk. The hard disk is damaged. Sector 0 of the physical hard disk drive has an incorrect or malformed master boot record (MBR). Note Some third-party programs or disk corruption can damage an MBR. An incompatible partition is marked as Active. A partition that contains the MBR is no longer active. Resolution To resolve this issue, use one of the following methods, depending on your situation. Contact your hardware manufacturer Your best bet may be to contact the manufacturer of your computer or your hard disk. The manufacturer may have a utility that you can use to perform a more detailed scan for damaged areas of the disk and help verify the correct BIOS settings. However, be aware that the damage to your hard disk may be serious. Sometimes this means that your only solution is to replace your hard disk. If a fix or workaround is not available, you can use the "Advanced Troubleshooting" section to try to resolve this issue. Advanced troubleshooting This section is intended for advanced computer users. If you are not comfortable with advanced troubleshooting, you might want to ask someone for help or contact support. For information about how to contact Microsoft support, visit the following Microsoft Web site: http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/ Method 1: Verify the BIOS settings Verify the computer's BIOS settings to make sure that BIOS lists and recognizes the hard disk. See the computer documentation or contact the hardware manufacturer for information about how to verify the BIOS settings. After you verify that the computer's BIOS detects the hard disk, restart the computer, and then test to determine whether the issue is resolved. If the issue is not resolved, or if the computer's BIOS cannot detect the hard disk, you may have issues with your hardware. Contact the hardware manufacturer to inquire about how to resolve this issue. You may have to replace the hard disk. For information about how to contact hardware manufacturers, click the appropriate article number in the following list to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 65416 Hardware and software vendor contact information, A-K 60781 Hardware and software vendor contact information, L-P 60782 Hardware and software vendor contact information, Q-Z Method 2: Use Recovery Console Use the fixmbr command in the Windows XP Recovery Console to repair the MBR of the startup partition. Warning This command can damage your partition table if a virus is present or if a hardware problem exists. If you use this command, you may create inaccessible partitions. We recommend that you run antivirus software before you use this command. We also recommend that you backup your data before you use this command. If the fixmbr command detects an invalid or non-standard partition table signature, the fixmbr command prompts you for permission before rewriting the MBR. The fixmbr command is supported only on x86-based computers. For more information about Recovery Console, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 314058 Description of the Windows XP Recovery Console 307654 How to install and use the Recovery Console in Windows XP

hard drive problems computer will not boot

My PC won't boot: Remove any USB drives or memory cards My PC won't boot: Try a rescue discMy PC won't boot: Boot into safe mode My PC won't boot: Faulty or incomptible hardware If you've just installed some new memory or another piece of hardware, it might be preventing your computer from booting. Remove it (reinstalling the old memory if necessary) and try again. If your motherboard has a LED readout showing POST codes, search the manual or online to find out what the code shown means. Often it can be tricky to get a newly built PC to boot. The best tip here is to disconnect everything except the bare minimum needed to boot to the BIOS: Motherboard CPU (with heatsink attached) Graphics card (if there's a graphics output on the motherboard, remove any plug-in graphics cards) One stick of memory (remove any others, and leave the single stick in slot 0 or whichever the manual recommends) Power supply Monitor All other hardware is unnecessary: you don't need a hard drive, optical drive or any other components for the PC to start. Common reasons why a newly built PC won't boot are: Power leads improperly attached to motherboard. If your board has an extra 12v socket near the CPU, ensure the correct lead from the power supply is attached in addition to the large 24-pin ATX connector. Components not installed or seated properly. Remove memory, graphics card and CPU and reinstall, checking for any bent pins on the CPU and CPU socket. Power button wires connected to wrong pins on motherboard. Power cables not attached to graphics card. Ensure PCI-E power leads are correctly connected if required by your GPU. Hard drive connected to the wrong SATA port. Ensure the primary drive is attached to a SATA port driven by the motherboard chipset, and not a separate controller. Sometimes the reason a PC won't boot is because hardware fails and there's no easy fix. Hard drives are a common issue. If you can hear a regular clicking, or the drive spinning up and the powering down over and over, these are signs that it's broken. Occasionally, people have found that removing the drive and putting it in the freezer for a couple of hours (in a freezer bag) does the trick. However, this is usually a temporary fix and you should have a second drive on hand to quickly back up or copy any files off the drive that you need. If you can't get the drive going again, it's time to start afresh with a new hard drive or laptop, and hope that you have a recent backup of your important files.

patch panel

Patch panels bundle multiple network ports together to connect incoming and outgoing lines — including those for local area networks, ..is a device or unit featuring a number of jacks, usually of the same or similar type, for the use of connecting and routing circuits for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing circuits in a convenient, flexible manner. Patch panels are commonly used in computer networking, recording studios, radio and television.

power over ethernet

Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a technology for wired Ethernet LANs (local area networks) that allows the electrical current necessary for the operation of each device to be carried by the data cables rather than by power cords. Doing so minimizes the number of wires that must be strung in order to install the network. The result is lower cost, less downtime, easier maintenance, and greater installation flexibility than with traditional wiring.

hard drive problems loud clicking noises

Power supply related problems - Click here for more information. Hard drive sharing same power lead as graphics card. Power saving settings. Loose cable connection. Intel storage matrix update. Faulty circuit board on the hard drive. Hard drive platter issues.The hard drive heads hitting the internal head stop. Often called the Click of Death - Click here for more information. In the case of an external hard drive clicking it may be due to a loose connection, faulty cable or a faulty power adapter - Click here for more information. Some graphics card drivers - Click here for more information. The hard drive may be on a non-level surface - Click here for more information. Normal hard drive clicking sounds - Click here for more information. Highly fragmented hard drives - Click here for more information. Resolved by updating the hard drive firmware - Click here for more information. COMODO Backup has tons of great features for a free backup program. It can backup registry files, files and folders, email accounts, particular registry entries, IM conversations, browser data, partitions, or entire disks like the system drive. Data can be backed up to a local or external drive, CD/DVD, network folder, FTP server, or sent to someone as an email. Various backup file types are supported like creating a CBU, ZIP, or ISO file as well as running a two way or one way sync, using a regular copy function, or creating a self-extracting CBU file. Depending on the backup file type you use with COMODO Backup, you can specify if it should be spliced into smaller pieces, compressed, and/or password protected. The scheduling options are very specific, enabling a backup to run manually, at logon, once, daily, weekly, monthly, when idle, or every so many minutes. Missed jobs can even be configured to run in silent mode so as to suppress all notifications and program windows. Restoring files with COMODO Backup is really easy because you can mount the image file as a disk and browse through the backed up files as you would in Windows Explorer, copying out anything you wish. Alternatively, you can just restore the whole backup image to the original location. COMODO Backup also supports email notifications, file exclusions by extension type, using Volume Shadow Copy for copying locked files, disk/partition mirroring, changing CPU and network priority, and running a custom program before and/or after a backup job.

raid

RAID (redundant array of independent disks) configurations that employ the techniques of striping, mirroring, or parity to create large reliable data stores from multiple general-purpose computer hard disk drives (HDDs). The most common types are RAID 0 (striping), RAID 1 and its variants (mirroring), RAID 5 (distributed parity), and RAID 6 (dual parity). RAID levels and their associated data formats are standardized by the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) in the Common RAID Disk Drive Format (DDF) standard.[1] While most RAID levels can provide good protection against and recovery from hardware defects or defective sectors/read errors (hard errors), they do not provide any protection against data loss due to catastrophic failures (fire, water) or soft errors such as user error, software malfunction, malware infection. For valuable data, RAID is only one building block of a larger data loss prevention and recovery scheme, it cannot replace a backup plan.

raid 0

RAID 0 (also known as a stripe set or striped volume) splits ("stripes") data evenly across two or more disks, without parity information, redundancy, or fault tolerance. Since RAID 0 provides no fault tolerance or redundancy, the failure of one drive will cause the entire array to fail; as a result of having data striped across all disks, the failure will result in total data loss. This configuration is typically implemented having speed as the intended goal.[2][3] RAID 0 is normally used to increase performance, although it can also be used as a way to create a large logical volume out of two or more physical disks.[4] A RAID 0 setup can be created with disks of differing sizes, but the storage space added to the array by each disk is limited to the size of the smallest disk. For example, if a 120 GB disk is striped together with a 320 GB disk, the size of the array will be 120 GB × 2 = 240 GB. However, some RAID implementations allow the remaining 200 GB to be used for other purposes.

raid 5

RAID 5 consists of block-level striping with distributed parity. Unlike in RAID 4, parity information is distributed among the drives. It requires that all drives but one be present to operate. Upon failure of a single drive, subsequent reads can be calculated from the distributed parity such that no data is lost.[5] RAID 5 requires at least three disks.[20] In comparison to RAID 4, RAID 5's distributed parity evens out the stress of a dedicated parity disk among all RAID members. Additionally, write performance is increased since all RAID members participate in serving of the write requests. Although it won't be as efficient as a non RAID setup, (because parity must still be written), this is just no longer a bottleneck.[21]

ram issues

Symptoms of a RAM Problem When you first turn on your computer it runs fine, but as you go about your business you notice that its performance diminishes. By lunch time, websites take minutes to load and local programs run at a snail's pace. This type of gradual deterioration of PC performance, especially with memory-intensive programs, may be caused by a RAM problem. Your computer randomly restarts while you are in the middle of something or freeze sporadically. It may also reboot almost immediately upon opening the desktop. This could be a sign of faulty RAM. A blue screen with white text flashes before restarting. Blue-screen errors are annoying because you don't even have a chance to read the error message. Bad RAM is one thing that cause them. Files—particularly ones you frequently access and save—seem to be inexplicably corrupted. RAM issues can lead to this problem, which can worsen over time. The file structure of your hard drive may slowly degenerate and you will no longer be able to boot your machine. Your attempts to install a new program repeatedly fail for unknown reasons. You try to reinstall the operating system, but keep getting odd error messages. If the symptoms started after you recently added more memory, the new module could be faulty. This seems obvious, but any time a problem begins after making a change, first check to see if the change caused the problem. Your computer may produce multiple beeps or a continuous beep when you turn it on. These beeps can indicate many different problems, including being a symptom of bad RAM. Beep codes vary depending on the manufacturer of your BIOS. You can look up the beep codes for your specific computer to figure out its specific problem. If you are an advanced user, there are diagnostic programs that can help you figure out if you have a memory problem. Your computer may have one pre-installed by the manufacturer or you can download a third-party program. The Windows Memory Diagnostic by Microsoft is also good if you suspect memory problems on a Windows PC. If the above programs indicate your memory sticks are functioning, but you still suspect a RAM problem or if you need to find which memory module is the problem, you can try removing the modules and placing them in different slots To remove a RAM module you need to press the tiny levers on each end to release it. Test each of your memory modules one at a time to find which ones are bad. When you find the sticks that are bad you can order replacements. It is possible all the memory modules are damaged if your computer experienced a serious power surge. If all the memory modules appear bad, then the problem is likely with the memory slot itself. Try testing each memory module in each of the memory slots to find if one of the slots is faulty. To fix a faulty slot you would need to replace your motherboard. When replacing a module, make sure the indention on the bottom is lined up correctly with the slot and then press it in until you hear the levers snap. Note that some levers do not make a snapping sound Windows comes with its own memory diagnostic tool. Use the Search tool that came with your version of Windows (for instance, Start > Search in Windows 7, or the Cortana field next to the Start button in Windows 10). Search for memory and select Windows Memory Diagnostic. In the resulting window, click Restart now and check for problems.

CPU SPEED ANOTHER DEFINITION

The clock rate is only one of several factors that can influence performance when comparing processors in different families. There are many other factors to consider when comparing the performance of CPUs, like the width of the CPU's data bus, the latency of the memory, and the cache architecture.The Cache A cache enables the CPU to access recently used information very quickly. A cache significantly affects CPU performance. However, caches also represent some difficulties in simple comparison. The Front Side Bus The Front Side Bus (FSB) is the connection between the CPU and system memory. The Front Side Bus operates at a speed that is a percentage of the CPU clock speed. The faster the speed at which the Front Side Bus allows data transfer, the better the CPU performance. System Memory RAM has an access speed. Faster RAM means that the CPU has to wait less often for data. This effectively makes the CPU faster. The amount of system memory matters as well. The more system memory is available more applications can run at the same time, requiring less reliance on "swapping", or the use of hard drive space for virtual memory. Swapping can seriously affect the performance of the system because hard drives have far lower access speeds than RAM.

CONTRAST RATIO

The contrast ratio is a property of a display system, defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the system is capable of producing. A high contrast ratio is a desired aspect of any display. It has similarities with dynamic range.

sockets

The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the motherboard that houses a CPU and forms the electrical interface and contact with the CPU. Processor sockets use a pin grid array (PGA) where pins on the underside of the processor connect to holes in the processor socket.

dynamic ram

The term dynamic indicates that the memory must be constantly refreshed (reenergized) or it will lose its contents. RAM (random-access memory) is sometimes referred to as DRAM (pronounced dee-ram) to distinguish it from static RAM (SRAM).

`thunderbolt connection

Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface developed by Intel that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer.Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface developed by Intel that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer. Thunderbolt controllers multiplex one or more individual data lanes from connected PCIe and DisplayPort devices for transmission via one duplex Thunderbolt lane, then de-multiplex them for use by PCIe and DisplayPort devices on the other end.[2] A single Thunderbolt port supports up to six Thunderbolt devices via hubs or daisy chains; as many of these as the host has DP sources may be Thunderbolt monitors.[4]

flickering or distortion on crt monitors

Troubleshooting CRTs versus LCDs begins with similar steps, but diverges due to the differing natures of the two display types. The first troubleshooting steps are similar for either display type: power down the system and display and then power them back up; make sure the power cable is connected and that the outlet has power; verify that the signal cable is connected firmly to both video adapter and display and that there are no bent pins; verify that the video adapter is configured properly for the display; try the problem display on a known-good system, or try a known-good display on the problem system; and so on. Once you've tried the "obvious" troubleshooting steps, if the problem persists, the next step you take depends on the type of display. The following sections cover basic troubleshooting for CRTs and LCDs. CRTs seldom fail outright without obvious signs, such as a loud snap or a strong odor of burning electrical components. Most CRT problems are really problems with the power, video adapter, cable, or hardware/software settings. To eliminate the CRT as a possible cause, connect the suspect CRT to a known-good system, or connect a known-good display to the suspect system. If the CRT is the problem, it is often not worth repairing. If the CRT is out of warranty, parts and labor may cost more than buying a new CRT, which also gives you better specs and a warranty. About the only CRTs we'd even consider repairing out-of-warranty are high-end 21" or larger models, and even there the economics are dubious. Even if the CRT is in warranty, the shipping costs may exceed the value of the CRT. For example, shipping a CRT both ways can easily cost $75 or more. If that CRT is a year-old 17" model, you're probably better off spending $100 to $200 for a new 17" or 19" CRT than paying $75 in shipping to have the old one repaired. CRTs have many components, all of which age together. Fixing one is no guarantee that another won't fail shortly. In fact, that happens more often than not in our experience.

usb 3.0

USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard for interfacing computers and electronic devices. Among other improvements, USB 3.0 adds the new transfer rate referred to as SuperSpeed USB (SS) that can transfer data at up to 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s), which is about ten times as fast as the USB 2.0 standard. Manufacturers are recommended to distinguish USB 3.0 connectors from their USB 2.0 counterparts by blue color-coding of the Standard-A receptacles and plugs,[2] and by the initials SS.[3] USB 3.1, released in July 2013, is the successor standard that replaces the USB 3.0 standard. USB 3.1 preserves the existing SuperSpeed USB transfer rate, now called USB 3.1 Gen 1,[4] while defining a new transfer rate called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, also called USB 3.1 Gen 2,[4] which can transfer data at up to 10 Gbit/s (1.25 GB/s, twice the rate of USB 3.0), bringing its theoretical maximum speed on par with the first version of the Thunderbolt interface.[5][6]

usb 3.1

USB 3.1 is a specification published by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s (1280 MB/s).[1] The group ended up creating a new USB specification, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013,[2] replacing USB 3.0 standard. USB 3.1 specification takes over existing USB 3.0's SuperSpeed USB transfer rate, now calling it USB 3.1 Gen 1, and introduces a faster transfer rate called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, also called USB 3.1 Gen 2,[3] putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a caption stylized as SUPERSPEED+. The USB 3.1 standard increases the maximum data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s (1280 MB/s), double that of SuperSpeed USB, and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b.[4] The first USB 3.1 implementation demonstrated real-world transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.[5]

cmos settings

Use the BIOS Menu. The easiest way to clear the CMOS is from your computer's BIOS setup menu. To access the setup menu, restart your computer and press the key that appears on your screen - often Delete or F2 - to access the setup menu. If you don't see a key displayed on your screen, consult your computer's manual.Dec 24, 2012 In computer science, COMS often refers to chips saving basic boot information (such as date, time and startup configuration) of computer. Sometimes, people are confused by CMOS and BIOS. Actually, CMOS is a RAM chip that can be read and written on master board.

HUB

When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. In the past, network hubs were popular because they were cheaper than a switch or router. Today, switches do not cost much more than a hub and are a much better solution for any network.

repeaters and extenders

Wifi Repeater: Say your wireless signal is unable to reach to the other corner of your house , you can install a wireless repeater which will boost the signal coming from the main router. hence this device the repeater is placed between the main router and the other corner of the house. Here the Wi-fi name is same as that of the main router i.e it repeats. Wi-Fi Extender(AP mode): Same works as above but say that you don't mind giving a different name for your new network so you can pull a cable from the main router upto the point where wish to have a new network and plug in the wi-fi extender. Main router is now sending internet through the cable to the extender which is shown with a new wi-fi name.

FIREWALL

a network security system that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.[1] A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another outside network, such as the Internet, that is assumed not to be secure or trusted.[2] Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls or host-based firewalls. Network firewalls filter traffic between two or more networks; they are either software appliances running on general purpose hardware, or hardware-based firewall computer appliances. Host-based firewalls provide a layer of software on one host that controls network traffic in and out of that single machine.[3][4] Firewall appliances may also offer other functionality to the internal network they protect, such as acting as a DHCP[5][6] or VPN[7][8][9][10] server for that network.[11][1

REPEATER

a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example, on another frequency or baud rate. There are several different types of repeaters; a telephone repeater is an amplifier in a telephone line, an optical repeater is an optoelectronic circuit that amplifies the light beam in an optical fiber cable; and a radio repeater is a radio receiver and transmitter that retransmits a radio signal.

color issues

adjust tint in the display settings, may need to degauss the monitor.

virtualization support

allows CPU to process instructions from multiple OS quickly

defective pixels

contact manufactr for warranty issues. use pressure aainst screen, or utility 5screenfix, dead pixel testers, pixel repairer.

system restore

creates a system restore point, which is a snapshot of the system config at a given point in time that contains info about any changes to system components. restore points are stored on the computer hard drive and you can use to restore system settings to earlier settings to earlier state in user data since that time.

access point

device or software that facilitates communication and provides enhanced security to wireless devices. It also extends the physical range of a WLAN.

FIRMWARE

firmware[a] is a type of software that provides control, monitoring and data manipulation of engineered products and systems. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, remote controls and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the low-level control program for the device. As of 2013, most firmware can be updated.[2] Firmware is held in non-volatile memory devices such as ROM, EPROM, or flash memory. Changing the firmware of a device may rarely or never be done during its lifetime; some firmware memory devices are permanently installed and cannot be changed after manufacture. Common reasons for updating firmware include fixing bugs or adding features to the device. This may require ROM integrated circuits to be physically replaced, or flash memory to be reprogrammed through a special procedure.[3] Firmware such as the ROM BIOS of a personal computer may contain only elementary basic functions of a device and may only provide services to higher-level software. Firmware such as the program of an embedded system may be the only program that will run on the system and provide all of its functions.

DNS SERVER

he most important function of DNS servers is the translation (resolution) of human-memorable domain names and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, the second principal name space of the Internet which is used to identify and locate computer systems and resources on the Internet. DNS technology allows you to type names into your Web browser like lifewire.com and your computer to automatically find that address on the Internet. A key element of the DNS is a worldwide collection of DNS servers. A DNS server is any computer registered to join the Domain Name System. A DNS server runs special-purpose networking software, features a public IP address, and contains a database of network names and addresses for other Internet hosts.

SWITCH

is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike less advanced network hubs, a network switch forwards data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same data out of each of its ports.[2] A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses hardware addresses to process and forward data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches can also process data at the network layer (layer 3) by additionally incorporating routing functionality that most commonly uses IP addresses to perform packet forwarding; such switches are commonly known as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.[3] Switches for Ethernet are the most common form and the first Ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana in 1990.[4] Switches also exist for other types of networks including Fibre Channel, Asynchronous Transfer Mode, and InfiniBand.

shadow copy

is a technology included in Microsoft Windows that allows taking manual or automatic backup copies or snapshots of computer files or volumes, even when they are in use..It is implemented as a Windows service called the Volume Shadow Copy service. A software VSS provider service is also included as part of Windows to be used by Windows applications. Shadow Copy technology requires the file system to be NTFS in order to create and store shadow copies. Shadow Copies can be created on local and external (removable or network) volumes by any Windows component that uses this technology, such as when creating a scheduled Windows Backup or automatic System Restore point.

usb 2.0

is an industry standard initially developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices.[4] It is currently developed by the USB Implementers Forum (USB IF). USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles.[5] USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.The USB 2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was ratified by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) at the end of 2001. Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent Technologies (now Alcatel-Lucent), NEC, and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, with the resulting specification achieving 480 Mbit/s, a 40-times increase over the original USB 1.1 specification.

plasma display

plasma display contain a mixture of xenon and neon ionized with electrodes. also is a flat panel to provide visuals with high contrast, brightness, and can be viewed from a multitude of angles.

display turns itself off`

power management may be enabled. adjust CMOS settings or in OS display properties. or displays video card is overheating, causing it to shut down. replace with card with better cooling system, or install fans to cool entire system.

proxy server

proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.[1] A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server and the proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control its complexity. Proxies were invented to add structure and encapsulation to distributed systems.[2] Today, most proxies are web proxies, facilitating access to content on the World Wide Web and providing anonymity

file recovery software

recover deleted files, free sw includes Recuva, PhotoRec, MiniTool Partition Recovery FreeParagon Rescue Kit Free Edition

hyper visor

virtual machine manager core visualization software that enables multiple virtual computers to run on a physical host