Comprehensive Exam

2. What is typically done to reduce the possibility of selection biases? a. Choose the sample from a population that is believed to be very similar b. Control for the similarity of experimental participants c. Use random assignment to place participants into differents experimental condition d. Add a control group to the experiment

C Use random assignment to place participants into differents experimental condition

What neurophysiology researcher's "Neuron Hypothesis" suggested that neurons were separate but form pathways, and there are separate input and output parts of neurons? A. Cajal's Connectional Specificity and Dynamic Polarization. B. Golgi's Nerve Net Hypothesis. C. Sherrington's Synaptic Junctions. D. Hebb's Synaptic Theory of Learning.

A. Cajal's Connectional Specificity and Dynamic Polarization.

6. Which of the following is not a necessary component of informed consent? a. Competence b. Structure c. Knowledge d. Volition

B Structure

What is treatment integrity or fidelity? a. The level or intensity of treatment b. The extent of which the treatment was conducted as intended c. The extent to which the treatment is ethical d. The extent to which the treatment is well specified

B The extent of which the treatment was conducted as intended

8. In inferential statistics the object is usually to generalize from a ______ to a ______. a. data; variable b. sample; population c. population; sample d. constant; variability

B sample; population

What process has occurred if a neuron is less likely to fire because of the input or passive graded potentials? A. Hyperpolarization. B. Depolarization. C. Spatial Summation. D. Temporal Summation.

B. Depolarization.

Which of the following is not an accurate representation of the left and right hemisphere functions? A. Left is verbal and the right is nonverbal. B. Left is routinized and right is novel. C. Left is local and right is global. D. Left is convergent/concordant and right is discordant/divergent.

B. Left is routinized and right is novel.

Which of the following drug effects on neurotransmitters stops the neurotransmitter from returning to, and being taken back into, the presynaptic membrane? A. Neurotransmitter synthesis. B. Neurotransmitter reuptake. C. Neurotransmitter degradation. D. Neurotransmitter inactivation

B. Neurotransmitter reuptake.

What type of neural development disorder results in cavities or cysts that lead to mental retardation and deficits depending on where the lesions occur? A. Anecephaly. B. Porencephaly. C. Encephalocele. D. Holoprosencephaly.

B. Porencephaly.

What type of cell starts out as a spongioblast, and is used to insulate and speed transmission in the central nervous system (i.e., myelin sheathing)? A. Microglia. B. Schwann Cells. C. Astroglia. D. Oligodendroglia.

B. Schwann Cells.

50. Which of the following is the largest professional organization that represents school psychologists? a. Division 16 of the American Psychological Association (Div 16, APA) b. National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) c. International School Psychology Association (ISPA) d. American Academy of School Psychology (AASP)

b. National Association of School Psychologists (NASP)

16. The advantage of a powerful experiment is that _________ a. the probability of a Type I Error is reduced b. you are more likely to detect the real effects of the independent variable, if there are any c. as power increase, alpha increases d. as power increases, N increases

b. you are more likely to detect the real effects of the independent variable, if there are any

5. Which of the following is required in justifying the use of deception? a. The actual purpose is difficult to understand b. The nature of the research is controversial c) Less deceptive techniques will not produce the desired effect d) The deception will be easier for the participant to accept

c) Less deceptive techniques will not produce the desired effect

79. Which set of scores below contains the most variability? a. 15 15 15 15 15 15 b. 3 4 3 4 3 4 c. 1 4 2 5 1 6 d. 25 27 25 27 25 27

c. 1 4 2 5 1 6

55. According to IDEA learning disabilities include students who have learning problems resulting from: a. A low IQ b. Behavior problems c. A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes. d. Low socioeconomic status

c. A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes.

46. Which of the following refers to an item or piece of equipment that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability? a. Assistive technology b. Instructional material c. Accommodation d. Experimental technique

c. Accommodation

40. Which of the following is an accurate statement about national demographics of students enrolled in special education programs? a. Asian students are overrepresented in the emotionally disturbed category. b. White male students are underrepresented in the specific learning disability category. c. African-American students are overrepresented in the mentally retarded category. d. All of the above

c. African-American students are overrepresented in the mentally retarded category.

65. Damien has been diagnosed with a condition that shares certain unusual social interactions and behaviors with autism, but includes no general language delay. What is Damien's diagnosis? a. Cerebral Palsy b. Pervaisve Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified c. Asperger's Syndrome d. Down Syndrome

c. Asperger's Syndrome

32. Which of the following is the first step in a consultative problem solving process? a. Implementing interventions b. Identifying alternative solutions c. Defining and clarifying the problem d. Evaluating results

c. Defining and clarifying the problem

49. Which of the following refers to an approach to school psychology that focuses on identification of risk factors associated with learning and behavioral problems and prevention-oriented systemic interventions? a. Public health model b. Medical model c. Family systems model d. Direct services model

c. Family systems model

25. Which of the following laws sets the federal standard for special education programs and services? a. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLD) b. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) c. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) d. Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

c. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

70. IDEA uses the term________________ to describe children with physical disabilities. a. Physically impaired b. Crippled c. Orthopedically impaired d. Physically disabled

c. Orthopedically impaired

56. Some estimates suggest that 80-90 percent of students with learning disabilities have deficits in: a. Cognitive development b. Motor development c. Reading d. Language

c. Reading

29. Best practice in the area of data-based decision making and accountability would require attention to which of the following factors in conducting an assessment of a student referred for a psychoeducational assessment? a. Classroom environment b. Social-emotional functioning c. Cognitive and academic abilities d. All of the above

d. All of the above

31. Which of the following is identified as a domain for training and practice in School Psychology: A Blueprint for Training and Practice II ? a. Interpersonal communication, collaboration, and consultation b. Student diversity in development and learning c. Data-based decision making and accountability d. All of the above

d. All of the above

33. Which of the following is an expected outcome of school-based consultation? a. Remediation of a student problem b. Improvement in a teacher's ability to handle future problems c. Enhancement of collaborative relationships among school personnel d. All of the above

d. All of the above

35. Which of the following is an appropriate research role for school psychologists? a. Distributor of research b. Conductor of research c. Consumer of research d. All of the above

d. All of the above

37. Which of the following describes evidence-based practice? a. Intervention strategies are selected based on prior research. b. Professional activities are infused with practices proven to be effective in improving outcomes. c. Decisions are based upon data, including results of individual measures of outcome. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

42. School psychologists have knowledge of child development and psychopathology in order to develop and implement prevention and intervention strategies for students with a wide range of needs and disorders. Which of the following is the school psychologist most likely to be able to help? a. A gifted child who suffers from bipolar disorder b. A child who is malnourished with poor hygiene, but has parents who are involved with school activities c. A child who is taking prescribed medication for diabetes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

48. Which of the following is an element of an effective multidisciplinary team? a. Positive interdependence b. Group processing c. Individual accountability d. All of the above

d. All of the above

67. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines deafness as a hearing impairment which is so severe that: a. A child is unable to process linguistic information through hearing b. A child cannot process information with or without amplification c. A child's educational performance is adversely affected d. All of the above

d. All of the above

38. Within a three-tiered model of intervention, activities at the selective (secondary prevention) level could include which of the following? a. Special education services b. A classroom-based program on conflict resolution for all students c. Referral to an outside agency for family therapy d. Anger management group for students who have shown disruptive classroom behavior

d. Anger management group for students who have shown disruptive classroom behavior

71. A unique sound, odor, or physical sensation experienced just prior to the onset of a seizure is called an: a. Hallucination b. Contraction c. Synasthesia d. Aura

d. Aura

47. There is empirical evidence that families can facilitate school success through all of the following EXCEPT: a. Showing interest in academic and personal growth b. Attending and participating in school functions c. Setting clear and consistent limits d. Believing that luck, not effort, influences learning

d. Believing that luck, not effort, influences learning

57. Literature on ADHD increasingly reflects on impulse control and thinking about the consequences of one's own actions. This ability to monitor and regulate is sometimes known as : a. Intercentric awareness b. Explicit control c. Extracentric awareness d. Executive function

d. Executive function

73. Which of the following is not a property of the mean? a. The mean is sensitive to the exact value of all the scores. b. The sum of the deviations about the means equals zero. c. The sum of the squared deviations about the mean is a minimum. d. The mean is most subject to sampling variation.

d. The mean is most subject to sampling variation.

12. When the relation between X and Y is imperfect, the prediction of Y given X is_______ a. perfect b. always equal to Y c. impossible to determine d. approximate

d. approximate

13. When predicting Y, adding a second predictor variable to the first predictor variable X, will______________ a. always increase prediction accuracy b. increase prediction accuracy depending on the relationship between the second predictor variable and X c. increase prediction accuracy depending on the relationship between the second predictor variable and Y d. b and c

d. b and c

18. Data analysis involving statistical inference basically involves _________________ a. determining the standard deviation of the scores b. calculating the appropriate statistic c. evaluating the statistic based on the sampling distribution d. b and c

d. b and c

10. Which of the following is (are) not correlation coefficients? a. Pearson r b. eta c. rho d. chi square

d. chi square

74. Psychological tests a. pertain only to overt behavior. b. always have right or wrong answers. c. do not attempt to measure traits. d. measure psychological constructs.

d. measure psychological constructs.

23. The one-way ANOVA partitions the total variability into ___________ a. SSw and SSb b. SSw and SSt c. SSB and SSt d. none of the above

d. none of the above

19. One employs a correlated groups design___________ a. to eliminate random error b. to simplify calculations c. for prediction d. to reduce the effects of individual differences among subjects

d. to reduce the effects of individual differences among subjects

52. Becky has been identified as having the condition "mental retardation". Rather than refer to Becky as retarded, her school records describe her as a "child with mental retardation". This is an example of" a. Person first philosophy b. self-imposed label c. environmental bias d. cultural bias

a. Person first philosophy

69. Legal blindness as defined by the Social Security Administration is a visual acuity of _________ or worse in the better eye with best correction: a. 20/50 b. 20/200 c. 20/100 d. 20/150

b. 20/200

61. A major component of the 2002 American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) definition is: a.. Reading achievement b. Adaptive skills c. Emotional instability d. Brain development

b. Adaptive skills

66. Most current research on the causation of autism is based in the __________ perspective. a. Psychodynamic b. Biological c. Metaphysical d. Educational

b. Biological

44. Which of the following best describes the ruling in Tarasoff v. Regents of California, 1974 ? a. Students with disabilities are entitled to procedural due process. b. Confidentiality ends where "the public peril begins". c. Students are entitled to equal access to educational programs and services, regardless of race, socioeconomic status, or abilities. d. Schools must use nondiscriminatory assessment procedures.

b. Confidentiality ends where "the public peril begins".

30. A fifth-grade student with limited English proficiency has recently moved into your school district. His classroom teacher has observed that he has significant problems with academic performance and with peer interactions and would like him to be evaluated by the school psychologist. Which of the following would be a primary consideration with regard to assessing this student? a. Age and grade of the student b. Cultural fairness of assessment procedures c. Technical adequacy of the test instruments d. Student's ability to participate in state-mandated testing

b. Cultural fairness of assessment procedures

41. Which of the following factors is NOT a long-term outcome associated with student grade retention? a. Increased risk of dropping out of school b. Increased probability of high school graduation c. Lowered self-esteem d. Poor attendance

b. Increased probability of high school graduation

64. What can be said about this statement "Autism is a disorder that tends to manifest early in a child's life." a. It is false b. It is true c. It is neither true or false d. It is the prevalent belief among professionals

b. It is true

Professor Pine constructed 2 different short history tests by randomly drawing questions from the huge pool of all possible questions about the current material. He has created a. randomly parallel tests. b. a large sample size. c. systematic errors. d. attenuation effects

A Randomly Parallel Tests

200. Myelin is produced by which of the following cells? A) oligodendroglia and Schwann cells B) oligodendroglia and microglia C) astroglia and Schwann cells D) microglia and astroglia

A) oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

An abative effect refers to: A. A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event B. An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event C. No effect in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event D. A combination of decreasing and increasing effects in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event

A. A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event

A discriminative stimulus is: A. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced. B. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced. C. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be placed on extinction. D. A stimulus that cues respondent behaviors to occur.

A. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced.

An s-delta is a. A stimulus in the presence of which reinforcement is withheld if a target response occurs. b. A stimulus in the presence of which reinforcement is delivered if a target response occurs. c. The same thing as a discriminative stimulus. d. A consequence event.

A. A stimulus in the presence of which reinforcement is withheld if a target response occurs

The basic single-subject design is the a. AB Design b. Multiple Baseline Design c. Reversal Design d. Changing Criterion Design

A. AB Design

The three-term contingency is the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior and is made of the following elements: A. Antecedent, behavior, consequence B. Reflex, time, duration C. Learning history, outcomes, stimuli D. Reinforcement, punishment, extinction

A. Antecedent, behavior, consequence

This branch of behavior analysis concentrates on development of a technology to improve behavior. A. Applied behavior analysis B. Experimental analysis of behavior C. Determinism D. Behaviorism

A. Applied behavior analysis

Which of the following is involved in expressive language and syntactical structures? A. Broca's Area. B. Superior Temporal Lobe. C. Angular Gyrus. D. Striate/Extrastriate Cortex.

A. Broca's Area.

Functional communication training is an application of this procedure: a. DRA b. DRO c. DRL d. DRH

A. DRA

When Dolores screams, her mother picks her up and holds her close. "Picking up and holding Dolores close" is considered the: a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Uncontrolled variable d. Confounding variable

A. Independent Variable

The design of choice when the teacher is interested in applying an intervention procedure to more than one individual, setting, or behavior is the: a. multiple baseline design b. alternating treatment design c. reversal design d. changing criterion design

A. Multiple Baseline Design

What evidence supports the new approach to understanding left and right hemisphere functions? A. Newborn processing of language. B. American Sign Language in the deaf. C. Novice/expert fMRI studies. D. All of the above support the new approach. CHECK BEFORE STUDYING

A. Newborn processing of language.

Which of the following constitutes a prompt? A. Physically helping an individual perform a task. B. Providing a reinforcer to an individual for completing a step of a task. C. Praising an individual for his/her performance. D. All of the above.

A. Physically helping an individual perform a task.

The levels of understanding science include: A. Prediction, Description & Control B. Prediction, Description & Calculation C. Prediction, Depiction, & Illustration D. Picture, Description, & Control

A. Prediction, Description & Control

If you are interested in amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher has given an instruction you would measure _________________. A. Response latency B. Interresponse time C. Trials-to-criterion D. Duration

A. Response latency

Which of the following principles suggests that global ability (e.g., IQ)-achievement discrepancy is a problem because the same deficit in the psychological processes (which renders global IQ invalid) also causes a deficit in academic achievement? A. Standard Error of the Difference. B. Mark Penalty. C. Flynn Effect. D. Expectancy Effect.

A. Standard Error of the Difference.

A ______________ _________ is a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions. A. Stimulus class B. Response class C. Antecedent class D. Stimulus change

A. Stimulus class

Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that: A. They both produce an increase in responding. B. They both involve a stimulus change following a target behavior. C. They can either be conditioned or unconditioned. D. All of the above

A. They both produce an increase in responding

The procedure of observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments in time is called ___________. A. Time sampling B. Temporal extent C. Celeration D. Measurement artifact

A. Time sampling

An intraverbal response is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker: A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others. B. asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants C. repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker. D. names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes.

A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others.

The intervention being used to facilitate a behavior change is known as a. Dependent variable b. Independent variable c. Confounding variable d. Intervention variable

B Independent Variable

Which of the following is the most likely to cause a word reading disability? A. A deficit in phonological processes. B. A deficit in visual perception. C. A deficit in reading quickly and efficiently. D. A deficit in explicit comprehension

B. A deficit in visual perception.

A schedule of reinforcement is a rule that describes a. The type of reinforcement used b. A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement c. A calendar of when intervention is delivered d. A rule that describes a contingency of punishment

B. A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement

A stimulus delta is: A. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced. B. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced. C. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be placed on extinction. D. A stimulus that cues respondent behaviors to occur.

B. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced.

For a cell with a -70 mV resting potential, what has happened if it reaches a +40 mV? A. Electrostatic Gradient. B. Action Potential. C. Propagation. D. Saltatory Conduction.

B. Action Potential.

An evocative effect refers to: A. A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event B. An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event C. No effect in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event D. A combination of decreasing and increasing effects in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event

B. An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event

In most cases, the first phase of a single-subject design is: a. implementing the independent variable b. collecting and recording baseline data c. graphic visual analysis of the dependent variable d. none of the above

B. Collecting and recording baseline data

The student who follows the rules each day earns 5 extra minutes at recess. Following the rules is considered the: a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Uncontrolled variable d. Confounding variable

B. Dependent Variable

__________ refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable. a. Baseline b. Experimental control c. Repeated measurement d. None of the above

B. Experimental Control

Dave received a referral for behavioral treatment of an individual's self-injurious behavior. The individual has profound mental disabilities and is nonverbal. The staff who works with the client stated that the behavior emerged rather suddenly about a month ago, and has been getting increasingly worse. The staff haven't attempted any systematic intervention for the behavior yet because they've been taken by such surprise by it. What should Dave do? A. Proceed directly to behavioral intervention without obtaining consent because the behavior is self-injurious. B. Investigate whether the problem might have a medical cause by determining if a medical evaluation has been done recently. C. Refer the individual to another therapist for talk therapy, since it is wise to attempt solving the problem through other disciplines first. D. Implement a punishment procedure to immediately suppress the self-injurious behavior. It is unlikely that reinforcement-based interventions will be successful

B. Investigate whether the problem might have a medical cause by determining if a medical evaluation has been done recently.

The force or intensity of a behavioral response is called A. Topography B. Magnitude C. Strength D. Power

B. Magnitude

When two or more behaviors associated with one student in a single setting are examined, what design is being used? a. multiple baseline across settings b. multiple baseline across behaviors c. multiple baseline across individuals d. alternating treatment design

B. Multiple Baseline across behaviors

This approach to understanding behavior attempts to explain all behavior, including private events. A. Structuralism B. Radical behaviorism C. Methodological behaviorism D. Mentalism

B. Radical Behaviorism

Negative punishment can best be defined as: A. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior. B. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior. C. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior D. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.

B. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.

Negative reinforcement involves: a. Presenting an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior b. Removing an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior c. Removing a desirable stimulus contingent upon a behavior d. Punishing a behavior

B. Removing an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior

This involves the repetition of experiments to determine the reliability of findings. A. Experimentation B. Replication C. Reproduction D. Control

B. Replication

Stimulus generalization has occurred when A. A response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occurs in the absence of the stimulus. B. The same response occurs in the presence of two different, but similar, stimuli. C. One response occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus, and a different response occurs in the presence of a different stimulus. D. One stimulus evokes a number of different, but similar, responses.

B. The same response occurs in the presence of two different, but similar, stimuli.

According the Concordance-Discordance model of identifying learning disabilities, which of the following indicates there is a disability? A. There is a significant difference between the cognitive strength and cognitive deficit. B. There is a significant difference between the cognitive strength and the academic deficit. C. There is no significant difference between the cognitive deficit and the academic deficit. D. All of the above are necessary for determining whether a child has a learning disability.

B. There is a significant difference between the cognitive strength and the academic deficit.

A procedure that can be used to measure a continuous behavior such as academic engagement is _____________________. A. Event B. Whole interval C. Permanent products D. Time sampling

B. Whole interval

A mand is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker: A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others. B. asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants C. repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker. D. names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes.

B. asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants

3. External validity is mostly concerned with: a. The accuracy of experimental hypotheses b. The importance of applying the findings of experiments to different samples c. The generalizability of the findings beyond the setting and sample of the experiment d. The validity and appropriateness of using lab research in natural settings

C The generalizability of the findings beyond the setting and sample of the experiment

Ana consistently increases the number of baskets she makes each game. If the number of baskets she made over the last seven games were plotted on a graph, a _____ trend would be evident. a. Descending b. Variable c. Ascending d. None of the above

C. Ascending

Which of the following subcortical brain structures is involved in both routinized motor skills and automaticity of word retrieval necessary for reading fluency? A. Substantia Nigra. B. Thalamus. C. Cerebellum. D. Fourth Ventricle.

C. Cerebellum.

Positive punishment can best be defined as: A. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior. B. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior. C. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior. D. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.

C. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.

Behavior altering effects have: A. Direct effects B. Conditioned effects C. Direct and indirect effects D. Indirect effects

C. Direct and indirect effects

Continuous reinforcement provides a reinforcement for a. Every second response b. One response only c. Each occurrence of behavior d. For the first response, then non-contingently, or continuously after.

C. Each occurence of behavior

A principle of behavior describes a(n) _______________ _____________ between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables. A. Extinction curve B. Response reinforcer C. Functional relation D. Stimulus relation

C. Functional relation

Which of the following is an example of stimulus fading? A. Taking a line drawing of a bed and slowly changing it into the letters b-e-d to help a child learn to read the word bed. B. Most-to-least prompting. C. Printing a child's name on a piece of paper and having him trace his name. Over time, slowly remove one letter of his name, thus requiring him to trace the first letters but to print the last letters himself. D. All of these are examples of stimulus fading.

C. Printing a child's name on a piece of paper and having him trace his name. Over time, slowly remove one letter of his name, thus requiring him to trace the first letters but to print the last letters himself.

Mrs. Mody decided that because Johnny dumped the contents of his glue container on the floor that he would not only have to clean up his work space, but clean the entire classroom floor. The punishment procedure that Mrs. Mody is using is called: A. Negative reinforcement B. Behavioral contrast C. Restitutional overcorrection D. Negative punishment

C. Restitutional overcorrection

Which of the following examples illustrates socially-mediated negative reinforcement: A. Alice scratches her arm to alleviate an itch. B. Marge closes her eyes when the wind picks up on the beach to avoid getting sand in her eyes. C. Sandy asks her mother for help washing the dishes to reduce the amount of time she has to spend in the kitchen doing chores. D. Paul uses the remote control to mute the television during commercials to avoid listening to the commercial hype.

C. Sandy asks her mother for help washing the dishes to reduce the amount of time she has to spend in the kitchen doing chores.

Required for beginning math instruction, which of Piaget's concepts would be particularly difficult for an individual with prefrontal dysfunction that results in difficulty with putting things in a quantitative order (i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10)? A. Classification. B. One-to-one correspondence. C. Seriation or sequencing. D. Conservation.

C. Seriation or sequencing.

Which of the following is true about determining whether a child meets the IDEA definition of learning disabilities? A. The definition can be determined by using the Response to Intervention Approach. B. The definition can be determined by using the Ability-Achievement Discrepancy Approach. C. The definition can be determined by using cognitive and/or neuropsychological assessment. D. The definition should be ignored when determining whether a child has a learning disability.

C. The definition can be determined by using cognitive and/or neuropsychological assessment.

Which statement is not included in the procedural guidelines for the use of punishment? A. Conduct a punisher assessment B. Consider using varied punishers C. Use the highest intensity of punishment that is effective D. Experience the punisher personally.

C. Use the highest intensity of punishment that is effective

15. If you reject the null hypothesis, you may be making___________ a. a Type II error b. a Type I error c. a correct decision d. b and c According to teacher this is an invalid question and all could be right

D

The key difference between noncexclusion and exclusion time-out is: A. With nonexcluion time-out the individual is not totally removed from the instructional environment. B. There are no differences, they both result in the same effect on behavior. C. With exclusion time-out the individual is at least partially removed from the instructional environment. D. A and C.

D

The behavior support plan may involve a. Changes we will make in the physical setting b. Changes in curriculum c. Changes in schedule d. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which is considered a common component of single-subject designs? a. measure of baseline performance b. measure of performance under an intervention condition c. replication of the use of the intervention within the design d. all of the above

D. All of the above

What would you not expect from a child with a "Fill in the Gaps" profile? A. Reads single words inaccurately. B. Has good reading fluency. C. Guesses at words based on configuration. D. Comprehends most sentences if not too many word recognition errors.

D. Comprehends most sentences if not too many word recognition errors.

Motivating operations: A. Will evoke the target behavior every single time B. May never evoke the target behavior C. Should evoke the target behavior, but may not consistently do so D. Evoke the target behavior even if not first successful at doing so

D. Evoke the target behavior even if not first successful at doing so

Consequences can only affect _________ behavior A. New B. Extinguished C. Immediate D. Future

D. Future

Applied behavior analysts use intermittent reinforcement to a. Build skill acquisition b. Weaken established behaviors c. Strengthen new behaviors d. Maintain established behaviors.

D. Maintain established behaviors

Which design examines an intervention across settings? a. reversal b. multielement c. AB d. multiple baseline

D. Multiple Baseline

The ABAB design is also known as the a. Multiple Baseline Design b. Changing Criterion Design c. Alternating Treatment Design d. Reversal Design

D. Reversal Design

____________ and ___________ are examples of motivating operations that make food more or less effective as reinforcement. A. Time, effort B. Stimulus, antecedent C. Speed, fluency D. Satiation, deprivation

D. Satiation, deprivation

__________________ is the process by which one systematically and differentially reinforces successive approximations to a terminal behavior. a. Task analysis b. Training for stimulus generalization c. Stimulus fading d. Shaping

D. Shaping

Which of the following is likely with a child who has a functional disconnect between phonological and orthographic processes, and instead guesses at words based on the whole word or initial letter configuration? A. She uses her dorsal stream to read words. B. She uses her ventral stream to read words. C. She uses her right hemisphere to read words. D. She uses her dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to read words.

D. She uses her dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to read words.

121. According to Rourke's model of Nonverbal Learning Disabilities and White Matter Syndrome, which of the following would not be a characteristic of a child with this disorder? A. Neglect of self and the environment. B. Poor recognition of facial affect and social cues. C. Difficulty with implicit or complex language. D. All of the above would be characteristic of nonverbal learning disabilities.

D. all of the above (needs to be checked)

An tact is a type of verbal operant in which a speaker: A. differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others. B. asks for (or states, demands, implies, etc.) what he needs or wants C. repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker. D. names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes

D. names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes

81. A Z score of 3 is approximately how many standard deviations above the mean? a. 3 b. 0 c. 99 d. 6

a. 3

78. Calculate the mean for the following set of scores: 4, 8, 3, 7. a. 5.5 b. 4.5 c. 3 d. 6

a. 5.5

82. Approximately what percentage of scores falls below the mean in a standard normal distribution? a. 50% b. 34% c. 1% d. 16%

a. 50%

Noncontingent reinforcement is this type of intervention. a. Antecedent intervention b. Cosequent intervention c. Punishment strategy d. Behavioral momentum intervention

a. Antecedent intervention

Behavior support plans are designed to alter patterns of problem behavior and the process by which this is done involves a. Change in the behavior of family, teachers, staff, or managers in various settings b. Changing the thought patterns of everyone involved in the plan c. Identification of the potential inner states within the individual that need to be changed d. All of the above

a. Change in the behavior of family, teachers, staff, or managers in various settings

408. Demonstration of a functional relation between behavior and the environment is an example of which dimension of Applied Behavior Analysis? a. Correlational b. Behavioral c. Analytic d. Generalizable

a. Correlational

The goal of the support plan is to a. Design a plan that will be both effective and possible to implement b. Be the perfect plan for that behavior and situation c. Describe how to change the thought processes of the person with the problem behavior within the external stimuli that is controlling the problem behavior d. All of the above

a. Design a plan that will be both effective and possible to implement

440. Ralph likes to spin in circles over and over again is an example of which positive maintaining contingency: a. Direct access - sensory stimuli b. Socially mediated access - adult attention c. Socially mediated access - tangible d. Direct access - tangible

a. Direct access - sensory stimuli

402. A teacher who counts the number of times a student raises her hand is using what type of recording system? a. Event recording b. Interval recording c. Latency recording d. Time Sampling recording

a. Event recording

72. According to Sternberg's conceptualization, analytic intelligence is: a. Evidenced by performing well on aptitude and intelligence tests b. Evidenced by performing well on everyday problems c. Evidenced by performing well on achievement tests d. Evidenced by performing well on creativity tests.

a. Evidenced by performing well on aptitude and intelligence tests

Functional assessment is a process for a. Figuring out what is going on in a specific situation b. Redesigning environments so they "work" for people c. Deciding what will be best in a given situation d. None of the above

a. Figuring out what is going on in a specific situation

The four basic schedules of intermittent reinforcement are a. Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval b. Fixed, variable, stable, and continuous c. Continuous, intermittent, mixed, and stable d. None of the above

a. Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval

462. _________________ involves an experimental analysis of the function of the behavior under contrived test conditions. a. Functional analysis b. Functional assessment c. Descriptive analysis d. Treatment trials

a. Functional analysis

The purpose of a functional assessment is to a. Gain information that will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of behavioral interventions b. Provide a standardized assessment that can be used in a report c. Make decisions about the individual d. Decide what the person's primary diagnosis should be

a. Gain information that will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of behavioral interventions

Hikaru excessively interrupts class to ask questions that are not related to the instruction (get teacher attention). The topography of the behavior is a. Interrupting class b. Not listening to directions c. Not following rules d. All of the above

a. Interrupting class

Before you use a chaining procedure, it is recommended that you task analyze the skill to be taught. What does it mean to task analyze a skill? a. Make a sequential list of all the smaller substeps of the task to be trained. b. Plan your prompting strategy carefully. c. Conduct a reinforcer assessment prior to beginning training. d. Analyze the response class and reinforce successive approximations to the terminal behavior.

a. Make a sequential list of all the smaller substeps of the task to be trained.

Too often people providing behavioral support conduct an FBA and then a. Move on to implementing interventions without linking their interventions to the function of the problem behaviors they are attempting to eliminate b. Move on to implementing interventions without linking their interventions to the thought patterns of the person c. Move on to implementing interventions without linking their interventions to the inner states of the person d. All of the above

a. Move on to implementing interventions without linking their interventions to the function of the problem behaviors they are attempting to eliminate

441. Two items are held out in front of an individual and they are given 5 seconds to consume, approach, avoid or emit no response to the items is an example of which preference assessment procedure: a. Paired stimulus b. Multiple stimulus c. Multiple stimulus without replacement d. Single stimulus

a. Paired stimulus

Self-management is best defined as the: a. Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior b. Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces an increase in a desired behavior(s) c. Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a decrease in a desired behavior(s) d. Application of behavior change tactics that causes changes to a particular behavior

a. Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior

The Variable Ratio Schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a a. Quick rate of response b. Slow Rate of Response c. Suspended Rate of Response d. No rate of response

a. Quick rate of response

The same topography of a problem behavior such as hitting may a. Serve different functions b. Arouse different feelings in the person c. Change the person's inner states in different ways d. All of the above

a. Serve different functions

354. ____ disorders include problems in verbal production while ____ disorders represent difficulties in understanding and expressing ideas in the communication system. a. Speech; language b. Language; speech c. Speech; developmental d. Developmental; language

a. Speech; language

367. Which of the following is the best description of the "least restrictive environment" tenet of IDEA? a. Students with disabilities should be educated with general education students as much as possible. b. Students with disabilities should be educated in separate settings with other students with disabilities as much as possible. c. Many students with severe disabilities will need physical restraints to prevent self-harm. d. None of the above

a. Students with disabilities should be educated with general education students as much as possible.

In order for withdraw of a specific reinforcer to be successful: a. The item removed must be a reinforcer. b, The procedure must be applied to an entire group. c. The student must be able to regain access to the item at a later time. d. The practitioner must be able to control access to the item.

a. The item removed must be a reinforcer.

454. What can function as a reinforcer for one person may not function as a reinforer for another person. a. True b. False

a. True

63. Assessing adaptive fit means: a. Understanding how the environment accommodates individual needs b Ensuring that individual has the prerequisite skills before entering the environment c. Changing the goals for the individual without changing the environment d. All of the above

a. Understanding how the environment accommodates individual needs

What is NOT an outcome of a functional assessment interview? a. Understanding of how the person is feeling when they are engaging in the problem behavior b. Identification of general and more immediate physical and environmental factors that predict the occurrence and nonoccurrence of the problem behaviors c. Identification of the potential functions of the behaviors in relation to the outcomes or consequences that are maintaining them d. Development of summary statements describing relationships among situations, behaviors, and their functions

a. Understanding of how the person is feeling when they are engaging in the problem behavior

192. Positive behavior supports are a. a comprehensive research-based approach to producing changes not only for students with behavior disorders, but for all students who present challenging behaviors. b. an approach that addresses all the features and factors that may be related to a child or youth's challenging behaviors. c. an approach in which teachers, parents, and clinicians seek to understand the purposes behind the student's behaviors. d. All of the above

a. a comprehensive research-based approach to producing changes not only for students with behavior disorders, but for all students who present challenging behaviors.

457. The following are all variations of a functional analysis, except: a. alternating function functional analysis b. multielement functional analysis c. brief functional analysis d. latency-based functional analysis

a. alternating function functional analysis

226. Mr. Williams wants to know if using a number line or counting chips would be more effective when teaching addition to James. The most appropriate design to use is: a. alternating treatments design b. multiple baseline design c. changing criterion design d. none of the above

a. alternating treatments design

372. Variance measures the a. amount of spread in a set of scores. b. most frequently occurring score. c. average score. d. difficulty level of scores

a. amount of spread in a set of scores.

129. According to Skinner, natural reinforcers are reinforcers that a) are readily available in the environment. b) have been scheduled previously by the teacher. c) originally were the child's preferred activities. d) were successful in the past.

a. are readily available to the environment

398. Tom was referred for evaluation due to suspected intellectual disabilities. Which of the following assessments are essential in diagnosing this condition? a. assessments of cognitive ability and adaptive behavior b. assessments of cognitive ability and reading comprehension c. assessments of adaptive behavior and executive functioning d. assessments of academic achievement and social-emotional functioning

a. assessments of cognitive ability and adaptive behavior

435. The ____ parenting approach involves high acceptance-responsiveness and high demandingness-control. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. neglectful d. permissive

a. authoritative

443. Elevated rates of problem behavior in an alone condition of a functional analysis suggests: a. behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement b. behavior is maintained by access to a tangible item c. behavior is not related to the conditions of the functional analysis d. behavior is maintained by escape from demands

a. behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement

417. When lying flat, babies can hold their heads up before they can lift their hips or legs. This illustrates the ____ direction of growth. a. cephalocaudal b. cephalodistal c. proximodistal d. proximocaudal

a. cephalocaudal

423. Which memory strategy is being used when a long number is memorized by breaking it into manageable subunits each containing three digits? a. chunking b. method of loci c. implicit memory d. rehearsal

a. chunking

463. The A-B-C method differs from behavioral interviewing in that it requires teachers, facility staff, or parents to ________________. a. collect data in real time b. be precise in the description of the target behavior c. pinpoint the behavior prior to recording baseline data d. report data at least once per week

a. collect data in real time

189. The interchange of ideas, opinions, or facts between senders and receivers is referred to as a. communication. b. talking. c. speech. d. language.

a. communication

458. In a single function test, a test and _______________ condition are alternated, usually in a multielement design. a. control b. multielement c. experimental d. reversal

a. control

375. Cultures a. differ in how they value and reinforce personality, temperament, and intellectual abilities. b. all value outgoing children. c. all place a negative value on a loud conversational tone. d. all value a solitary life style

a. differ in how they value and reinforce personality, temperament, and intellectual abilities.

452. There are four ways reinforcement can be produced: a. direct access, direct escape, socially mediated access, socially mediated escape b. direct, socially mediated, positive, negative c. direct access, direct escape, indirect access, indirect escape d. tangible access, social access, demand escape, sensory access

a. direct access, direct escape, socially mediated access, socially mediated escape

365.Intellectual abilities are a. dispersed throughout the brain. b. located in one area: the temporal lobe. c. located in one area: the parietal lobe. d. None of the above

a. dispersed throughout the brain.

390. The overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a specific cultural group within a specific setting when compared to the percentage of their representation in the general population is known as: a. disproportionality b. standardization c. prevalence d. assimilation

a. disproportionality

196. The most dramatic improvement with children and youth with TBI occurs a. during the first year. b. during the second year. c. during the third year. d. during the fourth year.

a. during the first year

358. These two things are most important to productive functioning: a. efficiency of neuronal connections, increased dendritic branches b. increased axonal connections, increased neurotransmitters in the synapes c. increased dendritic branches, increased generation of neurotransmitters d. efficiency of neuronal connections and good pruning

a. efficiency of neuronal connections, increased dendritic branches

218. A teacher who counts the number of times a student raises her hand is using what type of recording system? a. Event recording b. Interval recording c. Latency recording d. Time Sampling recording

a. event recording

172. Hyperactivity is typically thought of as a. a general excess of activity. b. uncontrollable muscle contractions c. short attention span d. an inability to leave a given task

a. general excess of activity

418. If you turn on a floor fan, an infant will orient toward the sound. After awhile, he/she will appear to lose interest in the spinning blades. The phenomenon underlying the loss of interest is known as a. habituation b. discrimination c. generalization d. maturation

a. habituation

130. Which of the following is an assumption of information-processing theory? a) Human memory is a repository of information. b) Individuals actively process information. c) Prior knowledge is not important in learning. d) The stimulus - response component to memory.

a. human memory is a repository of info

364. Currently, the testing industry in the United States is a. in dismal condition. b. weak, but surviving. c. fairly strong. d. thriving

a. in dismal condition.

119. Consistent with the research of Sackheim and Moffit, what psychosocial pattern might be observed in a child with deficits in concordant/convergent and crystallized abilities, and language dysfunction? A. Internalizing symptoms early, followed by socialized delinquency later in adolescence. B. Internalizing symptoms early, followed by undersocialized delinquency later in adolescence. C. Internalizing symptoms early, followed by typical psychosocial functioning later in adolescence. D. Externalizing symptoms early, followed by typical psychosocial functioning later in adolescence.

a. internalizing symptoms early, followed by socialized delinquency later in adolescence

133. The importance of the zone of proximal development is that it a) is synonymous with adult-directed learning. b) is synonymous with socially mediated learning. c) represents cognitive functions that are ready to mature. d) represents the child's problem-solving abilities.

a. is synonymous with adult-directed learning

166. José is a second grader with limited English proficiency, and he has begun to show serious academic difficulties as the year progresses. One of the primary contributions to these academic difficulties is likely due to a. language difference. b. mental retardation c. autism d.learning disability

a. language difference

202. Which of the following is not part of the cortex? A) limbic lobe B) parietal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe

a. limbic lobe

433. As a securely attached infant, Janeway is MOST LIKELY to hold an internal working model that she is a. lovable b. highly intelligent c. amoral d. part of a clique

a. lovable

436. A parenting style based on ____ is MOST likely to be associated with positive child outcomes. a. love and limits b. love and no limits c. indulgence and sensitivity d. indulgence and insensitivity

a. love and limits

211. Acetylcholine is a type of: A) Neurotransmitter B) Brain tissue C) Gray matter D) Synapse

a. neurotransmitter

369. You have divided your class into five teams of four students each for a classroom activity. You have randomly labeled them Team 1, Team 2, Team 3, Team 4, and Team 5. The team numbers represent a(n) _____ scale of measurement. a. nominal b. ordinal c. ratio d. interval

a. nominal

373. Many psychological traits are distributed roughly along a(n) _____ curve. a. normal b. ogive c. t d. inverted bell-shaped

a. normal

428. Two-year-old Jill calls all the women she knows "Mommy." This is an example of a. overextension b. overregularization c. telegraphic speech d. social speech

a. overextension

429. Dumbo and his Dad are at the zoo. "Look at those huge foots!" exclaims Dumbo, as they watch an elephant in its cage. Dumbo's error in speech BEST demonstrates a. overregularization b. telegraphic speech c. overextension d. holophrasing

a. overregularization

381. Becky has been identified as being "autistic." Rather than refer to Becky as autistic, her school records describe her as a "child with autism." This is an example of a. person first language. b. self-imposed label. c. environmental bias. d. cultural bias.

a. person first language.

427. The basic units of sound in a given language are called a. phonemes b. pragmatics c. semantics d. morphemes

a. phonemes

415. I am the "master gland" that triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands. I am the ____ gland. a. pituitary b. thyroid c. adrenal d. testes

a. pituitary

360. Long-term potentiation can be described as a. playing a role in associative learning b. a phenomenon when the neuron becomes less active in response to repeated stimulation c. unimportant to learning but important to activities of daily living d. critical in the first few years of life only

a. playing a role in associative learning

451. The two types of reinforcement are: a. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement b. direct reinforcement and inter-direct reinforcement c. appropriate reinforcement and inappropriate reinforcement d. wanted reinforcement and unwanted reinforcement

a. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

444. There are two types of maintaining contingencies for problem (or other) behavior: _______________ and ________________ reinforcement contingencies. a. positive, negative b. internal, external c. intrinsic, extrinsic d. good, bad

a. positive, negative

163. Access to education is defined by the U.S. Supreme Court as a. a privilege, not a right. b. a basic American value and right c. a right for some students d. a privilege for some student

a. privilege, not a right

139. Which of the following examples best illustrates the process of perception? a) recognizing the voice of your best friend b) detecting a faint sound during a hearing test c) a sensory neuron in the eye responds to a light hitting it d) a drop of sugar hitting the taste buds on your tongue

a. recognizing the voice of your best friend

149. _________ refers to the ability to select and process certain information while simultaneously ignoring other information a) selective attention b) focused attention c) meaningful attention d) assimilation

a. selective attention

168. Typically, what is the immediate reaction of parents to the birth of their disabled child? a. shock b. anger c. fear d. rejection

a. shock

413. Which BEST describes the continuity approach to development? a. small steps without sudden change b. the belief that children play no role in their development c. common development across humanity d. biologically driven maturation

a. small steps without sudden change

124. A child who observes watches his favorite cartoon character Batman beat up the Joker on TV and then goes to school the next day and beats up another student, is demonstrating which process? a) Social learning b) Classical conditioning c) Operant conditioning d) Self-control

a. social learning

389. Currently, this category represents the largest group of students with IDEA disabilities: a. specific learning disabilities b. intellectual disabilities c. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder d. autistic spectrum disorder

a. specific learning disabilities

154. _____disorders include problems in verbal production while _____disorders represent difficulties in understanding and expressing ideas in the communication system. a. Speech; language b. Language; speech c. Speech; developmental d. Developmental; language

a. speech; language

216. Myelin around axons: A) speeds up transmission of information. B) slows down transmission as if by an insulator. C) has no effect on speed of transmission but acts as a protective coat on the fragile axon. D) has no effect on speed of transmission but allows access of nutrition for the cell.

a. speeds up transmission of info

396. Brandon has been diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. His physician's recommendation for treatment is most likely to include: a. stimulant medication b. anti-anxiety medication c. hypertension medication d. none of the above

a. stimulant medication

215. Increases in heart rate and inhibition of digestion are controlled by: A) the sympathetic nervous system. B) the parasympathetic nervous system. C) the spinal nervous system. D) the cranial nervous system.

a. sympathetic nervous system

416. Which BEST exemplifies the concept of brain plasticity? a. the fact that the brain changes in response to experience b. the fact that a rat brain has the same basic components as a human brain c. the fact that, as the result of hormonal differences, the male brain is smaller than the female brain d. the fact that the brain is built on a plan that is genetically determined

a. the fact that the brain changes in response to experience

176. Successful inclusion is based on a. the individual's ability to adapt to society's expectations in conjunction with society's willingness to adapt to the needs of the individual. b. the individual's competency level regardless of whether society chooses to adapt or not. c. the reality that only the highest functioning people with disabilities can be successful in a community setting. d. None of the above

a. the individual's ability to adapt to society's expectations in conjunction with society's willingness to adapt to the needs of the individual.

392. The traditional and historically most common method of diagnosing a specific learning disability is a. the severe discrepancy model. b. a child's response to empirically-supported Interventions. c. the Concordance-Discordance Model. d. a specific cut-off score on a school-wide achievement test

a. the severe discrepancy model.

414. What is the MOST important factor in determining what crosses the "placental barrier"? a. the size of a molecule b. the age of the fetus c. the shape of the molecule d. the age of the mother

a. the size of a molecule

407. Whole interval recording is most useful for measuring the occurrence of alternative/replacement behaviors because it is likely to: a. underestimate occurrence of the behavior b. overestimate occurrence of the behavior c. capture each instance of the behavior d. all of the above

a. underestimate occurrence of the behavior

409. Baseline logic involves prediction, __________, and replication: a. verification b. mediation c. simplification d. negation

a. verification

Najib becomes aggressive towards others when he doesn't understand teacher directions (escape behavior). The topography of the behavior is a. Escape behavior b. Aggression c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

b. Aggression

438. Standard conditions included in a functional analysis of problem behavior are 1) Escape from demands (to test for social negative reinforcement), 2) Attention (to test for social positive reinforcement), 3) _______________, and Toy Play (a control condition). a. Sensory (to test for sensory disturbances) b. Alone (to test for automatic/sensory reinforcement) c. Stimulation (to test for stimulation) d. Control (to test whether or not the behavior is reinforced by controlling others)

b. Alone (to test for automatic/sensory reinforcement)

397. In the DSM-5, the following is true: a. Autistic Disorder was eliminated b. Asperger's Disorder was eliminated c. Autistic Disorder is subsumed under PDD d. ADHD was eliminated

b. Asperger's Disorder was eliminated

When the intervention is based on the function of the undesirable behavior, consequence interventions may be used to: a. Both weaken the negative thought processes for problem behavior and strengthen the positive thought processes for desired alternative and replacement behaviors b. Both weaken the maintaining consequences for problem behavior and strengthen the consequences for desired alternative and replacement behaviors c. Both weaken the unbalanced inner states for problem behavior and strengthen the positive balanced inner states for desired alternative and replacement behaviors d. All of the above

b. Both weaken the maintaining consequences for problem behavior and strengthen the consequences for desired alternative and replacement behaviors

395. Which of the following is not a symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? a. Difficulty with tasks that require sustained mental effort. b. Directing severe aggression toward peers. c. Fidgeting, squirming in seat, or tapping hands or feet. d. Easily distracted by external stimuli.

b. Directing severe aggression toward peers.

In a very large number of situations, the key to effective reduction of problem behaviors is a. Effective use of standardized assessments to understand the person's functioning level b. Effective instruction of new behaviors c. Effective understanding of what the person is thinking and putting that information to direct use in the applied situation d. None of the above

b. Effective instruction of new behaviors

When the function of the problem behavior is understood in terms of linking setting events and immediate antecedents with the behavior and its consequences in a summary statement, it is possible to a. Effectively understand what the person is thinking when they engage in problem behavior b. Effectively develop a multi-component support plan designed to make the problem behavior irrelevant, inefficient, and ineffective c. Effectively understand the most important inner states of the person when they are engaging in the problem behavior d. All of the above

b. Effectively develop a multi-component support plan designed to make the problem behavior irrelevant, inefficient, and ineffective

What should you do when the patterns of behavior are NOT clear? a. Use a different data collection system. b. Gather data for another 2-5 days to see whether consistent relationships begin to emerge. c. Use what data you have. d. All of the above

b. Gather data for another 2-5 days to see whether consistent relationships begin to emerge.

After you have shaped a successive approximation to a terminal behavior, what reinforcement schedule should you use before increasing your criteria for reinforcement? a. Various b. Intermittent c. Continuous d. Interval

b. Intermittent

Topography of behavior a. Is the same as the function of the behavior b. Is different from the function of the behavior c. Changes the function that the behaviors serve d. All of the above

b. Is different from the function of the behavior

380. Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Labels affect individuals in a similar manner. b. Labels attempt to describe, identify, and distinguish individuals who differ from the norm. c. Labels tend to be stable across cultures. d. Labels are given only to people who differ significantly from the average.

b. Labels attempt to describe, identify, and distinguish individuals who differ from the norm.

355. In comparison to their sighted peers, an educational curriculum for a student with a vision loss has greater emphasis? a. Physiology b. Mobility and orientation c. Physical education d. Math instruction

b. Mobility and orientation

Negative punishment can best be defined as: a. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior. b. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior. c. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior d. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.

b. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.

________________ refers to a specific instance of behavior a. Skill b. Response c. Stimulus d. Function

b. Response

John was taught by his teacher to say, "Hello" when greeting people. Now when he meets people he not only says "hello," but also says: "hi," "good to see you" and "hey there." John's behavior change is an example of: a. Setting/situation generalization b. Response generalization c. Setting/situation maintenance d. Response maintenance

b. Response generalization

This is a procedure whereby a person observes his/her behavior systematically & records the occurrence of nonoccurrence of a target behavior. a. Self-evaluation b. Self-monitoring c. Habit reversal d. Self-instruction

b. Self-monitoring

Replacement behaviors should a. Help the person to think through what they should do b. Serve the same function as the problem behavior c. Increase self-esteem d. None of the above

b. Serve the same function as the problem behavior

Knowing the function of problem behavior allows teachers, family, and others to a. Teach the person to think differently in difficult situations b. Teach appropriate skills and behaviors that can serve the same function as problem behavior, and thereby work as replacement behavior c. Increase the person's self-esteem instead of engaging in the problem behavior d. All of the above

b. Teach appropriate skills and behaviors that can serve the same function as problem behavior, and thereby work as replacement behavior

Immediate antecedent events (predictors) involve a. Figuring out what happens after the problem behavior occurs b. The activity the individual is engaged in when the problem behavior occurs c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

b. The activity the individual is engaged in when the problem behavior occurs

Functional assessment is a process of understanding a. The inner states of a person that tells us why they act the way that they do b. The physiological and environmental factors that contribute to a person's problem behaviors c. The skills that represent a functional curriculum for that individual d. What motivates individuals

b. The physiological and environmental factors that contribute to a person's problem behaviors

Stimulus generalization has occurred when: a. A response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occurs in the absence of the stimulus. b. The same response occurs in the presence of two different, but similar, stimuli. c. One response occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus, and a different response occurs in the presence of a different stimulus. d. One stimulus evokes a number of different, but similar, responses.

b. The same response occurs in the presence of two different, but similar, stimuli.

A second strategy that has proven useful to improve the link between functional assessment outcomes and behavior support plan design is a. To understand what the person is thinking when they are engaging in the problem behavior b. To build a "model" of the functional assessment summary statement and define how the model must be changed to ensure that appropriate behaviors will "compete" successfully with problem behaviors c. To understand what the person is thinking when they are engaging in the problem behavior d. All of the above

b. To build a "model" of the functional assessment summary statement and define how the model must be changed to ensure that appropriate behaviors will "compete" successfully with problem behaviors

When considering what is worth doing, as far as an intervention is concerned, what is/are some important point(s) to consider? a. Whether the goals of intervention are closely aligned to staff goals. b. Whether the costs of implementing the intervention are balanced by the potential benefits to the client. c. Whether staff are motivated to do the intervention. d. Whether you are being paid enough to do the job.

b. Whether the costs of implementing the intervention are balanced by the potential benefits to the client.

431. Prosocial behavior is defined as a. any act that makes a person feel better b. a positive social act reflecting a concern for others c. an act intended to do good, but which actually results in harm to the person at which the act is aimed

b. a positive social act reflecting a concern for others

195. The major goal of treatment for a person with a spinal cord injury is a. emotional stability. b. achievement of independence to the maximum degree possible. c. restoring the use of affected limbs. d. vocational training.

b. achievement of independence to the max degree possible.

132. The integration of external elements into the learner's cognitive structure is referred to as a) accommodation. b) assimilation. c) equilibration. d) internalization.

b. assimilation

419. Piaget stated that adaptation involves the two major processes of a. accommodation and symbolic thinking b. assimilation and accommodation c. assimilation and organization d. organization and equilibration

b. assimilation and accommodation

152. ____ devices held an individual with disabilities to adapt to the natural settings of home, family, and school. The devices may include computers, hearing aids, and wheelchairs.

b. assistive technology

386. Students from diverse cultural backgrounds, limited English proficiency, and poverty are a. not at risk for educational difficulties. b. at a higher risk for educational difficulties. c. sure to receive special education services. d. not going to receive special education services.

b. at a higher risk for educational difficulties.

461. In the _____________ condition, contingent on self-injurious behavior, the therapist would make a statement such as "don't do that" and touch the child lightly on the arm or shoulder. a. demand b. attention c. sensory d. play

b. attention

136. All of the following are components of attribution theory except a) motivation includes humans' search for understanding. b) attributions are related to an incremental theory of intelligence. c) attributions have internal and external causal influences. d) perceived causes of prior outcomes influence future behavior.

b. attributions are related to an incremental theory of intelligence

148. Tasks that are overlearned or sources of information become habitual is referred to as a) constant conditioning b) automaticity c) semantic d) rote learning

b. automaticity

456. The SD is a stimulus associated with the _______________ of an outcome, contingent on a particular behavior. a. value b. availability c. quality d. desirability

b. availability

394. Down syndrome is caused by a. substance abuse. b. chromosomal abnormality. c. metabolic error. d. infection.

b. chromosomal abnormality.

357. The corpus callosum: a. regulates motor movement b. connects the two hemispheres c. contains 4 lobes d. controls breathing

b. connects the two hemispheres

442. The demand condition of a functional analysis tests for problem behavior that is maintained by: a. contingent attention b. contingent escape from task demands c. contingent access to a tangible item d. sensory stimulation

b. contingent escape from task demands

175. The intent of the ADA is to a. end racial discrimination. b. create a fair and level playing field. c. accommodate all needs. d. regulate small business.

b. create a fair and level playing field

450. Escape behaviors can function to produce termination of an aversive event in two ways: a. directly and indirectly b. directly and through social mediation c. socially mediated and indirectly d. none of the above

b. directly and through social mediation

219. Ms. Lee wants to increase the amount of time her kindergarten students remain on task. What recording system would be most appropriate for Ms. Lee to use? a. Latency recording b. Duration recording c. Interval recording d. Event recording

b. duration recording

162. A fundamental purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act is to a. require that every person with a disability have a job if he or she wants one. b. end discrimination against people with disabilities. c. establish a quota that requires every employer to hire at least one person with a disability. d. provide income (cash) support to people with disabilities who are unable to work.

b. end discrimination against people with disabilities

382. A fundamental purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act is to a. require that every person with a disability has a job if he or she wants one. b. end discrimination directed against people with disabilities. c. establish a quota that requires every employer to hire at least one person with a disability. d. provide income (cash) support to people with disabilities who are unable to work.

b. end discrimination directed against people with disabilities.

220. What recording procedure should a teacher use if he wanted to be as exact as possible in recording frequently occurring aggressive behaviors (such as hitting, kicking, and biting) during a 20-minute activity period? a. Time Sampling b. Event Recording c. Interval recording d. Duration recording

b. event recording

151. Students with emotional and behavior disorders, in contrast to other students with disabilities, a. have average academic performance. b. exhibit the poorest academic outcomes. c. demonstrate above-average intelligence. d. achieve similar grade point averages.

b. exhibit the poorest academic outcomes

190. Students who have difficulty with language production may be experiencing what type of disorder? a. receptive language disorder b. expressive language disorder c. articulation disorder d. voice disorder

b. expressive language disorder

209. The cortex is divided into: A) three lobes. B) four lobes. C) five lobes. D) six lobes.

b. four lobes

430. Difficult temperament is characterized by a. low irritability and negative reactions to change in routine b. high irritability and negative reactions to change in routine c. low irritability and positive reactions to change in routine d. high irritability and positive reactions to change in routine

b. high irritability and negative reactions to change in routine

425. An information-processing theorist focusing on intelligence testing would be MOST LIKELY interested in a. the statistics used to calculate an IQ score b. how children solve the problems on the test c. a child's full IQ score d. why children solve problems on the test

b. how children solve the problems on the test

135. A personal goal structure of failure avoidance is characterized by a) demonstrating learning through persistence. b) implementing self-protecting strategies. c) striving for mastery. d) willingness to seek help.

b. implementing self-protecting strategies

214. The ventral portion of a structure is sometimes called: A) superior. B) inferior. C) dorsal. D) medial.

b. inferior

137. In attribution theory, the belief that outcomes are independent of one's actions is known as a) inadequate self-image. b) learned helplessness. c) low self-concept. d) personal inefficacy

b. learned helplessness

206. The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of: A) the basal ganglia. B) the limbic system. C) the olfactory system. D) the hindbrain.

b. limbic system

370. The _____ is the middle score in a set of scores arranged in order of magnitude. a. mean b. median c. mode d. range

b. median

141. The processes of recording, storing, and retrieving experiences are most relevant to which of the following? a) consciousness b) memory c) sensation d) motivation

b. memory

188. James has a significant cognitive delay as well as other health impairments that, in conjunction, cannot be treated in a program that focuses just on cognitive deficits. James has a. autism. b. multiple disabilities. c. dual diagnosis. d. all of the above

b. multiple disabilities

399. James has a significant cognitive delay as well as other health impairments that cannot be treated in a program that focuses just on cognitive deficits. It is likely that James may have a. a dual diagnosis b. multiple disabilities c. autism spectrum disorder d. an intellectual disability

b. multiple disabilities

446. If you serve individuals who more often engage in behavior problems during task demands, compliance situations, instructional conditions, or chores and/or work, an understanding of ______________ is critical to the analysis of such behaviors function and the design of effective treatments. a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. mental illness d. parenting styles

b. negative reinforcement

422. Deferred imitation always a. involves a reflex action b. occurs after a delay between seeing an action and the response c. reflects the method of loci d. indicates that an implicit memory has been activated

b. occurs after a delay between seeing an action and the response

140. The psychological term "perception" specifically refers to the process in which: a) the sense organs respond to external stimuli. b) organization and meaning are given to incoming stimuli. c) transduction takes place. d) the sense organs translate stimuli into nerve impulses.

b. organization and meaning are given to incoming stimuli

173. The U.S. Department of Education has stipulated that ADHD students are eligible for services under the IDEA category of a. orthopedic impairment. b. other health impairment c. mental retardation d. emotional/behavioral disorders

b. other health impairment

406. Partial interval recording is most useful for measuring the occurrence of problematic behaviors because it is likely to: a. underestimate occurrence of the behavior b. overestimate occurrence of the behavior c. capture each instance of the behavior d. all of the above

b. overestimate occurrence of the behavior

153. In recent years, the focus on educational placement for students with intellectual disabilities has been on: a. special school settings b. programs within their local public schools c. home and hospital programs d. residential living and instructional settings

b. programs within their local public schools

385. Students with disabilities eligible under Section 504/ADA but not eligible under IDEA are entitled to a. special education and related services. b. reasonable accommodations or modifications in their educational program. c. both A and B d. none of the above

b. reasonable accommodations or modifications in their educational program.

187. The support needs of individuals with severe and multiple disabilities _____. a. can be met by educators without involving other disciplines b. require the involvement of many different professional disciplines c. are primarily medical in nature d. none of the above

b. require the involvement of many different professional disciplines

126. According to Skinner, behavior is primarily controlled by a. antecedent stimuli. b. response characteristics. c. subsequent stimuli. d. the immediate environment.

b. response characteristics

203. Dopamine may be related to: A) depression. B) schizophrenia. C) Alzheimer's disease. D) mania.

b. schizophrenia

127. Reinforcing successively more appropriate responses is known as a. secondary reinforcement. b. shaping behavior. c. stimulus discrimination. d. stimulus generalization.

b. shaping behavior

453. Behaviors that achieve their effect through the mediation of someone else are called _____________________. a. direct b. socially mediated c. positive d. negative

b. socially mediated

185. Drew is a student with autism who is having great difficulty with transitions at home and school. One method that research has shown to be effective in helping Drew with transitions is a. nothing. Drew will get used to the transition. b. structured verbal and visual cues. c. unstructured verbal and visual cues. d. auditory stimulation.

b. structured verbal and visual cues

115. If a child spells "plasement" for the word placement, what type of error is she displaying? A. Omission Error. B. Substitution Error. C. Addition Error. D. Sequencing Error.

b. substitution error

128. According to Skinner, consequences that function as punishment a) suppress the discriminative stimulus. b) suppress the unwanted behavior. c) terminate related behaviors. d) terminate the unwanted behavior.

b. suppress the unwanted behavior

393. Response to Intervention (RTI) refers to a. the discrepancy between a student's intellectual ability and his/her academic achievement as measured on standardized tests. b. the assessment of student response to instructional interventions that are scientifically (evidence) based. c. a specific cut-off score on a state achievement test d. all of the above.

b. the assessment of student response to instructional interventions that are scientifically (evidence) based.

363. The Binet-Simon Scale had early success because it helped school systems identify students a. who needed a multi-sensory learning approach. b. who were having difficulty learning. c. who were gifted. d. with behavioral as well as intellectual problems.

b. who were having difficulty learning.

134. According to Vygotsky, the role of imaginary play in cognitive development is a) fine tuning the use of egocentric speech. b) learning the signs of the culture. c) moving from the visual to the cognitive domain. d) relating to others in new ways.

c) moving from the visual to the cognitive domain.

191. IDEA defines seriously emotionally disturbed using which of the following criteria? a. refers to a condition in which behavior or emotional responses adversely affect educational performance b. is more than a transient, expected response to stressors in the child's environment c. is an inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors d. may coexist with other disabling conditions

c. . is an inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors

194. In the case of acquired vision loss, the critical age for the retention of visual imagery is prior to a. one year. b. two years. c. five years. d. ten years.

c. 5 years

387. In order for a student with a disability to receive specialized services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, he or she must have a. a disability condition as identified in federal law, or a counterpart in state law. b. a demonstrated need for special education and/or related services. c. A and B d. none of the above

c. A and B

Understanding the consequences that maintain problem behaviors is a. Important in determining what will be successful with that individual b. To control what the person does c. An essential element of a functional assessment d. Important but not the key element of a functional assessment

c. An essential element of a functional assessment

In a token economy, the tokens: a. Should be a highly desirable item b. Should be something learners can easily find in other places (to aid with generalization of the token economy in other settings) c. Are generalized, conditioned reinforcers that are exchanged for backup reinforcers d. All of the above

c. Are generalized, conditioned reinforcers that are exchanged for backup reinforcers

If the problem behavior produces a more powerful reinforcer than the desired behavior, an effective strategy would be to a. Increase the reinforcer value associated with engaging in the desired behavior b. Decrease the reinforcer value for engaging in the problem behavior c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

c. Both of the above

Proactive and preventative interventions may focus on a. Setting events b. Antecedents c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

c. Both of the above

When the selection of an intervention is not linked to the function of problem behavior, it is a. More likely to be ineffective b. May make the problem worse c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

c. Both of the above

Positive punishment can best be defined as: a. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior. b. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior. c. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior. d. Removal of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.

c. Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.

439. Scratching an itch is an example of which negative maintaining reinforcer: a. Socially mediated escape - relatively difficult task b. Socially mediated escape - unpleasant social situations c. Direct escape - aversive physical stimuli

c. Direct escape - aversive physical stimuli

A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for the first correct response following a a. Fixed number of responses b. Variable number of responses c. Fixed duration of time d. Variable duration of time.

c. Fixed duration of time

The goal of functional behavioral assessment is to a. Identify what the individual is thinking when they engage in problem behavior b. Identify functional relationships between inner states and problem behavior c. Identify the function of undesirable behavior d. All of the above

c. Identify the function of undesirable behavior

Ecological or setting events a. Include those aspects of a person's environment or daily routines that happen immediately before or after the undesirable behaviors but still affect whether these behaviors are performed b. Describe what the person does c. Include those aspects of a person's environment or daily routines that do not necessarily happen immediately before or after the undesirable behaviors but still affect whether these behaviors are performed d. Include what the person is thinking at the time they engage in the problem behavior

c. Include those aspects of a person's environment or daily routines that do not necessarily happen immediately before or after the undesirable behaviors but still affect whether these behaviors are performed

401. "After the bell rang, it took Blake 11 minutes to get to his next class" is an example of what behavioral dimension? a. Duration b. Frequency c. Latency d. Rate

c. Latency

Functional assessment should always strive to a. Narrow the focus to understanding what the individual is thinking when they engage in problem behavior b. Document functional relationships between inner states and problem behavior c. Make sure there is a logical connection between the gathering of assessment information and the development of behavior support plans d. All of the above

c. Make sure there is a logical connection between the gathering of assessment information and the development of behavior support plans

Stimulus equivalence: a. Means that two stimuli share a number of common features. b. Is important to the development of stimulus discrimination. c. Means that a person responds accurately to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following training on different stimulus-stimulus relations. d. Requires testing of reflexivity, symmetry, and commonality.

c. Means that a person responds accurately to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following training on different stimulus-stimulus relations.

Elsa conducted a preference assessment for Jordan, a 5 year-old-boy with autism with whom she works. She arranged 10 stimuli on a table and allowed him a little time to interact with the stimuli prior to the assessment. Then, she began her assessment, allowing Jordan to select a stimulus and play with it. When Jordan finished playing with that item, Elsa put the toy away and allowed Jordan to select another toy. She repeated this procedure until there were only 3 toys left. What form of preference assessment is this? a. Forced choice b. Survey c. Multiple stimulus d. Single stimulus

c. Multiple stimulus

If one wants to determine the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer relative to another stimulus, which assessment method would be most appropriate? a. Concurrent schedule assessment b. Multiple schedule assessment c. Progressive-ratio schedule assessment d. Paired stimulus assessment

c. Progressive-ratio schedule assessment

A ________________ _____________ is a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment. a. Shaped response b. Complete repertoire c. Response class d. Skill set

c. Response class

366. Which of the following statements best describes the first step in the assessment process? a. Consider the influence of relevant others. b. Observe the child in several settings. c. Review the referral information. d. Interview the child's parents.

c. Review the referral information.

383. This provision of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in federally assisted programs. a. Public Law 94-142 b. Public Law 94-357 c. Section 504 d. Section 401

c. Section 504

This is the extent to which a learner emits the target behavior in a setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting. a. Setting/situation maintenance b. Response generalization c. Setting/situation generalization d. Response maintenance

c. Setting/situation generalization

356. Emily was involved in a skiing accident that resulted in paralysis. This condition is called: a Spina bifida b. Cerebral palsy c. Spinal cord injury d. Muscular dystrophy

c. Spinal cord injury

For Hiraru, a potential positive intervention based upon function of the behavior would be to a. Change how the teacher is teaching b. Have Hiraru think before acting c. Teach a self-management strategy for limited question asking d. None of the above

c. Teach a self-management strategy for limited question asking

For Najib, a potential positive interventions based upon function of the behavior would be to a. Punish (decrease) the aggressive behaviors b. Teach him how to think differently in these difficult situations c. Teach him how to ask for help when directions are not clear d. None of the above

c. Teach him how to ask for help when directions are not clear

Functional assessment is not like a medical diagnosis because a. Medical issues are not that important in analyzing problem behavior b. Different types of jargon are used c. The information from a functional assessment does not allow a simple match of a problem behavior with a prepackaged clinical intervention d. None of the above

c. The information from a functional assessment does not allow a simple match of a problem behavior with a prepackaged clinical intervention

A post reinforcement pause is when a. The subject demands delivery of reinforcement b. The subject speeds up responses to quicken the delivery of reinforcement c. The subject does not respond for a period of time following reinforcement d. The subject indefinitely refuses to respond after the delivery of reinforcement

c. The subject does not respond for a period of time following reinforcement

A common mistake in building behavior support plans is to a. Focusing on changes in immediate antecedent events b. Diagramming the competing behavior model, and review the logic and structure of the model c. To begin with the consequences for the problem behavior d. None of the above

c. To begin with the consequences for the problem behavior

171. According to IDEA 2004, the term "learning disabilities" includes students who have learning problems resulting from a. a low IQ. b. behavior problems. c. a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes. d. low socioeconomic status.

c. a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes

420. Once while she was about to take a nap, baby Carolyn accidentally sucked on her blanket. Now she repeatedly sucks on the blanket when she's going to sleep. This new behavior is an example of a. coordination of secondary schemes b. a primary circular reaction c. a secondary circular reaction d. a tertiary circular reaction

c. a secondary circular reaction

184. A component of the 2009 American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) definition of intellectual disability is a. reading achievement. b. emotional stability. c. adaptive skills. d. brain development.

c. adaptive skills

177.In order for a student with a disability to receive specialized services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, he or she must have a. a disability condition as identified in federal law, or a counterpart in state law. b. a demonstrated need for special education and related services. c. All of the above d. None of the above

c. all of the above

198. Increased feedback a. Sometimes improves learning b. Has no effect on learning and performance c. Almost always improves learning and performance d. Is not as effective as computer assisted learning

c. almost always improves learning and performance

225. The single-subject design which allows comparison of more than one treatment or intervention is the: a. multiple baseline design b. reversal design c. alternating treatments design d. none of the above

c. alternating treatments design

122. according to Davidson's work on affective style and psychopathology, what subcortical structure is critical for emotional competency? A. Hypothalamus. B. Hippocampus. C. Amygdala. D. Tectum.

c. amygdala

156. Damien has been diagnosed with a condition that shares a certain unusual interactions and behaviors with autism, but includes no general language delay. What is Damien's diagnosis? a. Cerebral palsy b. Autism c. Asperger syndrome d. Down syndrome

c. asperger syndrome (need to double check)

155. Josh has begun to exhibit deficiencies in language, interpersonal skills, affective behavior, and intellectual functioning. Most of his symptoms were evident before he was three, and his parents report an increased amount of self-stimulating behavior. It is likely that Josh has been diagnosed as having: a. Down syndrome b. Intellectual disabilities c. Autism d. TBI

c. autism

223. The measurement of a behavior before intervention begins is called: a. preliminary data b. variable data c. baseline data d. confounding data

c. baseline data

391. The least restrictive environment (LRE) requirement in IDEA states that students with disabilities should a. be fully included in general education classrooms. b. receive an equal education. c. be educated with their nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate. d. go to special schools.

c. be educated with their nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate.

123. Which of the following cortical-subcortical circuits is often implicated in children with depression, with deficits leading to slow psychomotor speed and difficulty with decision-making? A. Orbital Circuit. B. Motor Circuit. C. Cingulate Circuit. D. Oculomotor Circuit.

c. cingulate circuit

412. A behavior analyst is collecting baseline data on problem behavior before introducing an intervention. Four baseline observation sessions have been conducted and behavior has occurred at a frequency of 3, 10, 0, and 8, respectively. The behavior analyst should: a. introduce the intervention during the next session to prevent a protracted baseline phase b. conduct at least five baseline observation sessions before introducing the intervention c. continue baseline observation sessions until behavior frequency is stable d. conduct at least ten observation sessions and introduce the intervention regardless of behavior stability

c. continue baseline observation sessions until behavior frequency is stable (just checked with her, C is correct)

410. Single subject design strategies involve: a. statistically significant findings about the single subject b. between group comparisons c. demonstrations of experimental control d. inferential statistics

c. demonstrations of experimental control

437. With regard to Kübler-Ross's theory, subsequent research on death and dying has a. provided substantial support for her theory b. found that anger is not a typical reaction to death c. determined that the dying process does not unfold in the manner she suggested d. found that her theory holds in the United States, but not in other cultures

c. determined that the dying process does not unfold in the manner she suggested

181. Parents who effectively use cognitive coping strategies in dealing with their children with disabilities do the following: a. experience modest pain in responding to their children's limitations. b. develop disciplinary skills that allow them to deal with the challenges of having a child with a disability. c. develop ways of thinking about their children's conditions that help them respond positively to the child's needs. d. develop management strategies that help them respond to the physical demands inherent in caring for their children.

c. develop ways of thinking about their children's conditions that help them respond positively to the child's needs.

379. The term "exceptional" describes individuals who a. are limited because of environmental demands. b. have superior academic abilities. c. deviate either higher or lower from the norm and may require specialized services. d. have a general malfunction of mental processing.

c. deviate either higher or lower from the norm and may require specialized services.

400. Among IDEA classification categories, students who have been identified with the following are most likely to be educated in special education programs outside the local public school: a. specific learning disability b. intellectual disability c. emotional disturbance d. other health impairment

c. emotional disturbance

138. An identified teacher characteristic that contributes to a positive classroom environment is a) decreasing student responsibility for learning. b) establishing normative grading. c) expectancy for student success. d) reduction of feedback for student errors.

c. expectancy for student success

158. Educational placement of a student with a vision loss should be dependent upon a. readiness. b. motivation. c. extent to which vision loss affects academic performance. d. extent to which vision loss affects social behaviors.

c. extent to which vision loss affects academic performance

405. When using whole interval recording a teacher records behavior if it occurs: a. at the end of the interval b. at the beginning of the interval c. for the entire interval d. at any time during the interval

c. for the entire interval

403. When constructing a graph, the unit of time (e.g. sessions, days, etc.) is plotted along the _______ axis and behavior is plotted along the ________ axis: a. y axis; x axis b. vertical axis; horizontal axis c. horizontal axis; vertical axis d. ordinate; abscissa

c. horizontal axis; vertical axis

210. Afferent is to efferent as: A) out is to in. B) top is to bottom. C) in is to out. D) bottom is to top.

c. in is to out

445. Positive reinforcement contingencies involve behaviors that produce an environmental event, that subsequently _________________ the likelihood of that behavior under the same or similar conditions. a. decreases b. changes c. increases d. modulates

c. increases

150. IDEA defines emotionally disturbed using which of the following criteria? a. is primarily a problem with externalizing behavior b. is more than a transient, expected response to stressors in the child's environment c. is an inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors d. always coexists with other disabling conditions

c. is an inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors

146. A modern evolutionary theorist would most likely assert that humans are social creatures because social behavior: a) is instinctual. b) satisfies our need for growth. c) is intrinsically motivating. d) presumably produces survival advantages.

c. is intrinsically motivating

411. Single subject design data are most commonly depicted as a: a. histogram b. scatterplot c. line graph d. cumulative record

c. line graph

11. If the distribution is symmetrical, which is the best measure of central tendency? a. mode b. median c. mean d. variance

c. mean

212. Regulation of breathing and the cardiovascular system is primarily controlled by: A) the pons. B) the reticular activating system. C) the medulla. D) the cerebellum.

c. medulla

111. According to Geary, which developmental stage in math computation skills is characterized by picking the largest number first, then adding the smaller number (i.e., five plus two à 5, then 6, 7)? A. Sum Procedure. B. Max Procedure. C. Min Procedure. D. Finger Counting.

c. min procedure

157. _____ are concomitant impairments such that the student cannot have his or her needs met in special education programs designed solely for one impairment. a. Intellectual disabilities b. Emotional/behavioral disorders c. Multiple disabilities d. Severe disabilities

c. multiple disabilities

201. Six layers of gray matter on top of a layer of white matter would describe: A) the limbic cortex. B) the basal ganglia. C) the neocortex. D) the cingulate cortex.

c. neocortex

116. If a child has difficulty with handwriting due to poor letter size, shape and spacing, what psychological construct might the child have difficulty with? A. Constructional praxis. B. Receptive language. C. Phonological processes. D. Novel problem solving.

c. phonological processes

460. In the _____________ condition the client is provided non-contingent access to pleasurable activities. a. alone b. demand c. play d. attention

c. play

170. During which stage do parents begin to understand the demands that result from raising their child with a disability? a. shock stage b. defensive retreat stage c. realization stage d. acknowledgment stage

c. realization stage

144. ____________ appear(s) to enhance memory by creating a perceptual set or a readiness to perceive, organize, and interpret information in a particular way. a) Acronyms b) Proactive interference c) Schemas d) Dual encoding

c. schemas

426. Mental retardation is defined as a. significantly below-average IQ alone b. significant deficits in adaptive behavior alone c. significantly below-average IQ and deficits in adaptive behavior d. significantly below-average IQ and deficits in adaptive behavior and above-average skills in at least one academic area

c. significantly below-average IQ and deficits in adaptive behavior

371. When the bulk of scores in a set are at the high end or the low end of the set, the distribution can be said to be a. bimodal. b. split. c. skewed. d. imbalanced

c. skewed

169. Which disability would be immediately recognized at birth? a. a learning disability b. a communication disorder c. spina bifida d. mental retardation

c. spina bifida

160. The authors of the textbook state that a problem associated with teachers nominating students for assessment for gifted, creative, and talented programs is that a. teachers resent having to nominate students. b. teachers fear making an inappropriate referral. c. teachers are unfamiliar with the traits and behaviors underlying giftedness. d. teachers are bound by obsolete rules and guidelines.

c. teachers are unfamiliar with the traits and behaviors underlying giftedness

447. In negative reinforcement, the effect of the behavior is to __________________ the presentation of, an aversive effect. a. cause b. initiate c. terminate/postpone/avoid d. predict

c. terminate/postpone/avoid

217. Sulci are: A) found only in the cerebellum. B) found only in the cerebrum. C) the cracks between the bumps on the brain. D) the bumps on the surface of the brain.

c. the cracks between the bumps on the brain

229. _________ refers to any number of factors involved in research. a. Condition b. Intervention c. Variable d. Functional relationship

c. variable

When constructing a graph, behavior is plotted along the: a. x axis b. horizontal axis c. vertical axis d. abscissa

c. vertical axis

221. Time sampling would be the most appropriate method for recording which behavior? a. hitting others b. a student raising his hand c. wandering around classroom/out-of-seat d. answering a ringing telephone

c. wandering around classroom/ out of seat

145. The concept of state-dependent memory asserts that memory retrieval will be better if: a) the environment during encoding is similar to the environment during retrieval. b) the environment during encoding is different from the environment during retrieval. c) your internal state during encoding is similar to your internal state during retrieval. d) your internal state during encoding is different from your internal state during retrieval.

c. your internal state during encoding is similar to your internal state during retrieval

The field of psychology is being shaped by moral issues. Which of the following is not a current moral issue in psychology? a.Labeling b.Human Rights c.Response to Intervention d.Invasion of Privacy

c.Response to Intervention

9. Y can be most accurately predicted from X if the correlation between X and Y is ________. a. 0.80 b. 0.00 c. 0.45 d. -0.98

d. -0.98

388. Which of the following IQ scores is considered within the range of an intellectual disability? a. 120 b. 100 c. 80 d. 60

d. 60

24. Which of the following are examples of nonparametric tests? a. chi square b. Mann-Whitney U c. The sign test d. All of the above

d. All of the above

361. A report on a child referred for an evaluation should be based on multiple assessment procedures including a. information obtained from psychological tests, questionnaires, and rating scales. b. interviews with the child, his or her parents, his or her teachers and others. c. observations in multiple settings. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

362. In preparing a psychological report, consider a. the frequency, duration, and magnitude of the child's problems. b. when and where the problems began and currently occur. c. how the individuals who work with the child currently handle the problems. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

368. Which of the following characteristics of the child may affect the accuracy of the assessment findings? a. Language b. Understanding of test directions c. Attitude toward testing d. All of the above

d. All of the above

374. Reliability of a test can be affected by a. test length. b. guessing. c. sample size. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

376. An examiner can diminish his or her effectiveness by a. displaying a patronizing attitude by expecting the worst. b. lowering expectations of the child. c. failing to recognize the value of child's traditional customs and mores. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

It is important to collect information from the person performing the problem behavior because a. They can state preferences for activities or items b. They describe their inner state at the time of the problem behavior c. They describe their thought processes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

People to be interviewed for the functional assessment interview include a. Teachers and other support providers b. Family members c. The person with the problem behavior d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Primary outcomes of the functional assessment process involve a. A clear description of the problem behaviors, including classes or sequences of behaviors that frequently occur together b. Identification of the events, times, and situations that predict when the problem behaviors will and will not occur across the full range of typical daily routines c. Identification of the consequences that maintain the problem behaviors d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Summary statements describe a. A situation in which problem behaviors occur b. The behaviors that are occurring c. The function the behaviors serve d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The functional assessment interview a. Serves to narrow the focus to those events that may be very important for the individual receiving support b. Does not empirically document functional relationships c. Helps to identify those variables—settings, events, activities—that can be targeted through direct observation and/or systematic manipulation strategies d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The individuals who exhibit problem behaviors may a. Be labeled as having a disability b. Have no disability label c. Be extremely intelligent d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which themes are important in the design of behavioral support plans? a. The plan should indicate how staff, family, or support personnel will change and not just focus on how the person of concern will change. b. The plan should be directly based on the functional assessment information. c. The plan should be a good fit with the values, resources, and skills of the people responsible for implementation. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Functional assessment is the general label used to describe a set of processes for a. An assessment of a student or individual b. Deciding what to do about a problem behavior c. Determining what skills a person need to be successful d. Defining the events in an environment that reliably predict and maintain problem behaviors

d. Defining the events in an environment that reliably predict and maintain problem behaviors

Gretchen has been trying to teach Glen, a preschooler, to pull up his pants by himself after using the toilet. She has been using a shaping model. She began by reinforcing him with an animal cracker for bending over and touching his waistband. He is now doing that consistently. Next, she wants him to start pulling his pants a little bit. However, she has become very frustrated because Glen continues to simply touch his pants rather than pull a bit. What should Gretchen do? a. Gretchen should pull up his pants for him. Glen is not "ready" to do this behavior ad will grow into it over time. b. Gretchen should intermittently give Glen a reinforcer for touching his pants to make sure he doesn't get too frustrated. c. Gretchen should reanalyze her task analysis and "chunk" the skills into bigger steps. d. Gretchen should add a prompt of some sort (e.g., a verbal or physical prompt) to help make the shaping process more efficient.

d. Gretchen should add a prompt of some sort (e.g., a verbal or physical prompt) to help make the shaping process more efficient.

Negative reinforcement can be differentiated from punishment by carefully attending to the role of the "aversive" stimulus. In a negative reinforcement contingency, the aversive stimulus _________,whereas in a punishment contingency, the aversive stimuli________ a. Is presented following the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior. b. Is removed following the target behavior; is present before the target behavior occurs. c. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior. d. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the target behavior.

d. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the target behavior.

179. Multicultural education is a concept that addresses cultural diversity and is based on which of the following assumptions? a. Cultural differences have no value. b. Schools are not relevant in society at large. c. Schools cannot change and promote attitudes. d. Schools must include recognition of the roles of many peoples.

d. Schools must include recognition of the roles of many peoples.

Unconditioned reinforcers are: a. Stimuli, such as praise, that individuals have to learn to like through pairing with other unconditioned reinforcers. b. Stimuli, such as rock music, that were once punishing (aversive) but are now things the individual likes. c. Stimuli, like meat powder, that cause reflex actions to occur. d. Stimuli, such as food and water that are inherently reinforcing for individuals.

d. Stimuli, such as food and water that are inherently reinforcing for individuals.

The efficiency of the undesirable behaviors refers to a. How quickly the person engages in the problem behavior when presented with a difficult task b. The disability label of the person c. How much the person understands the situation d. That the person engages in the problem behaviors simply because they are the more efficient way to achieve an outcome

d. That the person engages in the problem behaviors simply because they are the more efficient way to achieve an outcome

434. Why are internal working models important in the attachment process? a. They are one of the few known genetic components of attachments. b. They are the only anti-conformity element of an attachment. c. They are the key behavioral component of attachments. d. They are a key mechanism that allows early experience to impact later behavior.

d. They are a key mechanism that allows early experience to impact later behavior.

424. What is meant by the term test norms? a. a set of procedures for properly administering a test b. information specifying the number and types of items found on a test c. a statement indicating the purpose of the test along with information on appropriate and inappropriate use of test results d. a table of test scores that indicates the average score and how to interpret the range of scores around that average score

d. a table of test scores that indicates the average score and how to interpret the range of scores around that average score

164. Special education includes a. specially designed instruction. 1. no costs to parents c. the development of an IEP d. All of the above

d. all of the above

167. Moving from city to city can affect a child's a. continuity of service/ instruction. b. academic progress c. ability to obtain needed services d. All of the above

d. all of the above

178. Which of the following is required in an IEP? a. statement of current levels of performance b. measurable annual goals c. related services when appropriate d. all of the above

d. all of the above

182. While parents of adolescents with disabilities agree that academic achievement is vitally important, they also indicate they want their children to develop a. solid social skills. b. empathy. c. perseverance. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

193. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act defines deafness as a hearing impairment that is so severe that a. a child is unable to process linguistic information through hearing. b. a child cannot process information with or without amplification. c. a child's educational performance is adversely affected. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

197. A number of changes have taken place with regard to the assessment of giftedness. Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Multiple sources of information are now used. b. Intelligence tests are given less weight in the assessment process. c. Tests for children and youth are being more carefully selected. d. All of the above

d. all of the above

207. How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft? A) diffusion B) enzymatic degradation C) uptake by surrounding glial cells D) All of the answers are correct.

d. all of the above

359. Glial Cells do the following: a. support the neuron b. remove waste from the intercellular space c. form myelin d. all of the above

d. all of the above

377. Adaptive behavior scales can help you a. make diagnoses. b. formulate discharge plans. c. develop interventions. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism Model, which of the following would not govern an individual's functioning? A. Behavior. B. Cognition. C. Environment. D. All of the above would govern an individual's functioning.

d. all of the above

459. An efficient method for assessing whether or not a behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement is to conduct an extended ________________ series functional analysis. a. repeated b. multielement c. reversal d. alone

d. alone

404. When using partial interval recording a teacher records behavior if it occurs: a. at the end of the interval b. at the beginning of the interval c. for the entire interval d. at any time during the interval

d. at any time during the interval

204. Action potentials originate in the: A) axon. B) dendrites. C) cell body. D) axon hillock.

d. axon hillock

432. Highly aggressive youth tend to a. belong to groups in which bullying is seen as a punishable offense b. consider many reactions (including passive ones) before acting aggressively c. be highly accepted by most of their age peers d. believe that their aggressive acts will produce positive consequences

d. believe that their aggressive acts will produce positive consequences

449. The same topography of behavior exhibited by a given child _______________ environmental effects, that is, consequences that maintain such behaviors. a. always produces the same b. never produces the same c. never produces different d. can produce different

d. can produce different

224. Michael counts on his fingers in order to answer arithmetic computation problems. The teacher wants to wean him off this crutch. She gives him, consecutively, various assistance strategies of lessening the concrete nature of his prompt. The most appropriate design for this example is: a. changing criterion design b. AB design c. reversal design d. changing conditions design

d. changing conditions design

384. The intent of providing accommodations for a person with a disability is to a. provide an advantage over people who are not disabled given years of discrimination. b. provide that every person with a disability who wants a job can get one. c. require employers to hire at least one person with a disability for every ten positions that come open. d. create a fair and level playing field for persons with disabilities.

d. create a fair and level playing field for persons with disabilities.

142. Sensation is to perception as a) Making sense is to perceiving b) Noticing is to detecting c) Sensing is to detecting d) Detecting is to making sense

d. detecting is to making sense

448. The form or topography of the behavior ______________ dictate the function of the behavior. a. will usually b. will always c. will never d. does not usually

d. does not usually

227. One disadvantage of an AB design is: a. it cannot evaluate performance over time b. it does not require a baseline c. it has only a nondescriptive function d. it does not allow for determining a functional relation

d. doesnt allow for determining a functional relation

213. The top of a structure is described as: A) lateral. B) ventral. C) medial. D) dorsal.

d. dorsal

161. Youth from culturally diverse and economically disadvantaged backgrounds are _____ in programs for the gifted and talented. a. equally represented b. slightly over represented c. never represented d. dramatically under represented

d. dramatically under represented

159. The term _____ refers to a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, signal abnormally causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior, or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms and loss of consciousness. a. cerebral palsy b. muscular dystrophy c. spina bifida d. epilepsy

d. epilepsy

378. Tests of visual-motor integration are important in evaluating children with possible a. hearing deficits. b. muscular deficits. c. Interpersonal skills deficits. d. learning disabilities and neurological deficits

d. learning disabilities and neurological deficits

208. Language is usually localized in: A) the same place on both hemispheres. B) different locations on each hemisphere. C) the right hemisphere. D) the left hemisphere.

d. left hemisphere

455. Behavior that is functional in obtaining food is ____________ likely when you have not eaten for several hours. a. less b. equally c. not d. more

d. more

174. According to IDEA, students with physical disabilities such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy or spinal cord injuries may be eligible for special education services under which category: a. Emotional Disturbance b. Other Health Impairment c. Traumatic Brain Injury d. Orthopedic Impairment

d. orthopedic impairment

421. Professor O'Connor gives the students in her law class a multiple-choice test on Supreme Court Justices. This method of assessment requires students to use ____ memory. a. recall b. cued-recall c. repressed d. recognition

d. recognition

125. Which of the following is a basic assumption of behaviorism? a. Age is a factor in learning. b. Behavior precedes cognitive change. c. Learning is defined as behavioral change. d. Research should investigate behavior in natural settings.

d. research should investigate behavior in natural settings

120. What subcortical area is most likely affected in a child with significant inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity problems? A. Cerebellum. B. Striatum. C. Red Nucleus. D. Reticular System.

d. reticular system (waiting to double check this)

165. Multicultural education is a concept that addresses cultural diversity and is based on which of the following assumptions? a. Cultural differences have no value. b. Schools are not relevant in society at large. c. Schools cannot change and promote attitudes. d. Schools must include recognition of the roles of many peoples.

d. schools must include recognition of the roles of many people

228. Replication effect can be seen in a reversal design in the: a. first and second phases b. third and fourth phases c. first and third phases d. second and fourth phases

d. second and fourth phases

114. According to Gentry, by what grade do most children spell accurately following orthographic rules and letter reversals become uncommon? A. Preschool; < 5 years old. B. Kindergarten; 5 years old. C. First grade; 6 years old. D. Second or third grade; 7 or 8 years old.

d. second or third grade; 7 or 8 years old

199. The hypothalamus is not primarily involved in: a. motor movements. b. sleeping. c. emotional behavior. d. sensory input.

d. sensory input

143. Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in: a) procedural memory. b) short-term memory. c) declarative memory. d) sensory memory.

d. sensory memory

147. Situated cognition theory focuses on the shift from learning as individual to more _________________ a) biological b) climate c) sociocultural d) social

d. social

183. The ultimate purpose of assessment in learning disabilities is a. to determine the appropriate learning disability classification. b. to determine the appropriate funding level administratively. c. to eliminate other possible disability categories. d. to appropriately screen, identify, and place students who require services.

d. to appropriately screen, identify, and place students who require services.

112. Which of the following symptoms is not characteristic of left parietal lobe dysfunction and Gerstmann's Syndrome? A. Right hand finger agnosia. B. Left-right confusion. C. Dyscalculia. D. Transcortical motor aphasia

d. transcortical motor aphasia

62. Receptive language disorders results from difficulties in: a. Hearing what others say b. Using spoken language c. Formulating language d.. Comprehending what others say

d.. Comprehending what others say

131. The role of elaborative rehearsal is critical to the process of a) encoding. b) perception. c) reception. d) temporary storage.

encoding

205. Bumps in the cortex are called: A) sulci. B) fissures. C) gyri. D) mounds.

gyri

113.What area of the brain is likely impaired if a child has difficulty with fluid abilities, math reasoning, and carrying out computational steps or sequences? A. Frontal. B. Temporal. C. Parietal. D. Occipital.

need answer

186. You have been asked to give direction to a research project that is doing brain imaging on students with autism. From what you have learned, where would you begin to look in the brain? a. frontal lobes b. occipital lobes c. vermis d. cerebral fluid

need answer

180. Some minority groups who support multicultural education believe that a. special education is the best place for most students. b. placement in special education may promote a negative stigma. c. students should only be educated in their native tongue. d. students from culturally diverse backgrounds shouldn't have to attend school with the majority.

need to answer

117. Which of the following is not required for competent written language skills? A. Graphomotor skills. B. Refractory skills. C. Evaluation skills. D. Planning skills.

refractory skills

What type of symptoms result from William's Syndrome, a disorder of 7q deletion? A. Aggressive behavior, excessive eating, and obsesity. B. Absence seizures, language deficits, and motor impairments. C. Gregariousness, disinhibition, hyperlexia, and symptoms of "nonverbal" learning disabilities. D. Mental retardation, dysnomia, and dyspraxia.

C. Gregariousness, disinhibition, hyperlexia, and symptoms of "nonverbal" learning disabilities.

What type of medicine will most likely have a negative effect on a child with schizophrenia and comorbid attention problems because it increases dopamine function in the brain? A. Antipsychotics. B. Mood Stabilizers. C. Stimulants. D. Anxiolytics. NEED TO CHECK

C. Stimulants.

21. As the differences between the group means increases, ____________ a. sB2 increases b. Fobt decreases c. tobt decreases d. none of the above

D

85. The agreement between a test score and the construct it is presumed to measure is referred to as its a. stability. b. alpha level. c. face validity. d. validity.

D

7. Methodology can be thought of as: a. A thought process b. Unimportant if a study reports important findings c. Problem solving d. Both a and c

D Both a and c

What are the symptoms of a child with neurofibromatosis, a disorder that results from a mutation of chromosome 17? A. Hydrocephalus. B. Café au Lait spots. C. Multiple brain lesions. D. Both B and C.

D. Both B and C.

According to Luria's model, what part of the cortex is responsible for the unit for programming, regulating, and verifying mental activity? A. Occipital lobe. B. Parietal lobe. C. Temporal lobe. D. Frontal lobe.

D. Frontal lobe.

What is the legal right of parents to due process? a. Parents who have a dispute regarding contents of an IEP b. Parents have a right to an assessment appropriately geared to their child c. Parents have a right to an IEP that provides written documentation of the child's special needs d. Parents have the right to a report of the assessment that indicates the basis of eligibility

a. Parents who have a dispute regarding contents of an IEP

36. Within a three-tiered model of intervention, activities at the universal (primary prevention) level could include which of the following? a. A classroom-based social-emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten through third grade b. Remedial instruction provided for students who performed poorly on standardized testing c. Social skills training group for students who have been having problems on the playground d. None of the above

a. A classroom-based social-emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten through third grade

60. Which of the following behavior represents an internalizing disorder? a. Experiencing anxiety b. Challenging an authority figure c. Refusing to follow a teachers direction d. Setting fires

a. Experiencing anxiety

68. The root of Jenny's visual problem has been traced to the component of the visual system that connects the eye to the visual center of the brain. Her problem is with the: a. Optic Nerve b. Iris c. Pupil d. Retina

a. Optic Nerve

58. The U.S. Department of Education has stipulated that ADHD students are eligible for services under the IDEA category of: a. Other health impairment b. Orthopedic impairment c. Mental retardation d. Emotional/behavioral disorders

a. Other health impairment

43. How does the role of a school psychologist differ from that of a school counselor? a. School psychologists have more advanced training in the areas of individual assessment and intervention. b. School counselors have greater expertise in working with students with severe emotional disorders. c. School psychologists are employed exclusively in public school settings. d. School counselors work only with students at the secondary level.

a. School psychologists have more advanced training in the areas of individual assessment and intervention.

53. What is the purpose of promoting cultural pluralism? a. To teach all students about cultural diversity b. To allow students to learn only what their culture values c. To require teachers to understand and speak multiple languages d. To provide a method for categorizing students for classroom placement

a. To teach all students about cultural diversity

51. The ________________ principle in IDEA requires that public schools provide special education and related services to meet the individual needs of all students. a. Zero exclusion b. Zero affect c. Zero inclusion d. Zero tolerance

a. Zero exclusion

76. A group test a. can be given to multiple people by one examiner. b. can only be given to three people at a time. c. involves a group of examiners for a single subject. d. involves only tests of human ability.

a. can be given to multiple people by one examiner.

Concurrent and predictive validity are both subcategories of a. criterion validity. b. empirical validity. c. face validity. d. convergent validity.

a. criterion validity.

80. A Z score a. is the difference between a score and the mean, divided by the standard deviation. b. tells us how many standard deviations the score is below the average score. c. tells us how many standard deviations the score is below the mean. d. is the standard deviation of a population.

a. is the difference between a score and the mean, divided by the standard deviation.

83. The best-fitting straight line through a set of points in a scatter diagram is known as the a. regression line. b. linear line. c. correlation line. d. slope.

a. regression line.

26. The document entitled School Psychology: A Blueprint for Training and Practice II, published by the National Association of School Psychologists in 1997, does which of the following: a. Specifies testing instruments that should be included in psychological assessments b. Provides comprehensive guidelines for training and practice in school psychology c. Describes opportunities for clinical psychologists to provide services in school settings d. Identifies disability categories for special education

b. Provides comprehensive guidelines for training and practice in school psychology

34. Which of the following is an instructional strategy that divides students into heterogeneous learning groups, with each group member being responsible for learning one section of a lesson and teaching it to other group members? a. Skim, Rap, & Map b. The Jigsaw Classroom c. Mnemonics d. Graphic Organizers

b. The Jigsaw Classroom

39. Which of the following accurately describes the "exclusionary clause" related to the definition of specific learning disability in IDEA? a. The evaluation team must determine that sufficient pre-referral interventions have not been attempted. b. The evaluation team must determine that a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement is not the result of cultural differences, economic disadvantage, or social or emotional factors. c. The evaluation team must determine that the student has not passed state-mandated proficiency tests administered each year to all students. d. The evaluation team must determine that the student is not a threat to himself or others.

b. The evaluation team must determine that a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement is not the result of cultural differences, economic disadvantage, or social or emotional factors.

1. Internal validity is best defined as: a. The extent to which rival hypotheses can explain the findings of an experiment b. The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanation of the findings c. The extent to which the findings are thought to be true of the current experiment d. The extent to which the findings can be applied to similar groups of people

b. The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanation of the findings

27. Which of the following accurately represents current trends in the demographics of the school psychology profession? a. There has been a significant increase in the number of school psychologists from minority backgrounds. b. The field has become predominantly female. c. There has been a shift from older to younger school psychologists. d. The field has become predominantly male.

b. The field has become predominantly female.

Which of the following is not an intelligence test? a. WAIS-IV b. WIAT-III c. WPPSI-III d. WISC-V

b. WIAT-III

17. As the df increases, the t distribution___________ a. gets more symmetrical b. approaches the normal distribution c. stays the same d. becomes more skewed

b. approaches the normal distribution

77. The potential for learning a specific skill can best be described as a. achievement. b. aptitude. c. intelligence. d. ability.

b. aptitude.

22. When analyzing data from experiments that involve more than two groups___________ a. doing t tests on all possible pairs of means decreases the probability of making Type I errors b. doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases as the probability of making Type I errors c. it is generally permissible to do t tests between all possible pairs of means and use Student's t distribution d. doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases the probability of making Type II errors

b. doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases as the probability of making a Type I errors

45. A co-worker asks you (the school psychologist) to evaluate her son, who has been having some academic difficulties in the middle school. You refuse to do the evaluation, based upon which of the following ethical principles? a. School psychologists advocate for the rights and welfare of children and other clients. b. School psychologists respect the dignity of children and other clients. c. School psychologists avoid dual relationships. d. School psychologists recognize the limits of their competence.

c. School psychologists avoid dual relationships.

54. Which stage of parental response to the birth of a handicapped child is characterized by denial and/or grief? a. Defensive retreat stage b. Tertiary stage c. Shock stage d. Acceptance stage

c. Shock stage

28. Which of the following best describes the minimum level of training required for certification as a school psychologist in most states? a. BA degree, with some graduate level courses b. Masters degree c. Specialist level training (Masters + at least 30 additional graduate credits) d. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD)

c. Specialist level training (Masters + at least 30 additional graduate credits)

59. Which of the following behaviors represents an externalizing disorder? a. Feeling abandoned b. Hearing voices c. Spitting on a sibling d. Experiencing test anxiety

c. Spitting on a sibling

75. An individual test a. involves a single examiner for two or more subjects. b. involves only tests of human ability. c. can only be given to one person at a time. d. involves more than one examiner for a single subject.

c. can only be given to one person at a time.

20. If a test is a robust test, a. it is sensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions b. it doesn't estimate any population parameters c. it is insensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions d. b and c

c. it is insensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions

14. An alpha level of 0.05 indicates that _________ a. if HO is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05 b. 95% of the time, chance is operating c. the probability of a Type II error is 0.05 d. the probability of a correct decision is 0.05

c. the probability of a Type II error is 0.05