Computer Programming - Final Exam Review

high-level languages

"algebraic" in form; easier for writing complex programs; translated by interpreters or compilers

reserved words

"if", "for", "in"

functions

"print", "range"

data coverage testing (black box testing)

- ideal (not feasible): test all possible inputs (exhaustive testing) - actual (feasible): test all relevant categories of data - extreme cases - boundary cases (ex 50 lbs in bison project) - ordinary cases

byte

1 byte = 8 bits

one ASCII character =

1 byte, 8 bits

while-statement checklist

1. Choose a variable to control the loop 2. Initialize the variable *before* the loop 3. Use the variable in the Boolean expression on the while statement 4. Inside the loop, change the value of the variable such that the Boolean expression eventually becomes False

Theory-and-Test

1. Form a theory about what's wrong. 2. Use diagnostic output to test your theory before you change anything

3 types of errors

1. Syntax errors - mistakes in structure/form of the statements 2. Execution errors (run time errors) - an attempt to do an impossible operation 3. Logic error - incorrect algorithm such that it computes the wrong thing (computer program runs correctly but the user has made an error in logic)

function checklist

1. What does it do? 2. What goes in? 3. What comes out?

assignment process

1. evaluates expression 2. assigns value to variable

opening a file is about:

1. identifying the file we want to use 2. telling the operating system that we want to use this file for input ("r")

interface (how the main program and function connect)

1. name (of the function) 2. arguments (of the function) 3. return value

how to override double space when reading file and printing

1. use end = "", --> print(line, end="") 2. use strip to remove whitespace --> "print(line.strip())" 3. use print(line[:-1]) in charcter string apple\n, \n is position -1

unicode

8-32 bits; 1-4 bytes

ASCII

8-bits; 1 bytes

components of computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU) + main memory (RAM)

De Morgan's Law

Part 1. not(P and Q) = not P or not Q Part 2. not(P or Q) = not P and not Q

main memory (RAM) vs auxiliary storage

RAM is temporary while auxiliary storage is long-term

software development process

Requirements Design Implementation Testing Deployment Maintenance

control structures

a constant in a program that controls the order in which statements are performed

scalar

a data value that is only one value (as opposed to a data structure)

abstraction

a mental model that hides or removes complex details

interpreter

a program that simulates a computer whose machine language is a high-level language; (means machine language runs without translation and has no object code; interpreter executes code directly?)

compiler

a program that translates a high-level language into machine language

assembler

a program that translates assembly language into machine language

algorithm

a sequence of unambiguous instructions for solving a problem in a finite number of steps

programming language

a system of notation for writing algorithms in a form that a computer can process

errors

also called defects, bugs, faults

data structure

an aggregate of data that can be handled as a unit

execution errors (run time errors)

an attempt to do an impossible operation

Cobol

business applications; Grace Hopper

integration testing

combining all the units of the program and then testing

John von Neumann

developed concept of storing programs into memory

Fortran

first high-level programming language used outside lab for creating useful software products

logic error

incorrect algorithm such that it computes the wrong thing (computer program runs correctly but the user has made an error in logic)

Python uses an

interpreter

concatenate (verb)

join together end-to-end

3 aspects of learning

knowledge, understanding, ability

syntax errors

mistakes in structure/form of the statements

method

object-oriented function

C++

object-oriented programming; Bjarne Stroustrup

Java

platform-independent object-oriented programming; James Gosling

write a statement that prompts user to input a floating-point number into a variable called quizvar

quizvar = float(input("Enter value "))

scope

regions where the variable is known and available to use

%

remainder

iterative

repetition done with a loop

recursion

repetition through a function calling itself

3 fundamental control structures

sequence, selection, repetition

assembly language

similar to machine language, but symbolic rather than binary (translated from machine language by an assembler)

typing into a Python program is ______ _______

source code

function

subroutine, sub-program, routine, procedure

2 aspects of language

syntax (rules of structure and form) and semantics (meaning)

C

systems programming; Dennis Ritchie

return function

takes us back to main program and returns the result of that computation

Pascal

teaching fundamentals of computer science; Niklaus Wirth

Basic

teaching programming to liberal arts students; John Kemeny

unit testing

testing a part of the program without the parts surrounding it (ex. Testing a single function of the program)

regression testing

testing during maintenance

beta testing

testing in a production environment (being used in real-world application for which it is designed)

code coverage testing

testing with sufficient data to assure execution of every statement

source code (compilation)

the high-level program; cannot be run on computer; (originates in the high level language; not translated?)

object code (compilation)

the machine language translation of the program; (can be run on computer; result after compiling)

machine language

the only kind of language that can be executed directly by the computer

computer science

the study of algorithms, the related mathematics, and their application to practical computational problems

local variable

variable in the def function that is treated in the main program as if it weren't defined

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whole number quotient