Computer Science Chapters 1 and 2

structural unemployment

What is the name given to unemployment caused by technology making an entire job category obsolete?

What utility program reduces a file size by as much as 80 percent by substituting short codes for lengthy data patterns?

b. Compression

A(n) _______________ device often combines a printer, scanner, and copier.

multifunctional

Remove a USB drive by using the Remove Hardware icon located in the _______________.

system tray

default

In a computer program, the settings that are in effect unless a user deliberately overrides them.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Pre-ordered instructions and memory programmed at factory(After computer is off). ⇒ Basic input/output system: when computer is back on. ⇒ Bootstrap loader - locates the OS into RAM

Network

Two or more computer systems that are connected

Flash, jump, and thumb drives connect to a computer system through ____________ ports.

USB

Which of the following character codes uses 16 bits and can represent many languages?

Unicode

character codes uses 16 bits and can represent many languages

Unicode

Server operating systems

Used in client/server network environments. Benefits: Security, Web server, administration. Ex. Linux and ___

Command-line user interface

User is required to type keywords or commands in order to enter instructions/data.

Graphical User Interface

Uses graphics to create a desktop environment by using icons and programs to run within on-screen windows sidebar.

Virtual Memory

Uses some of the extended RAM when RAM is full, copies of pages of instructions and data are stored in a swap file. Paging transfers files from RAM to the swap file.

Software version

Version Number that identify the release of the program. Recent releases have greater numbers than earlier releases.

Outside of Box

- Firewire, USB, monitor card, audio jacks, plug in mouse, plug in TV(S-video), Ethernet, Plug in Monitor(VGA), and PS2(Keyboard.

What effect do computer's have on society?

- Huge Age Effect ** oldies miss lots of news on the internet - Compressing topics - Google doesn't exist in China

application software

A set of integrated programs that can be thought of as sitting on top of the operating system and that direct the computer's hardware to perform a task for the user.

image editor

A sophisticated version of a paint program that is used to edit and transform—but not create—complex bitmapped images, such as photographs. Free programs like Picasa and GIMP, designed for personal and home use, incorporate automated image-processing algorithms to add a variety of special effects, remove blemishes, crop portions, and adjust coloring to photographic images.

Audio/Video editors

Audio - captures and process sound. Video editors - modify video.

Input

Data comes in (Can come in from storage) Ex. Disc or coding. The most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse.

Moore's Law

Every 18 months, the size of a transistor gets smaller by 50%. After 50 years, a transistor is 3nm.

spyware

Internet software that is installed on your computer without your knowledge or consent. It may monitor your computer or online activity, relay information about you to the spyware's source, or allow others to take control of your computer. Spyware usually enters your system through the Internet.

- Main System Unit Components

Motherboard, CPU, Power Supply, Memory Cards, Cooling Fan, Bay, Internal Speaker, Processor.

A centrally located and operated computer that makes programs and data available to people who are connected to a computer network is a

Netbook

Flash memory

Nonvolatile electronic memory stored in blacks.

Menu-driven interface

Text based menus to show all options.

Adding more RAm

The best way to improve performance because paging slows the computer.

. Virtual memory is used when:

c. RAM is full.

Integrated programs

contain modules that share the same interface like Microsoft Works.

Notebook

designed for portability while traveling

Computer

device that preforms a information processing cycle

Kindle DX

e-book reader

Embedded OS

found on ROM chips in portable devices. DEsigned for specific apps, efficient, used on cell phones and kitchen appliances.

The keys located at the top of the keyboard and labelled F1 through F12 are called __________.

function keys

Trackballs, joysticks, and scanners are all examples of _______________ devices.

input

File Transfer Protocol

is a part of the Internet that enables client computers to transfer files

Decompression

restoring the file to full size.

Interoperability

the ability to communicate with a computer even if it is a different brand or model

. memory footprint

to refer to the amount of memory that a program uses while running?

Documentation

tutorials and reference manuals that explain how to use the program. Ex. ReadMe files and Help screens.

supercomputer

ultrafast computer that focuses on performing a few sets of instructions asap, used to analyze scientific data and display underlying patterns

Tailor Made Applications

used for specialized fields like billing programs and inventory tacking programs.

A(n) _____________ is an onscreen touch-activated keyboard.

virtual keyboard

- Characters

⇒ Letters, numbers, and symbols that are converted into number's that the computer understands "A" = 65.

Software Suites

Standalone programs that share resources with each other. Ex. Microsoft Office.

Mass storage

Storage is that is in large amounts. Ex. Floppy disks, hard disks, and optical disks.

Web browsers

display a Web document and enable users to link to other Web pages

- Types of Computers

1) Personal 2) Desktop 3) Organization - Mail servers (gmail) -> Lets us have access to network's hardware and data. 4) Clients 5) **Supercomputers

freeware

Copyrighted software that can be freely copied but not sold for profit.

A(n) _______________ is an output device that projects a computer's monitor display on a screen by using millions of microscopic mirrors.

DLP

3. How do shareware, freeware, and public domain software differ?

Shareware is software that an individual can use on a try-before-you-buy basis. If the user wishes, he or she can purchase the program after a trial period. Freeware is software that is given away for free, with the understanding that it cannot be sold thereafter for profit. Public domain software is expressly free from copyright. Public domain softare can be modified or resold.

Flash-drives:

Solid-state drive and has no moving parts.

Stand-Alone OS

The most common. Used by single users. Ex. Windows, Mac OS X and Linus.

Launching Applications

Transfers program code from the hard disk to the memory. - The program's default window appears on the screen. - Applications can be launched by clicking on the Start menu to all programs.

Web site

a collection of related Web documents that are made available to the public

All-in-one computer

a computer system in which the system unit and monitor are combined to reduce the space need to hold the system

In a hard disk drive, the two or more rapidly rotating disks used as storage media are called ________.

a. platters

Which is not an example of secondary storage?

b. RAM

A device _________ is a program that enables communication between the operating system and a peripheral device.

driver

Hypertext

is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access,hypertext may contain tables, images and other presentational devices.

Public Domain software

not copyrighted but has restrictions.

Hardware

physical computer parts (monitor and keyboard). All the physical components that make up a computer system, including such items as circuit boards, disk drives, printers, and monitors.

The operating system and antivirus software are part of the software group called

system software

- System Unit

Boxlike case that comes in a variety of shapes and houses the computer's main hardware components. Ex. PC, notebook, Desktop. ⇒ Different Styles ⇒ Footprints - amount of space that the unit uses.

Ways to find information on the Web:

Browse or surf the Web Search the Web Subject guides

Monitors

Display a soft, temporary copy of processed data. Types: CRT, DLP and Liquid crystal display. Size is a diagonal measurement.

Quoted Area vs Viewable Area

Quoted area - size of screen Viewable area - area unobstructed by housing.

System Configuration

Registry - database that stores information. Driver: Utility program that makes the peripheral devices work. The drivers are loaded and the OS checks the registry to see errors.

Operating system

Set of programs that perform certain basic functions with a specific type of hardware.

Managing Applications and Programs

Single tasking, multitasking, preemptive multitasking.

Memory RAM vs storage

Storage devices retain data EVEN if the power is turned off vs RAm data that will be turned off. Storage is cheaper and slower. RAM is the primary storage because it directly communicates with the CPU fast and is temporary.

Network attached storage

Storage of data by any computer connected to a network of many computers.

Output

Storage. Storage and communication are other ways to process (Radio antenna, internet cord). *** Not necessarily in a cycle. It can stop at any point and can go several ways.

uniform resource locator (URL)

The URL consists of: Protocol identifies the means of access Server contains the domain name of the Web server Path identifies the location of the document Resource specifies the filename of the resource

System unit

The base unit of the computer made up of the plastic or metal enclosure, the motherboard, and the integrated peripherals. It provides a sturdy frame for mounting and protecting internal devices, connectors, and drives.

Operation system -

The most important type of system software. It integrates and controls the computer's internal functions and provides the connectivity for the user to interact with the computer's hardware.

Providing the User Interface

Allows the user to start application programs, manage storage devices and safely shut down the computer.

software license

An agreement included with most commercial software that defines what the user may and may not do with the software.

stand-alone program

An application sold individually. Ex. Microsoft word and Microsoft excel.

multimedia

An application that involves two or more media, such as audio, graphics, or video. Multisensory stimulators that stimulate our senses of sight, sound, touch, smell, or taste.

- Computers convert primary numbers -> Hexadecimal's.***

⇒ Use the #'s 0-9 followed by letters A-F ⇒ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A=10,B,C,D,E,F=15.

5. What is the difference between a USB port and a FireWire port? What devices connect to each? Which is more cost-effective?

FireWire and USB ports are similar, but FireWire is more expensive than USB and is only used for particular high-speed peripherals such as digital video cameras, and USB ports are used for printers, keyboards, and flash or jump drives. FireWire has a data transfer rate of 400, 800, and, soon, 3.2 Gpbs, whereas USB ports have a data transfer rate of 480 Mbps.

Software license

Gives the user the right to install and use the program on one computer.

Key Matrix

Grid of circuits under the keys. The character map tells the processor what key has been pressed.

Interrupt Request

Handles the communications between input/output systems and the CPU.

4. Name the two most common types of printers and briefly explain how they operate.

Inkjet printers and laser printers are the two common and popular types of printers. Both inkjet and laser printers are nonimpact printers. Inkjet printers spray ionized ink from a series of small jets onto a sheet of paper. Inkjet printers are typically slower than laser printers, but their initial cost is less. Laser printers are typically higher-resolution but also more expensive than inkjet printers. Laser printers use electrostatic reproductive technology. A laser beam creates electrical charges on a rotating print drum that attract toner. The toner is then transferred to the paper and fused to the surface by a heat process

Handling Input and Output Devices

Input/Output devices generate Interrups, which are signals that tell the OS that something happened.

Installing Applications

Install the software on the hard drive. You have utilities to guide you and it changes the registry of the OS. - Use an uninstall utility to remove the App from the hard drive.

5. Define the acronyms MUD and MMORPGS as they relate to gaming applications. Provide an example of a popular game that falls into each category.

MUD (multiuser dungeon) is an acronym that refers to online role-playing games; MMORPGs (massively multiplayer online role-playing games) are online games that allow a large number of players to interact with one another in virtual worlds. Dungeons and Dragons is an example of a MUD, and EverQuest and World of Warcraft are examples of MMORPGs.

System Requirements

Minimum level of equipment needed to run a program like The platform (PC or MAX), microprocessor, Drive, RAM, and available hard disk space.

Software

One of two basic components of a computer system (the other is hardware). It is a collection of programs, and associated documentation, that directs the operation of the computer to complete a desired end result.

Different types of mice

Optical - most popular, trave, wheel, wireless and air. Alternatives: Trackball, touchpad, stylus, and touch screen.

3. Define the term solid state and give three examples of solid-state storage devices.

The term solid state indicates that these devices have no moving parts; they consist only of semiconductors. They are often small, lightweight, highly reliable, and portable. Solid-state devices include ExpressCards, PC cards, and flash memory cards.

- Character Code:

Uses an algorithm as a bridge between the computer's bit patterns and characters. ⇒ American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - American code only. ⇒ Extended ASCII Binary coded decimal interchange - send email to someone in japan. Uses symbols and letters form other countries.

Sound Files

WAV, MP3 and WMA.

1. Explain the difference between hardware and software.

computer system's hardware includes all the physical components of the computer and its related devices. The components consist of the system unit—the base unit of the computer that includes the plastic enclosure, motherboard, and its integrated peripherals. Software, on the other hand, is a collection of programs that directs the operation of a computer, and documentation that gives instructions on how to use them. Software can be divided into two categories: system software and application software.

Drawing programs

create vector graphics that are math generated.

Which storage media uses laser beams to create three-dimensioned storage images?

d. holographic

Which term describes what you create to compartmentalize a hard drive so that it is capable of storing two operating systems and allowing you to select one at start-up?

d. partition

Downloading

document or file is transferred from another computer to your computer

Network Interface Card (NIC)

hardware component of a computer system that contains the electronics to connect the computer to a network

Auxiliary storage

it serves as an extension of the main memory or as a medium to permanently archive information. . CD-ROM drives, CD-RW drives ("burners"), DVD-ROM drives, DVD+/-RW drives, and Blu-Ray (BD-ROM) drives. They use lasers to read and/or write data. Floopy drives and card readers.

Hard disks are a form of ____________ storage media.

magnetic

Which of the following is a computer used by government agencies and large corporations like airlines and banks?

mainframe

Keys like Ctrl or Shift that changes the meaning of the next key pressed are called a(n) __________________ keys.

modifier

The _____________ is the circuit board located in the system unit that connects the CPU and other system components.

mother board

Optical storage devices use laser beams to read data patterns formed by indented __________ and flat ___________.

pits, lands

Netbook

portable, lightweight computer equipped with wireless technology and used primarily for browsing the web and accessing email

The POST, or ______-______ ______-______, makes sure the computer and its peripherals are working correctly during the start-up process.

power-on self test

Compression

reducing the file size of multimedia software. -Lossless - file will be restored with no flaws. Loosy - eliminates information

Automation

replacement of human workers by machines and computer-guided robots, use of computers and computer programs to replace teachers

site license

A contract with the software publisher that allows an organization to install copies of a program on a specified number of computers at a reduced price per unit.

Steps to Starting the Computer

BIOS and set up program, Power on self-test, operating system loads, system configuration, system utilities are loaded and the user authentication is back.

IRQ Conflict

Causes system instability when 2 devices use the same line.

Managing Memory

Computers use memory to make processing more fluid. The operating system uses Virtual Memory as an extension of RAM. Buffer- holds data and instructions temporarily and makes programs run faster (RAM)

Mother board

Connects CPU to other system components (memory and peripherals). The circuit board, located within the system unit, that contains the central processing unit, support chips, random access memory, and expansion slots.

Output Data

Enables users to see, hear, or feel the end result. The two most popular output devices are Monitors and Printers.

4. Explain the difference between a maintenance release, patch, service pack, and an upgrade.

In regard to new versions of software, a whole number indicates a major program revision, and a decimal number indicates a maintenance release. Small, downloadable changes to programs are referred to as patches, and major fixes are called service releases or service packs. An upgrade refers to the process of keeping your version of software current with the marketplace

beta version

In software testing, a preliminary version of a program that is widely distributed before commercial release to users who test the program by operating it under realistic conditions.

Which of the following is listed in order from smallest to largest?

KB, MB, GB, TB

Passive Matrix Monitor

Least expensive, slow, and uses electrical current instead of pixels.

_________ _________ is an environment in which programs that are running receive a recurring slice of time from the CPU.

Preemptive multitasking

________________is the conversion of spoken words to computer text.

Speech recognition

Program

a set of instructions that tell the computer how to preform a process

1. List the four operations of the processing cycle and provide a brief description of their function.

• Fetch. Retrieves the next program instruction from the computer's memory. • Decode. Determines what the program is telling the computer to do. • Execute. Performs the requested instruction, such as adding two numbers or deciding which one is larger. • Store. Stores the results to an internal register (a temporary storage location on the CPU) or to RAM.

Multitasking

OS has the ability to run more than 1 application at a time and is accomplished by a foreground/background application or inactive programs.

Single-tasking

OS only runs one application at a time.

What is a unit of memory on a flash drive called?

c. block

Processing

CPU gets the input and with memory, stores data and figures out what to do.

What happens when a warm boot is performed?

. A computer that is already on restarts.

RAM is an example of which of the following?

. volatile memory

multimedia and graphics software

A general category of software programs for professional desktop publishing, image editing, three-dimensional rendering, and audio and video editing.

6. List three advantages and three disadvantages of computer use.

A computer system provides certain advan¬tages to its users, such as speed, memory for work in progress, storage for access later, hardware reliability, and accuracy. However, with these advantages come some disadvantages, including information overload, the expense of computer equipment, data inaccuracy, and an increasing dependence on unreliable software.

Modem

A device that enables the computer to access other computers

proprietary file

A file whose format is patented or copyright protected and controlled by a single company. The extent of restriction depends on the company and its policies.

Motherboard -

A large flat piece of plastic or fiberglass that contains thousands of electrical circuits etched onto the board's surface - Modem card - Memory Module - Sound Card - Video Card - Network Interface Card - Printed circuit board that contains the electrical circuit for the computer -** Integrated Circuits - millions of transistors (chip)

Web-hosted technology

A new wave of office suites that, for application software, provides the capability to upload files to an online site so the documents can be viewed and edited from another location. This technology makes file sharing and collaboration easier. Windows Office Live and Google Docs are two examples of online services that offer these capabilities.

video editor

A program that enables you to modify digitized videos by cutting segments, resequencing frames, adding transitions, and compressing a file, as well as determining a video's frame rate and saving the digitized video file in several video file formats.

integrated program

A single program that manages an entire business or set of related tasks. It combines the most commonly used functions of many productivity software programs, like word processing, database management, spreadsheet, accounting, and customer service into one application.

general-purpose application

A software program used by many people to accomplish frequently performed tasks such as writing (word processing), working with numbers (spreadsheets), and keeping track of information (databases).

Which system utility creates duplicates of the files and programs on a system?

Backup

System unit

Basic computer unit that is made up of plastic, metal, motherboard and peripherals.

2. Provide a brief description of the similarities and differences between a desktop and an all-in-one computer.

Both desktop and all-in-one system are computers designed for use at a desk or in an office environment. They run programs to help individuals accomplish their work more productively or to gain access to the Internet. The desktop has a monitor and separate system unit that is the size of an average printer and is not easily moved. The all-in-one computer reduces the surface space needed to hold the computer by combining the monitor and system unit into one unit.

Paint Program

Can save your file as: Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), Portable Network Grphics (PNG). TIFF -> images placed in documents.

Kernel

Central part of the OS that starts all applications, manages device and memory.

Types of Copyrighted software

Commercial - buy before using. Shareware - Try it before you buy it. Freeware - Free software but it cant be copied or sold

George Brooke Laws of Thought

Connect things with AND or NOT - Calculations with arrhythmic - 1930's could be used by electric signals. - AND GATE - if both things are on, electricity can flow through which represents A and B. - OR gate - goes through A or B and comes out A and B - Transistor Kidby - created integrated circuit - build everything onto a chip with currents.

shareware

Copyrighted programs that may be used or copied, without cost, during the specified trial period. Once the trial period has expired, a registration fee must be paid or the software must be deleted from your computer.

Which of the following is not an OS function?

Creating documents and spreadsheets

1. Today there are the three types of optical storage devices. State the name of each and specify the amount and type of data each can hold.

Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. The three types of optical storage are CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disc (BD). Whereas CDs are capable of storing up to 700 MB of data, DVDs can store up to 17 GB of data. If the CD or DVD is rewriteable, data (backup files, music, photographs, documents) can be written to it, erased, and then new data added. The newest type of optical storage is the Blu-ray disc (BD) format. BDs can store up to 25 GB of data on single-layer discs and 50 GB on dual-layer discs.

the difference between pipelining and parallel processing?

Pipelining is a processing technique that feeds a new instruction into the CPU at every step of the processing cycle so that four or more instructions are worked on simultaneously. Parallel processing is a technique that uses more than one processor running simultaneously, in parallel. Parallel processing involves multiple CPUs that work on instructions simultaneously. Pipelining involves one CPU that works on a new instruction at each of the four processing cycle steps (four instructions at four different stages).

Mouse and Pointer

Pointing device controls a pointer's movements. The pointer signifies the command, input or response.

CPU - **Most active of the computer

Process electric signals - Covered by a heat sink - Instruction: assigned a number of what it can do. 2 parts: 1. Control unit receives instructions 2. ALU- where math happens.

Software Upgrading

Process of keeping the application program current. Types: - Patch - Small changes in program. Service release or service pack - Major changes in the program.

Storage

Process of saving software and data. There is mass storage, auxiliary storage and secondary storage.

DLP monitor

Projects a computer's monitor display on a screen by using millions of microscopic mirror.

Software Distribution

Shrink Wrapped boxes containing CD's or flopy disk. - Downloading program files using the internet.

What is the difference between shutting down your computer and putting it into sleep mode? What are the advantages to sleep mode? Are there any disadvantages?

Sleep mode actually transfers the current state of your computer to both memory and the computer's hard disk. An advantage to sleep mode is that returning from sleep mode is faster than hibernate or standby because of the state of the computer being held in memory. If the system shuts down for any reason, sleep mode also saves all the information in memory (including the state information) to the computer's hard disk so that there is no risk of losing unsaved information. Settings for sleep mode can be altered through the Control Panel's Power Options selection. A disadvantage to sleep mode is that if a PC loses power while in sleep mode, the contents of RAM will be erased, and data will be lost.

adware

Software similar to spyware, which is usually installed on your computer through the Internet without your knowledge or consent. Adware is created specifically by an advertising agency to collect information about Internet habits or encourage the purchase of a product. It is usually considered a nuisance rather than malicious.

5. List three examples of application software found on the computer systems in your home, school, or office.

Some examples are word processing, spreadsheet, e-mail, image editor, presentation, database, and Web browser software.

Three Categories of OS

Stand-alone OS, Server operating systems and embedded OS.

launching

Starting an application program.

Functions of the operating system

Starting the computer, managing programs and memory, handling messages from input/outputs and enabling user interactions.

Which term describes all the programs needed for a computer and its peripheral devices to function properly?

System software

1. Explain the difference between application software and system software. Give a specific example of each.

System software provides infrasture and hardware controls so that other programs can function properly. Application software consists of the programs that enable users to be efficient and accomplish tasks. System software is considered the basis of the computer, and application software runs on top of the system software.

Explain the difference between performing a cold and warm boot. How is a warm boot executed? What activities are not performed during a warm boot?

With a cold boot, you start a computer that is not already on. With a warm boot, you restart a computer that is already on. Warm boots are often necessary after installing new software or after an application crashes or stops working. In Windows, you can initiate a warm boot by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl + Alt + Del keys and then choosing the Restart option from the Shut Down menu. (On the Mac, the system will restart when you press the Control, Command, and Eject keys at the same time.) A warm boot, sometimes referred to as restart, can also be initiated through the Start button in Windows and the Apple menu on the Mac. A warm boot does not require the machine to be turned off or shut down.

2. Explain the difference between lossy and lossless compression schemes. Explain why a hybrid of these was developed and what field makes use of the hybrid scheme.

With lossless compression, the original file is compressed so that it can be completely restored, without flaw, when it is decompressed. With lossy compression, the original file is processed so that some information is permanently removed from the file. A hybrid technique is often used for CTs and MRIs in the medical imaging field.

- Bit/Bytes - storage unit

a) Bit = one yes/no question b) 8 bits - byte c) 1000 byes = 1000 characters = 1 kilobyte d) 100 kilobytes = megabyte = 1 million bytes (one book)

Which of the following computers is not designed for portability or use while traveling?

all-in-one

General Purpose applications

are applications used by many people to accomplish frequently performed tasks. Ex. Internet (web browser, email) , Personal Productivity (Word, Spreadsheet and Databases), Graphics(Photo editing on Paint, Desktop publishing and 3d), and Home education (games, personal finance and reference).

What is the freeway of parallel connections that allows components within and connected to the system unit to communicate?

bus

What is the name of the grid of circuits located under the keys of a keyboard?

c. key matrix

A flash drive is an example of _____________ storage.

c. solid-state

RAM (Random Access Memory)

chips, located on the motherboard, which temporarily store the programs (after the computer is off) and data being used and accessed by the central processing unit through a high-speed bus. RAM is also referred to as primary memory or temporary memory. Allows CPU to access/store data quickly through memory address (phone book).

Peripherals

(graphics, keyboard, mouse, speakers and USA (Universal connector) - things that connect to the computer. Computer components that are located outside the system unit housing that are connected physically or wirelessly to the system unit and motherboard, such as keyboards, monitors, speakers, and external storage devices.

Ethics of Computing

- Do computers make people unethical? ⇒ People are anonymous on computers ⇒ No real way to control ⇒ Makes people anti-social and bullies in real life. ⇒ Solution: Restrictions? - Biggest Issue in Computers

Input Data

- Hardware that gives the ability to enter data and instructions into the computer's random access memory. - Most common input device: Keyboard. The keyboard enables data and instruction entry through keys. - Enhanced keyboards have additional keys like media control buttons or internet control buttons or cursor movement keys, function keys and modifier keys.

Inside the system Unit

- Represents data in only 0's and 1's. - Byte: Group of 8 bits to represent one character of data: Ex. 01000001 = A - Bit ⇒ Smallest piece of data that a computer can work with. ⇒ Some 0's and 1's/ "on" and "off". ⇒ Ex. #17: 1001, #257: 10000001 ⇒ If you run out of on's and off's, (if you need a bigger number), you should use a super computer.

Which of the following is a new port that provides greater speed, simpler upgradable storage devices, easier configuration, and an increased data tranfer rate between the motherboard and hard drive?

. SATA

3 Principles: Ethics

1. If everyone acted the same way, it would be a benefit. 2. An act is not ethical to hurt people for the greater good. 3. An act is ethical if its fair to everyone involved.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/microprosser

A chip, located on the motherboard within the system unit, that is composed of the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). It applies directions received from software to the input data and converts it into information.

Information processing cycle:

A sequence of four operations: input, processing, output, and storage. These operations receive data, process it into information, allow it to be outputted for viewing, and save it for future use.

The power on self-test

A series of tests conducted on the computer's main memory. (RAm, input/output, disk drives and hard disks). The computer will produce a beeping sound and an error message could appear.

Memory Cards

A small circuit board that holds several RAM chips and fits into special slots on the motherboard.

Starting the computer

Booting - Process of load the operating system in the computer's memory. Cold boot: Loads the OS when the computer is turned on. Warm boot: Reloads the OS when the computer is already turned on

Printers

Hard copy of output displayed on a computer's monitor. Types: Inkjet, Laser, Photo

Ergonomics

Helps to prevent injuries from computer use

System Storage

Includes all of the programs that are needed to keep a computer and it's peripheral devices running smoothly. Two categories: Operating system and system utilities.

Speakers and Projectors

Other output devices.

What is the sending of portions of a job to a third party to reduce cost, time, and energy called?

Outsourcing

BIOS and Set up program

ROM (Read only memory) - permanent and unchanging memory. BIOS - Part of software that includes the instructions that the computer uses to accept input and output. Load - Transfer from a storage device to memory. ROM loads the BIOS. Set up program - contains setting that controls the hardware.

4. What is the difference between registers and primary cache?

Registers are temporary storage locations on the CPU that are designed to temporarily store data processed from the control unit. Some registers store the memory location from which a data element was retrieved; others store the results of intermediate calculations. Cache memory is a small unit of ultrafast memory built into the processor that stores frequently or recently accessed program instructions and data. The primary difference is that registers store results of instructions from the CPU, whereas cache memory stores program instructions.

Hard Drive

Secondary storage **Most important storage device. Platters: rotating disks that store data. Tracks: Where the magnet is spinning.

Users Authentication

User name and password

mainframe

Which of the following is a computer used by government agencies and large corporations like airlines and banks?

- Floating point numbers

⇒ No fixed number of digits before or after a decimal ⇒ Enables the computer to work quickly with a large or small number. ⇒ 757 instead of 757.57.

- Factors that affect CPU performance:

⇒ Number of transitors ⇒ Data word size ⇒ Clock speed (Calculation Speed) ⇒ Operations per microprocessor cycle ⇒ Use of parallel processing - where more than 1 processor preforms at the same time (motherboard).

- USB

⇒ USB 2.0 - high speed where you can plug more USB's at a time and connect items or disconnect items easily. ⇒ Port to hook anything up ⇒ UNIVERSAL ⇒ Replace older serial parts (firewire) - Legacy technology(old parts that people don't use anymore ex. Serial/parallel parts).

System Utilities are loaded in memory

Volume control. Antivirus is loaded.

Resolution

Sharpness of an image. The number of pixels controls the resolution.