Conceptual Knowledge (Chapter 9- Test Questions)

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal.

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

a node

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance.

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

learning

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.

semantic

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain

semantic category

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

sensory attributes; function

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

synapse activity

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

truck

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality