Congregational Song People, Congregational Song Books and Dates, Congregational Song Comps

Geistliche Lieder

(1529) became the basic hymnal for church use; first to contain EIN FESTE BURG

The Psalms of David Imitated

(1719) demonstrated Watts' desire to "Christianize" the psalms; 138 psalms • I'll praise my maker while I've breath (Psalm 146) [48] • Jesus shall reign where'er the sun (Psalm 72) [58] • Joy to the world! The Lord is come (Psalm 98) [62]

The Foundery Collection

(1742) first Wesleyan collection to contain tunes; variety of sources including Psalm tunes, Handel, and German sources

Gospel Songs

(1874) - Philip P. Bliss

Hilary of Poitiers 310-366

-Pioneer of hymn singing in the West, important figure of establishing hymn -fought against Arian Heresy, became known as the "Hammer of the Arians" -none of his hymns survived -influence on Ambrose -was the first to transfer hymnody in Greek models to the West. He wrote Latin hymns that emphasized Trinitarian doctrine to combat the Arian heresy.

Hymn Form

-Strophic -Phrase patterns Bar form, chorales ABA structure It helps us to understand the meaning of a hymn tune

What became characteristic of the Wesleys preaching services?

Hymn singing

Hymn (melody)

It is the most important part of the hymn, basically heightened speech. It was one of the ways in the past to carry the voices and amplify speech. The melody is usually in the soprano line and also contains pitch, duration, and rhythm. It is also based on scales, such as the pentatonic scale. Good hymn melodies are singable and have a natural arch as well as stepwise or triadic motion.

Karen Lafferty

Jesus People Movement Seek Ye First

Return to Geneva 1541

Louis Bourgeois Rendez a Dieu Psalm 134 Old 100th

Calvin Psalmody only

Metrical versification Single monophonic line No melismas No polyphony No instruments No choirs

John Calvin

More radical Reformer than Luther Regulative principle of Worship Lover of music, but feared it being manipulative or misused No choirs, organs, or humanly composed hymns His views were not based on his personal taste for music Distinguished between music for entertainment and songs for corporate worship

Matthias Claudius

One of the few German laywriters of hymns

Neo Pentecostal

Pentecostal Charismatics enter mainline denominations

CCM 1980's

Period of Incubation CCM and CWM exploded during this time

CCM 1940s

Popular musical styles started during this time from the Youth Movements -Jazz, folk, pop, rock, country, western, blues, hip hop

Lutheran Hymnody/German Chorale

Protestant Reformation brought renewal of congregational song in Europe -Chorales were hymns that developed in Germany and Scandinavia -These got their impetus from Martin Luther -Luther also believed in the importance of music and advocated for congregational singing as part of the liturgy -Influenced many church musicians to follow Emphasis on the Priesthood of all believers Worship in the vernacular of the people, change language of the Mass to the language of the people Congregational Songs in German

Sources of Luther's Texts

Psalter A Mighty Fortress Psalm 46 Out of the Depths Paraphrase of other Scripture Latin Sequences, office hymns, and antiphons "Come Holy Ghost, God and Lord" -Veni Sancte Spiritus German Leisen: German non-sacred Liturgical texts German is not the most ideal, have the mother tongue to understand the deepest expression Oxford movement Sources of Lutheran Tunes: Luther set texts to these hymns 1. Gregorian Chant 2. Latin Office hymns 3. German Leisen 4. Folk Tunes in the Meistersinger tradition- barform AAB 5. Original tunes that combined the characteristics of German folk tunes with that of Office hymns 6. German Chorale: inspired Luther composition

How many hymns did Charles Wesley write?

Published 6500 hymns Another 2000 hymns not published

Personification

Representation of a thing or abstraction as a person of physical form

Calvin's Music Philosophy

Simplicity and Modesty

Lutheran movement

Spread to Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland.

Hymns Ancient and Modern

The greatest hymnic legacy that came from the Oxford Movement 1859-1861; it reflected 4 decades of hymnal composition for the church. Different composers and writers were asked to submit their hymns to the collection, and it is possibly the most popular English hymnal published. It brought the evangelical and churchly hymns together in one collection. -first hymnal to put tunes and texts together and it became national hymnal

Geysteliche Lieder

The last hymnal with which Luther was involved; preface by Luther followed by 129 hymns, considered the most representative German hymnal during that period -published in 1529, became the basic hymnal for church use. It was the first to contain EIN FESTE BURG.

Benjamin Schmolck

The leading hymnist of non- Pietist Lutherans -wrote 1200 hymns 11 appears in German hymnals and 2 in American hymnals

Paul Gerhardt

The most beloved and most frequently represented write in German hymnals today -Subjective character found in "Jesus, Thy boundless love to me"

None of Benjamin Keach's hymns are what?

Used for current use, but he is very important because of his pioneering efforts

Itemization

Used to furnish themes and progression Eyes, Ears, Mouth

American Hymnody

When colonists came over from Europe, they brought both the metrical psalmody from English, French, and Dutch, and the Chorale from the German and Scandinavians until the Singing school movement started

Phillip Bliss

Writes words and music to many Gospel hymns Wonderful Word of Life It is Well With my Soul Thomas Symmes

Celebrating Grace Hymnal 2010

hymnal for Baptist Worship; compiled under the leadership of a five-person editorial team; historical gospel songs, and texts and tunes from the early and late 20th century authors and composers in traditional forms; also includes songs from global sources as well as contemporary songs and choruses

Anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses Ex. Hark the Harold Angels Sing

Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology

the replacement for the Dictionary of Hymnology produced by John Julian in 1892, with a supplement in 1907.

Psalms can be divided into different genres such as

⦁ Wisdom and Torah Psalms, ⦁ Psalms of Praise and Thanksgiving, ⦁ Penitential Psalms, ⦁ Hymns and Liturgical Psalms, ⦁ Psalms of Lament, ⦁ Royal Psalms, ⦁ Entrance Psalms, ⦁ Songs of Ascents, ⦁ Imprecatory Psalms, and ⦁ Messianic Psalms.

John and Charles Wesley

-Clergy for Anglican Church -founded a Holy club at Oxford University -Participated in psalm and hymn singing -Developed a method for Christian Living -Went to Georgia as missionaries in 1735 -Took Tate and Brady's New Version and Watt's Psalms and Hymns -Influenced by Moravians on their journey -John began to learn German and translate Moravian hymns -Both men returned England the next and were converted German Lutheran Church

Content of Watts hymns

-Comprehensive in scope and cosmic background -Calvinistic in Theology, emphasis on doctrines such as God's glory and sovereignty, depravity of human nature, security of the elect, atonement of Jesus -Christian in focus, Christ exalted and adored -Liturgical in purpose -Scriptural in flavor; paraphrasing Scripture and Biblical language

Greek Hymnody Influences

-Council of Nicaea 325 AD: defeated Arianism and published the Nicene Creed. The council rejected human-composed songs in favor of orthodox hymns -Clement of Alexandria: He is known as "Father of Greek Theology." He believed that Christians should sing because they are thankful to God. Intimacy with God must come first, and it should be expressed in thanksgiving and chanting of psalms. -Council of Laodecia 367 AD: The council was held to counteract Greek heresy. The council restricted singing to Psalms only, with a lesson after each psalm. It also restricted singing to professional canonical singers. -Syrian Hymnody -The Odes of Solomon, a collection of 42 anonymous Greek and Syriac hymns, is regarded as originated in Syria in the first two centuries A.D. The hymns do not address Jesus directly, but their Christian background is evident in their texts. -The practice of antiphonal singing was introduced at Antioch in the 4th century (in order to counteract Arian heresy). The chanting of psalms became a regular part in worship.

Greek Hymnody

-Early prose hymns Phos hilaron 3rd century O Gladsome Light 343 Gloria in Excelsis Deo Glory to God In the Highest Traits of Greek Hymnody Characterized by objectivity: Liturgical use, time period that they were written

Isaac Watts 1674

-English hymnody reaches it full expression -Paraphrase for Scripture -Twofold theory for Congregational praise -Go beyond Scripture to have words of Devotion and thanksgiving Christian content If the songs were to be used in Christian worship they must be renovated to have Christian Content? Christianizing of the Psalms 1719 Psalms of David Imitated Psalm 90 Psalm 72 Psalm 98 -He joined paraphrases of Scripture and devotional lyric poetry, produced two types of hymns Twofold theory of congregational praise 1. truly authentic worship must go beyond words of Scripture to include original expressions of devotion and thanksgiving 2. If the Psalms were to be used in worship, they must be renovated by giving them Christian content -He wrote Horae Lyricae and "Hymns and Spiritual Songs", used the first theory -He used the second theory when he wrote the Psalms of David Imitated in the Language of the New Testament; paraphrases of the Psalms 1705: Watts writing Horae Lyricae 1706-1707: Very important collection Watt's Hymns and Spiritual Songs 1715: Collection for Children 1719: Psalms of David Imitated He set the model for the English hymn and also created a position for hymns. The triumph of the hymn in English worship. He changed the course of English congregational praise. His hymns were a potent factor in promoting the Evangelical Revival

Aurelius Prudentius Clemens

-First poet of the West to bring scholarly study and religion together Of the Father's Love Begotten, taken from a setting of a much larger poetic work, Christ's deity, humanity -Divinum Mysterium

Content of Wesleyan hymns

-Has a lot of Christian language; Arminian -Full of Scriptural allusion -Expressive of Christian experience; dominant tone of joy and confidence -Simple and smooth, speaking directly of God and humans, concerns of the faith; democratic in design and evangelistic in purpose -Mystical, talks to God as a friend

Hymnic meter

-Hymnic meter is the pattern in which syllables are arranged in each of the stanzas that form a hymn, shows how many syllables are in each verse. -Common meter, a metrical pattern for hymns in which the stanzas have four lines containing eight and six syllables alternately rhyming abcb or abab. 8.6.8.6. (I Sing the Mighty Power of God) -Long meter, 4 line stanza where each line has Iambic tetrameter 8.8.8.8 (Doxology) -Short meter, 6. 6. 8. 6 -Irregular, no definable pattern, asymmetrical groupings with different numbers of beats per measure Sporadic meter has two accented syllables

Latin Hymnody: 4th and 5th C

-John Chrysostom organized campaigns of hymn writing against heresies Hilary of Poitiers: Pioneer of hymn singing in the West, important figure of establishing hymn singing in the west, set the stage for Ambrose of Milan. He wrote Latin hymns that emphasized Trinitarian doctrine to combat the Arian heresy. Ambrose of Milan -Father of Latin Hymnody Ambrosian Hymnody had four lines of long meter sung antiphonally. (He introduced antiphonal singing.) -Standardized Long meter -Hymn features Austere in simplicity and objective in content O Splendor of God's Glory Bright Savior of the Nations, Come -Notice that in many of these early hymns, the Trinitarian doctrine ends the hymns -Establishment of Orthodox doctrines, Deity and humanity to Christ Nicetas of Remesiana Probable author of Te Deum Holy God, We Praise Your Name, Important prayer to know as Christian leaders Prudentius Of the Father's Love Begotten, taken from a setting of a much larger poetic work, Christ's deity, humanity St. Patrick Breastplate Hymn Office Hymns The chief vehicle for this practice was the canonical hours or offices: Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, Compline, Matins, and Lauds -The singing of all the 150 psalms in the course of a week and the singing of canticles were the significant musical features of the offices -An antiphon, a small refrain, was sung at the beginning and end of each psalm or canticle. (Veni Emmanuel, the Gloria Patri)

Lutheran Chorale

-Lutheran chorales are drawn upon six major sources: Scripture, the liturgy of both Mass and Office, Vernacular hymns, Secular folk songs, Cantiones (non-liturgical songs sung antiphonally, alternating between Latin and vernacular strophes), and Original work -. They often have a single basic rhythmic pattern in equal note value -Structurally, the early chorale tunes had barform (AAB). (EIN FESTE BURG, NUN DANKET, PASSION CHORALE)

Nicetas of Remesiana 335-414

-Missionary Bishop of Remesiana in Dacia -utilized hymns to wage battle for the Orthodox faith -Probable author of Te Deum, most famous extrabiblical hymn of the Western church Holy God, We Praise Your Name, Important prayer to know as Christian leaders

Titles: Are they part of the original manuscript?

-Noncanonical, but reliable early tradition, not really the inspired words of Scripture, because some manuscripts have them and some do not -Some give us the context of when the Psalm was written, Psalm 51 -A Psalm of David. when he fled from his son (Authorship) -Just because it is a Psalm of David doesn't mean that it was written by David himself, maybe it was in the style of David -Longman talks about being "of David" "How to read the Psalms" Interpreting the Psalms Frutatto -A Psalm of David. When the prophet Nathan came to him...Psalm 51 -To the choirmaster: according to Lilies Psalm 45

17th century and hymn writing Germany

-Revival of writing hymns during the Thirty Years War -Johann Heermann, Herzliebster Jesu. -Nun Danket alle Gott, best known hymn appeared during this time; Martin Rinkart Characteristics of 17th century hymns -more personal and subjective, written for family devotions emphasize trust in God, yearning for eternal life, Christ's Passion Most fully exemplified in Paul Gerhardt's work, refarded as the greatest German hymnist. Hymn tunes during this time no longer written by author of text but specialized musicians Also had kantional style, where melody in highest line, harmonized by other voices Italiano basso continuo had harmonic influence on chorale melodies

Hymn (rhythm)

-Rhythm is based on natural body movement and language. In hymns, different note lengths and time signatures can be used to enhance the content. -Rhythm describes accented and unaccented beats, and rhythmic simplicity is encouraged for hymns. - Rhythm should serve the melody, correlated to the poetic meter

Form of Wesleyan hymns

-Rich in poetic meters; at least 20meters used -Sound and sense coincide; ends of lines correspond with natural phrases in thought, suitable for singing -Bold and free in Scriptural paraphrase -Skillfull in mixture of Anglo Saxon and Latin vocab -Masterful in use of conventional literary devices; careful rhyme, repetition, anaphora, chiasmus, etc

Characteristics of Isaac Watts hymns

-Simplicity -Meter: CM LM and SM -Vocabulary- rarely used complex poetic devices -Striking Opening Line - quickly proclaiming theme of entire hymn -Calvinistic Theology -Generally objective texts -Christocentric -Conceived for use in public worship -Biblically faithful -Watts changes the course of English hymnody

4th and 5th century hymns

-Some of the originals may have no rhyme and accent, but most of them used the Amrosian metrical form of iambic tertrameter -they were primarily creedal, fowarding the orthodox doctrines

John and Charles Wesley

-The Moravians greatly influenced them; the brothers on their way to Georgia were impressed with devout singing of Moravians, translated their hymns for the book "Psalm and hymns" 1737 -They later went out to evangelize England, Wales, and Ireland -John went to Herrnhut on border of Bohemia to learn more about Moravians. He became a lover of their hymnody but rejected their theology -John was the first important translator of Moravian and other German hymns into English . He studied German, and translated some of the German hymns from the Moravian Gesangbuch into English He also made his main contribution to English hymnody in collecting, editing, publishing, and promoting his brother's hymns -John Wesley published A Collection of Psalms and Hymns (1737), also known as the "Charlestown Collection." This was the earliest publication of English hymns in North America

Old Testament psalms historical backgrounds, theological beliefs, styles of texts, styles of hymn tunes, authors, terminology, and significant collections related to

-The history of the Book of Psalms is that it is a compilation of Today's Psalter-Post Exile -The Psalms were written by King David, Asaph, Sons of Korah, Solomon, and Moses -Ezra and Nehemiah were written on this, return to worshipping God in the way He has prescribed -Theological Construction; the Psalms are divided into 5 books: the first two Psalms are the introduction to the Psalms; they serve to introduce the major themes Psalm 1: provides purpose to the entire book; two inseparable foci: happiness and holiness, and they are inseparable Psalm 2: a window of a message of the whole; "The Lord reigns!" Major Theme of the Psalms: The Kingship of God God is our King Our destiny is Glory Our Hope: Our King is coming! The General Structure: Lament to Praise Psalm 150 Groupings of the Five Books: I: 1-41 II: 42-72 III: 73-89 IV: 90-106 V: 107-150 One possible reason there are five books of the Psalms is to be parallel to the Torah Each concludes with its own Doxology, and each shows it particular preference for one of God's Divine

Office Hymns

-The monastic system developed during the first five centuries of Christianity, in which groups of people separated themselves from the world for a life of prayer and praise. -The chief vehicle for this practice was the canonical hours or offices: Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, Compline, Matins, and Lauds. The singing of all the 150 psalms in the course of a week and the singing of canticles were the significant musical features of the offices. -An antiphon, a small refrain, was sung at the beginning and end of each psalm or canticle. (Veni Emmanuel, the Gloria Patri)

Lutheran chorales

-he modified Roman Catholic tunes and texts to fit his new Theology. He used music that was familiar to the majority German people. -Are drawn upon six major sources: scripture, the liturgy of both Mass and Office, vernacular hymns, secular folk songs, cantiones (non-liturgical songs sung antiphonally, alternating between Latin and vernacular strophes), and original work. -Melodies of Lutheran chorales have a stately manner with cadences at the end of phrases. They often have a single basic rhythmic pattern in equal note value. (The melodic contour of original tunes often reflects to that of the lied.) -Some chorales have the Ionian mode while others still use the modal system. Structurally, the early chorale tunes had barform (AAB). (EIN FESTE BURG, NUN DANKET, PASSION CHORALE)

Calvinian Psalm tune

-we starts to see songs being meters and written more like hymns, rhyme scheme -Reformers saw psalm singing as a method of placing God's Word into the hearts of the people. -He rejected prose psalmody in favor of metrical psalmody, i.e., the arrangement of psalm texts into strophic form with rhyme and poetic meter -The structure of these metrical psalms often followed the pattern of the popular songs of the day. Music is syllabic with simple tunes and harmonization. (OLD 100th, PSALM 48)

5 Stages of Lutheran Hymnody

1. Translated Latin texts into German to sing with original tunes 2. Used German Leisen 3. Wrote German texts to be sung with Latin tunes 4. Wrote German texts to be sung with German folk tunes 5. Wrote original German texts and tunes

Isaac Watts Two Fold Theory of Congregational Praise

1. Truly authentic praise for Christians had to go beyond the mere words of Scripture to include original expressions of devotion and thanksgiving 2. If the Psalms were to be used in Christian worship, they must be renovated by giving them Christian content

Sources of Contemporary Worship

1. Youth ministry culture 2. Baby Boomers-questioning of tradition 3. Pentecostalism 4. Jesus people movement, biggest precursor to Contemporary Movement 5. Church Growth missiology

Specific Titles of Psalms

136 The Great Hallel 113-118: The Egyptian Hallel sung on Hanukkah, the Lord's Supper 120-134: Songs of Ascents 23: the Shepherd Psalm 119: the longest Psalm 117: the shortest Psalm 118: midpoint of Scripture

Achterliederbuch

1524 Book of 8 Songs substantial in terms of contribution, first German hymnbook

Geistliche Gesangk Buchleyn

1524 Little Spiritual Songbook John Walter and Martin Luther First collection of polyphonic chorale tunes in 4 and 5 part harmonies, use in choir in churches

Calvin Genevan Psalter

1542 Invites Marot and Theodore de Beza

Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter

1562 -First complete English language version of Psalms -Called English Psalter or Old Version -Established standard metrical patterns CM SM LM -English equivalent of Genevan Psalter; the first complete English metrical psalter

Genevan Psalter (Calvin)

1562 Musical setting of all 150 Psalms by Calvin 125 tunes 110 poetic meters -collection of metrical psalms; Calvin, Clement Marot, Theodore de Beze did textual work; Louis Bourgeois contributed musical work

Ausband

1564 Early Anabaptist Hymns it is the oldest Anabaptist hymnal still in use by north American Amish community

Thomas Este's Whole Book of Psalmes

1592 First harmonizes English Psalter First to include tune names First appearance of Winchester Old

Ravencroft's Psalter

1621 Harmonizations 4 Part Firmly establishes Este's precedent of naming tunes Brought to America as source of tunes

Puritans

1628 used Sternhold and Hopkins -They thought Old Version was not literal enough -established Massachusetts Bay Colony -Published Bay Psalm Boom in 1640 -Sought paraphrases that were smoother and closer to original Hebrew

Bay Psalm Book

1640 Puritans thought that Old Version was not literal enough First book printed in North America Few meters and few tunes 1698 first version to contain music Earliest publication of musical notation in North America

Johann Cruger

1640 German composer of well-known hymns Editor of Lutheran hymnal Praxis Pietatis Melica (Practice of pious singing): most important Lutheran collection of its century First marriage of O Sacred Head to Passion Chorale German Hymns: Nun Danket Herzliebster Jesu Jesu Meine Freude

British traditions in hymnody

16th century Reformers followed Calvin; development of true hymnody was delayed; in Britain, there is more metrical psalm than hymn until the 18th century -George Wither 1588 "Hymns and Songs of the Church" -the earliest English language hymnal; had paraphrases of Scripture and some true hymns for festivals and special occasions -The patent was withdrawn, but it was popular with young people for a while and contained 16 tunes by Orlando Gibbons; Wither's tunes did not survive but Gibbon's has. -George Herbert 1593 Part of a circle that were known as metaphysical poets -best known poet of them; his hymns have been taken from a book called "The Temple" -His hymns included in many hymn collections -John Milton 1608 His hymns are free paraphrases of portions of the Psalms -led to eventual breaking of metrical psalmnody in congregational song -relaxed the adherence of the exact content and language of the Psalms Richard Baxter 1615 -the greatest of Protestant schoolmen, also one of the pioneers of hymn making and hymn singing; champion of music in church; he wrote his own lyrics instead of paraphrases of the Psalms; herald of the modern English hymn Samuel Crossman 1624 -he wrote about the intimacies of the faith "My Love Unknown" John Bunyan 1628 -the great allegorist who wrote Pilgrim's Progress -Wrote "He All who would valiant be"; tied to a chapter in his book -he encouraged the singing of hymns in worship Thomas Ken 1637 -recognized for development of hymnody during his time -member of the Winchester Cathedral and wrote Manual of Prayers for the Use of the Scholars of Winchester College, from which his morning and evening hymns came from. Benjamin Keach 1640 -Pioneer in writing hymns with purpose of singing in public worship -1673, introduced his own hymns to congregation to sing, wrote books defending church singing -Spiritual Melody, 300 hymns, none survived. but known as pioneer Nahum Tate 1652 -associated with metrical psalmody; supplement to New Version of the Psalms by Dr. Brady and Mr. Tate included paraphrases of other Scriptures; known for the line "While Shepherds watched their flocks by night" Lutheran and Calvin psalmody did not converge until Isaac Watts

Important chorales

16th century chorales -Nikolaus Herman Christmas text and tune "Lobt Gott Ihr Christen" -Johann Lindemann "In dir est Freude" Phillip Nicolai's Wachet auf and "Morning Star" AAB Bar Form chorale melodies reflect the Meistersinger traditionj and have Biblical imagery 17th century Hassler's Passion Chorale at first set to a love song now "Sacred Head now wounded" -Vulpius "Gelobt Sei Gott" (Good Christians all) -Teschner's St. Theodolph; Theodolph wrote "All Glory Laud and Honor"

Hymns and Spiritual Songs

1707 Hymns based on Scripture Divine Subjects Hymns for the Lord's Supper with personal expressions -by Watts; for the common uneducated Christian's understanding; came in 3 books: Hymns based on Scripture, Hymns composed on divine subjects, and Hymns written for the Lord's supper

The Charleston Collection

1737 A Collection of Psalms and Hymns - published while John Wesley was a minister in Savannah, GA; • arranged according to the "Christian Week: • one of the earliest publications of English hymnody in North America; used in Anglican churches

New-England Psalm Singer

1770 William Billings; first American tune book with music by one composer

Kentucky Harmony

1816 Most important shape note collection

The Southern Harmony

1835 William Walker; the other most popular tune book in the southern four shape-note traditions; COMPLAINER [113] and WONDROUS LOVE [110]; first book to associate NEW BRITAIN with "Amazing Grace"

The Sacred Harp

1844 collection of American Psalmody that still supports an active performance tradition in its 1991 edition. B.F. White and E.J. King; one of the most popular tune books in the southern four shape-note tradition; BEACH SPRING [114] and LAND OF REST [53]

Hymns Ancient and Modern

1860-1861 A hymnal in common use with the Church of England Result of Oxford Movement Set the standard for current hymnal in Church of England -Henry W. Baker and William H. Monk; Contained translated hymns, newly composed hymns; Texts to correspond with the Book of Common Prayer

The Moody-Sankey Era

1870's was a big force in urban revivalism and spread through the meetings of Dwight Moody and his musical associate Ira Sankey. -At the meetings, Sankey introduced many gospel hymns that he composed himself; much of their work related to the YMCA. During the meetings, demand for these hymns was so high that popular gospel collections became realized. -Sankey was more of a compiler and popularizer of Gospel hymn tunes but also wrote them -Sankey did much to spread Gospel hymnody through his Sacred Songs and Solos, which started as a 16 page booklet that grew into 1200 songs. -Gospel Hymn Series in America Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs was collaboration between Sankey and Bliss. Six editions had been published between 1875 and 1891.

Broadman Hymnal

1940 edited by B. B. McKinney; the most widely used SBC collection at mid-20th century; contained 41 of McKinney's hymns, most of which were written in gospel tradition

Baptist Hymnal

1956 - edited by W. Hines Sims; the first hymnal to carry that title since 1883

How many separate hymn collections did the Wesleys publish?

64

Later English Psalmnody

A New Version of the Psalms of David (New Version) was written by Nahum Tate and Nicholas Brady; it was dedicated to the King. -It was more free in metrical meter and more polished literary paraphrase of the Psalms. -It was never fully accepted by the Anglican Church, seemed more like hymns -The Supplement (1708) later provided tunes --Also had Christmas Gospel Paraphrase Most English speaking churches no longer use metrical psalters, Calvin's tradition of congregational song in hymns has been passed on.

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals. -Total freedom of Will -Lectures on Revivals of Religion -"New Measures"

Chiasmus

A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ABBA

John Newton and William Cowper

A third source of Evangelical Revival hymns came from John Newton, a Olney curate. He is remembered for his hymns written with his poet friend William Cowper, and the book is called Olney Hymns. It was compiled for the parish church at Olney. Newton's hymns express confidence in God and zeal for souls. Amazing Grace Cowper wrote lyrics of personal devotion and contributed 67 hymns to the book.

Pliny the Younger

AD 112 -Christians held their worship early on Sundays and sang hymns of praise to Christ as God -Psalm singing forms the basis -Word centered Overall, negative view of instruments, association with pagan music and worship at the time, looking at Scripture to see why it is ok for instruments -Melody, singing is heightened speech

American Psalmody

Anglican and Reformed metrical Psalmody brought to colonies by Pilgrims and Puritans. -The Pilgrims went to Plymouth and brought the Ainsworth Psalter 1612 -The Puritans established the Massachusettes Bay Colony and brought the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter. -In 1640 in Cambridge, Mass., Puritans established the Bay Psalm Book, the first book to be printed in North America; it was used for over a century -. New-England Psalm Singer 1770 was written by William Billings. It was the first American tune book with music by one composer. In 18th century, Bay Psalm Book replaced by other books. -Watt's Psalms of David Imitated reprinted by Franklin, and Great Awakening resulted in congregations choosing Watts Psalms and Hymns. -Some of Watts hymns also found in Wesley's Charleston Collection 1737 19th century, after America became independent, they wanted to remove references to Britain and chose the Watts Psalms. During the 18th and 19th centuries, American went from metrical psalms only to freer psalm versions and hymns of Watts and others 20th century, Some churches still were using the Calvinist tradition. -1912 Psalter resulted from the United Presbyterian Church invited all their denominations to put together a new Psalter, resulted in several editions of the Psalter Hymnal. Book of Praise is the only complete Genevan Psalter with English texts 20th century -

Oxford Movement

Anglicans started to sing the hymns that came from the Evangelical movement of hymns -Popularity of the evangelical type hymns alarmed leaders of the Establishment. They wanted to counteract by using hymns expressing ideals of the Oxford movement. -Also wanted to use the christian year in the Book of Common Prayer -Oxford movement was a High Church school of thought that wanted to restore the Anglican Church's power over spiritual and temporal matters. -John Keble and John Newman were two of the leaders; they thought the Reformation seperated the Church of England from the R.C. Church and wanted to go back to some of the Catholic traditions. -During this time Greek, Latin, and German translated and joined English hymnody. It also started composers in the High Church to write liturgical hymns.

Climax

Arrangement of ideas in ascending order of intensity emotion

Pentecostal Movement

Azusa Street Revival 1906 Congregational singing important Focus on personal experiences Speaking in Tongues New denominations

Benjamin Keach

Baptist Pastor -Defended congregational hymn-singing in the Baptist churches in part by citing the angelic hosts in heaven who sing praises to God -Prior to this time, Baptists did not sing -Pioneer in writing hymns with purpose of congregational singing -Introduced singing at the Lord's Table, used his own hymns -5 years later introduced singing on public Thanksgiving days -Church split

African American Gospel Hymnody

Based on Spiritual and Blues and white Gospel hymn; improvised melodies and rhythmic piano accompaniments -Charles Tindley -Thomas Dorsey

Plainsong

Based on speaking and sung, melismatic one syllable sung on several notes -a body of chants used in the liturgies of the Western church; plainsong is monophonic with a free rhythm (DIVINUM MYSTERIUM, VENI EMMANUEL)

17th and 18th century Pietism

Began with Phillip Spener; reaction to increasing formality in the church -emphasized tension between transcendence of God and personal relationship; foreshadowed in earlier chorale texts -It showed a shift toward the use of personal pronouns in hymns rather than corporate expressions. ((Martin Rinkart's "Now Thank We All Our God," Paul Gerhardt's "Jesus, Thy Boundless Love to Me

Thanksgiving

Begins in similar way to a hymn of praise Most easily identified by a restatement of the lament which is now answered Psalm 34:1, 4 Psalm 18:1-3

Chris Tomlin

Biggest American influence of the period -His songs add a bridge -Following lead of popular songs Lines between CWM and CCM get blurred Songs begin to get harder for congregations to sing Music is seen as totally neutral CWM development parallel to secular movement Emphasis on performance practices, songs not written for congregational singing

Count Zinzendorf

Bishop of the Moravian church -1722 Moravian immigrants settled on his estate in Saxony -Jesus Still Lead On -Jesus They Blood and Righteousness -Hymn singing played a very important part in the life of Moravians

Fannie Crosby

Blind Methodist Teacher Wrote over 8000 hymn texts Popular secular poet Used words of sentiment found in popular songs of her day into her hymn texts, such as precious, gentle Blessed Assurance All the Way My Savior Leads Me

Genevan Psalmnody

Calvin was the guiding hand behind the metrical Psalm; he rejected Roman Catholic tradition and advocated only singing Scripture in worship, primarily the Psalms versified like hymns. -to Calvin, metrical psalms were only to be sung in unison and no instruments. -Resulted in enlarged Psalters in French, such as Calvin's Strassburg Psalter of 1539 and others, culminating in the Genevan Psalter of 1562, which has all 150 Psalms, 10 commandments, 125 tunes, NT canticles and Nunc dimitis. Calvin published the Strasbourg Psalter in 1539 collaborating with Clement Marot. In 1542, Calvin produced "The Form of Prayers and Church Songs" drawing materials from Strasbourg Psalter and Marot's own publication of "30 Psalms of David." After Marot died, Calvin collaborated with Theodore de Beze. Beze completed versifying all 150 psalms. Calvin drew upon the works of Clement Marot and Theodore de Beze as sources of metrical psalms. Marot completed versifying 30 psalm texts in 1536, using Greek and Latin poetic styles. Calvin published the Strasbourg Psalter in 1539, which included 13 psalms by Marot. Marot published "30 Psalms of David" in 1541. Drawing upon Marot's published collection and materials from the Strasbourg Psalter, Calvin published "The Form of Prayers and Church Songs" in 1542. After Marot died, Theodore de Beze collaborated with Calvin in versifying psalm texts. Beze completed versifying all 150 psalms. Louis Bourgeois, a noted composer of the time, helped Calvin in writing psalm tunes.

Charles Wesley

Charles had been an Anglican clergyman before he had a true relationship with Jesus, and these hymns resulted from a genuine conversion experience; it happened before John. -He wrote 6500 hymns

Latin Hymnody

Christian Song in the West developed at the same time as Greek hymnic activity; hymnody was developed slower because non-scriptural hymns were forbidden. -Hymn singing developed to controversy in theology -There were factions in the 4th and 5th centuries. -Arius was an influential leader in Alexandria and didn't believe in the fully Divine nature of Jesus. His teachings were written in hymns. -Bishop Chrysosotom of Constantinople organized orthodox hymns to counteract those hymns.

Johann Cruger

Colleague and friend of Paul Gerhardt, composer and organist -musical counterpart to the development of the chorale -Praxis pietatis melica , most important Lutheran hymnal of its tradition

What was John Wesley's major contribution

Collecting, editing, and publishing hymns

Simile

Comparing unlike objects in on aspect "Like or as"

Keith and Kristen Getty

Concern for fuller participation of congregation Return to congregational singing Blend with contemporary worship, Celtic

Keith and Kristen Getty

Concern for fuller participation of congregation Return to congregational singing Blend with contemporary worship, Celtic -They wrote "Because He lives" -Recorders and publishers of Gospel music

CCM 1960-70's

Contemporary English and many practices began getting absorbed into congregations

Psalm

Derived from the Greek word Psalmoi, which originally meant "music of the lyre", since the predominant instrument in Jewish worship was the lyre Original Hebrew title was "Songs of Praise"

British and Australian Invasion

Distinct shift in influence and style Graham Kendrick- Shine Jesus Shine Brian Doerkson Martin Smith Matt Redman Tim Hughes Australian Hillsong Church Part of AOG Got attention in 90's and popular in 2000's, dominated CMW Geoff Bullock and Darlene Zshech, produced albums Harder rock style Worship albums; tempo is driving factor for songs order Hillsong Global impact -Accelerated with Integrity distribution Darlene was first female worship leader known globally

Early Church fathers

Early church fathers believed that singing should be a response to God's Word than an emotional stimulant, in contrast to pagan worship music. Wanted to separate themselves from the pagan culture, continued to Medieval period -Against musical instruments, 2 reasons: 1. Association with pagan worship 2. Stimulated the passions -Early Church fathers were using Greek philosophical doctrines to explain singing, beauty, etc. Ways of defining and understanding would be borrowed from Greek philosophy, rejection of things contrary to Scripture, accepted what lined up with Scripture. Regardless of position of philosophy, there was a rejection of pagan practices.

Eventually congregational singing prevails by when?

End of 17th century (Calvinistic Baptists)

George Whitfield

English Hymn contributions -Separates over Wesley's anti-Calvinism, took others with him -Established his congregation in Morfield -Didn't write hymns but insisted it was necessary -Gathered hymn texts for his congregation -Edited Wesley texts -Wherever he went there was vigorous hymn singing -Mixed stateliness of Watts with favor of Wesley

Thomas Este

English Psalmody -Whole Book of Psalmes 1592 -First to include tune names -First appearance of Winchester Old

Twentieth century developments

Evangelists started having their own musicians -Charles M Alexander made important contributions to Gospel hymnody; opposite of Sankey, got rid of formality in conducting -Rodeheaver was famous for being the music leader with Billy Sunday; used vocal and trombone solos, used secular sounding Gospel-hymns. He also established a music publishing firm -Charles Gabriel was Alexander's editor and wrote hymns as well

Isaac Watts

Father of English Hymnody English Hymnody reaches full expression Vision for and ability to join two main streams --Paraphrases of Scripture --Devotional Lyric Poetry

Ambrose of Milan340-397

Father of Latin Hymnody Standardized Long meter, marching rhythm of soldiers -He also wrote hymns to combat Arianism. Ambrosian Hymnody had four lines of long meter sung antiphonally. (He introduced antiphonal singing.) -only 4 of his 100 hymns are now in use -Ambrosian hymns refer to the hymns written by himself and others produced in the meter he established and represent the earliest office hymns His hymns were -Austere in simplicity and objective in content O Splendor of God's Glory Bright Savior of the Nations, Come Notice that in many of these early hymns, the Trinitarian doctrine ends the hymns Establishment of Orthodox doctrines, Deity and humanity to Christ

John Chrysostom

Father of the Church (golden mouth); great preacher and defender of the faith in the East; encourages all people to stay close to the Church and participate in acts of charity and justice -

Confidence

Feelings of trust dominate the while Psalm The Psalms contains striking metaphors which show an intimate awareness of God's presence on the part of the psalmist: Refuge, shepherd, light rock, help Psalm 131:2

Folk Hymnody

Folk music is transmitted by oral tradition and has many variations. Folk song can be performed in distinct ways because it is from memory, and also based on different cultures. American Folk hymns related to the folk song tradition from the settlers and England. Some folk hymns can be traced from people such as George Jackson to specific melodies. -some hymns are related to families of folk melodies or musical style is very similar to Anglo American folk song idiom. -Common traits are pentatonic and gapped scales or modal melody. Since American folk tradition is oral, the earliest written American folk hymns started during the singing school movement. The teachers may have taken a printed hymn and composed a folk melody . Earliest folk hymn book is John Wyeth's Repository of Sacred Music, Part Second.

Hussites, Moravians on hymns

Followers of John Hus (martyred in 1415) Bohemian Brethren, later Moravian He was influenced in congregational singing by this group -Published the first Protestant hymnal in 1501 Michael Weisse: most significant Moravian hymnist of the early 16th century; acquaintance of Luther whose tunes were used in the Lutheran chorale tradition. Ein -New Gesenbuchlen, the most significant early Moravian hymnal in the German language -Mit Freuden Zart -Moravian: Count Zinzendorf: immigrants settling on his estate in Saxony, become known as Moravians; we know him for some texts that aren't hymnal; Jesus still lead on, Jesus Thy Blood and Righteousness -Zinzendorf wrote hymns and conducted hymn meetings; improvistory nature of his hymns Hymn singing played a very important part in the life of Moravians -It sparked his passion for congregational singing and writing; John and Charles Wesleys influence on hymn singing because of them meeting the Moravians

Psalm Genre

Genres can be different, overlapping, some have many, etc There are two genres of Psalms, Praise and Lament

Remembrance

God's past acts of redemption are the focus of attention "Give ear, O my people, to my teaching..."

Recent Gospel Hymnody

Gospel hymns continued to be written during the later 20th century even though revivalism started to end. Hymns were sung in many fundamentalist churches. -Thomas Mckinney was a leading Gospel hymn writer and composer, he edited the Broadman Hymnal (1940) -Thomas Chisholm wrote Great is Thy Faithfulness -Alfred Smith was a Gospel hymn writer and composer; he was the first song leader for Billy Graham, established Singspiration, a music publishing company -John Peterson wrote 1000 songs

Victorian Part-Song Tune:

Gospel songs were originally intended for evangelistic services and Sunday School meetings -For this reason, their emphasis was more upon emotional appeals than intellectual reflection -They have simple tunes, usually with a refrain, so that they could be easily learned and remembered. -Texts usually convey themes of the need for repentance and the call to salvation. (WORDS OF LIFE, BLESSED ASSURANCE)

Harvard Reformers

Group of Harvard trained ministers Saw singing as a spiritual problem in need of correction Argued in favor of music literacy instead of lining out Regular singing by note instead of singing by rote Stimulated singing schools

J.S. Bach

Harmonizations of Hymn tunes Jesu Meine Freude

John Tufts

Harvard 1721 Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes

School of Watts

He gave impetus to hymn writers in England

Lowell Mason

He led another reform movement in the North; they disregarded music written by earlier American composers and looked to European forms for their hymns and melodies from famous compositions for congregational singing. Music education gradually took over singing schools. -He was a leading composer of hymn tunes and pioneered introducing music instruction into public schools in Boston. He composed and arranged 1600 hymn tunes and compiled 80 music collections. Antioch, Azmon, Bethany, Hamburg, Olivet. His style was simplicity and dignity.

Augustine of Hippo

He spoke of diversity of worship in North Africa, and particularly the importance of singing hymns and psalms. He voiced against pagan musical practices in favor of psalmody and hymnody.

Louis Bourgeois

He used many first phrases of secular chansons in his Geneven Psalter melodies -The Chief musical contributor to the Genevan Psalter Old 100th Melodies of the Genevan Psalter used greatly in the 16th -17th centuries The Genevan Psalter (1562) was a culmination of the writing and publishing of metrical psalms in Geneva

Discuss the hymn as poetry, including rhyme scheme, hymnic meter, poetic meter, poetic devices, and imagery.

Hymn as poetry: -Poetry is found throughout Scripture and is a way that God communicates His truth to us -Hymns are known as lyric poetry -Poetry is a form of literature and has several aspects, such as poetic meter and devices -Rhyme scheme is used by the writer to create an effect, there are different types of rhyme schemes -Hymns also have literary devices that poetry uses as well.

Victorian Hymnody

Hymns Ancient and Modern became the source for Victorian hymn tunes -The publication of Hymns Ancient and Modern marked the emergence of Victorian style hymnody. Named after Queen Victoria, the hymnody showed the subjectivity of the artist as a significant trait in that era. It was also an era of populism in which art, education, and other public activities were regarded for all people, and therefore they had to be simple enough for people to follow. Victorian hymn writers wrote hymns that rivaled parlor songs and other popular styles. They often adopted excessively flowery language and sentimentality to seize the emotions of those who sing the songs.

Lament

Identified by its mood- opposite of a hymn The psalmists cry when in great distress he has nowhere to turn but to God Three types: Structure of Laments: Invocation Plea for God for help Complaints Confession of sin or assertion of innocence Curse of enemies imprecation Confidence in God's response Hymn or blessing "Why are you downcast O my soul Psalm 42:3 Psalm 42:9

Byzantine Hymnody

In 313 A.D., Emperor Constantine made Christianity legal through the Edit of Milan. Constantine moved the seat of Roman power to Byzantine, and named it Constantinople. Catholic church was divided between east and west. -Types of Byzantine Hymnody are as follows. -Troparion - short prayers sung between the readings of the psalms -Kantakion - extended poem with repeated refrain. Many of them are acrostics (5th century). -Kanon - developed in 8th century; several odes made up of multiple stanzas -John of Damascus was the most influential Byzantine hymn writer. (The Day of Resurrection)

Jesus people movement

In the late 1960's Parallel to Hippie movement; began to write music that reflected pop style Focus on Christ's return Folk like style, simple harmonizations Bible verses to music Karen Lafferty Chuck Smith- Ministry to Jesus people Contemporary Worship Song CCM Marantha Music Love Song-Chuck Girard Developed the Worship and Praise Music is now explained as neutral, apart from the lyrics

Strasbourg

Influenced by Martin Bucer Clement Marot Strasbourg Psalter: First Psalter of Calvin

Hymn texture

Is either homophonic or chordal

Singing School

It came out from a reform movement in the 18th century in New England; Ministers who were educated wanted to teach their congregations better congregational singing by reading music instead of by ear. -John Tufus compiled "An Introduction to the singing of Psalm Tunes" as a manual. 1721. These later changed into oblong books called tunebooks with one line of text. -these books had tunes for metrical psalms and hymns as well as other songs; this movement later brought the native composers of hymns. -Coronation (All hail the Power of Jesus' Name) is the earliest American hymn tune -Lenox is known as a fuging tune written by Lewis Edson These songs have been in continual use through the "Sacred Harp"

Contemporary Worship Movement

It was a very broad pervasive phenomenon -9 qualities 1. Fundamental Presumptions --Contemporary English --Dedication to relevance of contemporary issues --Commitment to adapt to people's preference 2. Musical -Musical styles from popular music -Extended time of worship -Centrality of musicians in liturgical space 3. Behavioral -Greater levels of physical expression -Predilection for informality 4. Key dependence -Technology English- most pervasive use of non-archaic language New Bible translations Colloquialism, common language

Chuck Smith

Jesus People Movement Previously part of Four Square Church Pastor of Calvary Chapel

Paradox

Linking two opposite ideas in a single statement; seemingly contradictory Ex. Make Me a Captive, and I will be free

Latin hymns

Many characteristics because they were developed over a long church history -Creedal in content, militant expression of Orthodox faith -Since they were developed in monastic life, reflective nature, personal devotion, focus on Jesus being crucified -Liturgical intent -Carol like

Later hymns

New composed chorale reflected Baroque solo song; single voice with basso continuo -built on invervals of the triad

19th century

Old German chorales were restored to German Lutheran hymnals, and many German hymns translated to English -Some new hymns were also written

Holiness Movement

Originating in the mid-ninteeth century that emphasizes John Wesley's teaching on total sanctification and Christian perfection. -Comes after 2nd Great Awakening and Finney -Gospel Song developments

Catherine Winkworth

Oxford Movement Lyra Germanica Important translator, mostly German Wake Wake for Night is Flying How Bright Appears the Morning Star If Thou But Trust in God to Guide Thee Praise to the Lord the Almighty

John Keble

Oxford Movement Sermon: "National Apostasy 1833 Purpose was to expose apostasy in Anglican Church Sought to reform Church and purify its practice Return ideas prior to Reformation Goal: Restore glory of Ancient Church Began writing pamphlets

John Mason Neale

Oxford Movement Translator All Glory Laud and Honor Of the Father's Love Begotten Day of Resurrection

Poetic meter

Poetic meter is determined by pattern of accented and unaccented syllables -It has feet, which are a group of syllables -Duple 1. Iambic, u / 2. Dactylic, / u -Triple 1. Anapestic, u u / 2. Dactylic, / u u

Scottish Psalmody

Published their own Psalm book in 1564 Based on Anglo Genevan Psalter Only about 1/3 of Psalm paraphrases are by Scottish authors Extensive use of French Psalm tunes Dundee 1635 edition Contained 31 harmonized common tunes Caithness London New 1659 Scottish Psalter contained no music The Lord is My Shepherd How Lovely is Thy Dwelling Place

The English Hymnal 1906

Ralph Vaughan Williams was the musical editor; Edited by Percy Dearmer (1867-1936); new hymns, translations, and high standards and social awareness, many English folk-song arrangements; KINGSFOLD [88]; earlier tunes neglected: TALLIS' CANON, LASST UNS ERFREUEN; new tunes by Vaughan Williams and Gustav Holst; lowering of melody range with organ accompaniment

On Singing the Psalms

Reminder: the Psalms were originally with the intention of singing Psalm chanting was the earliest way the Psalms were sung in the history of the Church Metrical Psalmody: many resources Sing the Psalms! With families Churches, personal relationships, etc Calvin has a strong emphasis on singing the Psalms

Alliteration

Repetition of first same letter in sound in a group of words

Egeria

She was a woman who wrote about a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the 5th century. The document recorded that psalms and hymns were sung, followed by Kyrie eleison as prayer.

Hymn as music

Similar in form to poems, but more abstract; it communicates mimicking human expression. The form of the hymn affects and shapes the content.

Traits of Watts hymns

Simplicity in meter, vocabulary Common meter, long meter, short meter Striking opebubg kube Rarely used complex devices Calvinistic Theology Christocentric Objective texts Conceived for public worship Biblically faithful Repetition and Parallelism, like structural principle of the Psalms Half rhyme and imperfect rhymes Dramatic in it climax, usually in a final stanza

Kingship

Sometimes included under category of hymns Two groups: Focus on the human king of Israel or Proclaim God as king, sometimes both in one Psalm Psalm 45:10-12 Psalm 45:6-7 Psalm 47:6-7

Dialogue

Structure of question-answer hymns

William Bradley

The Father of the Sunday School Song Composed music settings for -Jesus Loves Me -He Leadeth Me -Sweet Hour of Prayer -Just as I am Without One Plea -My Hope is Built on Nothing Less

Achterliederbuch

The first hymn collection and included four hymn texts by Luther -published in 1524, was the first published chorale collection. It contained 8 hymn texts and 4 tunes.

Martin Luther

Theologian and Musician Nailed 95 Thesis to door in 1517 Had much to say about importance of congregational singing and musical training for the Pastor

Recent Authors

There was a lot of growth in hymnody and hymnology during the 20th century, as well as compilers' editions and works -W.H. Frere wrote a historical introduction for the Hymns A. and M. 1909 -Maurice Frost wrote the Historical Companion in 1962 for the hymns A. and M. He was the most eminent of British hymnologists in the first half of 20th c. He also wrote the English and Scottish Psalm and Hymn tunes -John Wilson is famous as a scholar/apostle of musical aspects of hymnody in England; editor and contributor of essays to periodicals. -Alan Luff is an Anglican clergyman, and he has been connected with the British hymn society, authority on Welsh hymnody -Robin Leaver Anglican clergyman, leader of the British and American hymn societies. He wrote many books and works, but most significant hymnalogical works are "Catherine Winkworth: Influence of her translations on English hymnody" and Goostly Psalmes and Spirituall Songs" -Erik Routley is the most versatile of all 20th century British hymnologists; he worked in Biblical studies, hymnology, and worship. He wrote -Ill Praise my Maker -Hymns and Human Life -Hymns of the Faith -The Music of Christian Hymnody -Hymns Today and Tomorrow -A Panorama of Christian Hymnody -An English Speaking Hymnal Guide -Christian Hymns observed He also served as an editor and was on the editorial board of many hymnals and author of articles. He has been representative of the whole late 20th century Fred Pratt Green -Methodist clergyman and playwright, considered to be the finest hymn writer since Westley Reference modern technology Fred Kaan -A Dutch United Reform minister, a big advocate in social action, a deep concern for conscience and the problems of todays world Timothy Dudley Smith: -Anglican, hymns appear in more than 100 different hymnals Most well-sung hymn Tell Out My Soul Brian Wren: -Philosophy of Church Music, Music Most well-known book on hymnology "Praying Twice", singing hymns to God is praying twice Reformed minister Another of the most prolific minsters Inclusive language

Wesleyan Revival

They encouraged hymn tune writers and composers, both professional and amateurs Methodist hymn tunes, many of them unforgettable Their hymn writing helped Britain to "reChristianize" The Calvinist stream produced the liturgical hymn of Watts; the pietistic Lutheran stream nourished the evangelical hymn of the Wesleys. They "reformed the Reformation" Wesleyan hymns had an evangelical emphasis. The unlimited atonement of Christ preached by the Wesleys was also sung in their hymns. Charles Wesley's writings personalized Christian experience. His texts reflected a more subjective approach to singing about faith than those of Isaac Watts. Charles Wesley expended up to 30 different metric forms, while Watts had limited his writing to 3 meters. The Wesleys also demonstrated concern for the manner of hymn singing. John Wesley taught to sing the songs as they were printed, to sing all, to sing spiritually, modestly, and in time.

Sunday School songs

This movement grew because of America's growing Sunday Schools -some features of the gospel hymn were already seen in Mason's hymns William Bradbury was a student of Mason and was the leading composer of Sunday School music, and his works are the first to survive in current American hymnals. He was also a composer and compiler of tunes that appealed to children Robert Lowry was a pastor who succeeded Bradbury as editor of Sunday School Songbooks and also wrote words and tunes for hymns William Doane was a president of a woodworking company and wrote 2,200 hymn tunes and compiled 40 collections. He set musical tunes to hymns by Fanny Crosby and others

British Psalmody and Hymnody

Thomas Sternhold in the courts of Henry VIII and Edward VI published 19 Psalm versions; second edition with 37 Psalms after Sternhold's death. -His friend John Hopkins added seven new versions to the 37. The English Psalter was completed in 1562, and Hopkins contributed more than 60 Psalm versions, and it was called the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter. -Archbishop of Matthew Parker's Psalter (1567) contained 9 tunes of Thomas Tallis -1550, Sternhold's English Psalter used in Scotland, later used the Anglo Genevan Psalter, later revised. Thomas Este: Separate naming of tunes Whole Book of Psalmes 1592 First harmonizes English Psalter First to include tune names First appearance of Winchester Old Thomas Ravenscroft's Psalter 1621 Harmonization's 4 part Firmly establishes Este's precedent of naming tunes Later brought to America as source of tunes

Discuss Christian song in the early church, including the extant writings.

Throughout the Early Church, Christian song has developed as a response to the environment and circumstances the Church has found herself in and as a response to those things

20th century

Two hymnists with largest number of contribution tp Cantate Domino, which is a multilingual hymnal, is Dieter Trautwein and Rolf Schweizer

Gospel Hymnody

Urban revivals in later decades brought forth the gospel song or hymn; this type of revival hymnody can be traced back to Phillip Bliss' Gospel Songs and Ira Sankey's Gospel Hymn and Sacred Songs. Gospel hymn texts utilized the same devices of simplification found in camp meeting hymn. Gospel hymn tune developed in the simple musical style of contemporary popular song; they use major key melodies and harmonies that use the tonic, subdom and dominant in slow harmonic rhythms. More compound meter use. The gospel song had its roots in camp-meeting collections, American folk hymnody, singing-school tune books, and songs designed for Sunday School movement. The gospel song was originally intended for evangelistic services and Sunday School meetings. For this reason, its emphasis was more upon emotional appeal than intellectual reflection. The songs had simple tunes, usually with a refrain, so that they could be easily learned and remembered

Discuss the use of Scripture in congregational song (e.g., versification, paraphrase, allusion) and the relationship of theology and doctrines with hymns.

Use of Scripture in Congregational Song -Scripture is the basis for most of the hymns. Hymnwriters were able to write these hymns using several literary techniques. - Versification is writing the Scripture into the hymn in a rhyming metric form -Paraphrase is a technique used by hymn writers to reword Scripture to put into the hymn -Allusion is used to put the imagery of the Scripture into the hymn Hymns are called the "lived theology" of the church because hymns are able to shape people's faith -Many hymns in the early church were written to fight against heresies, and as councils affirmed doctrines and creeds, hymns support the doctrines and creeds. Hymns such as "Of the Father's Love Begotten" were one of the hymns written to address Arianism. As people sing the words of the hymns, which are filled with the truth of Scripture, they are able to feed themselves spiritually. The way a hymn is structured also helps the congregation remember the words and truth in a way that is memorable.

Dwight Moody and Ira Sankey

Young Men's Christian Association -They met at YMCA convention -Sankey introduced many Gospel hymns -Sankey known primarily as a compiler Gospel hymns -Begin partnership between Evangelist and Song Leader

Hymn

a Psalm of praise; Calvin thought that the Scripture only meant Psalms Exuberant praise of the Lord Structure: Hymns being with a call to worship They continue by expanding on the reasons why God should praised Hymns often include, and sometimes conclude with, further calls to praise "Praise the Lord"

Erdmann Neumeister

a theologian and poet, created a new type of sacred work that he called by the Italian term cantata. Bach preferred this new style. -Lutheran Pastor "Sinners Jesus will receive" his texts were set to music by Bach

Baptist Hymnal 2008

edited by Mike Harland; contained traditional hymnody, gospel songs, and contemporary songs and choruses

Baptist Hymnal 1991

edited by Wesley L. Forbis; expansion of material from leading contemporary hymn writers; influence of Conservative Resurgence

Baptist Hymnal 1975

edited by William J. Reynolds; included plainsong melodies, tunes by Ralph Vaughan Williams and Erik Routley, Moravian and Lutheran hymn tunes, and songs from the folk and popular culture of the late 1960s

Litany

effective and useful pattern repeating same short phrase petition, praise hymns Psalm 136

Lowell Mason

father of music education, created a method for music instruction. Wanted to use scientifically conceived music Opposed dunce (shape) notes Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Music 1822 Hamburg Azmon

Onomatopoeia

formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (cuckoo)

Chuck Smith

founder of the Calvary Chapel Jesus People Movement Previously part of Four Square Church Pastor of Calvary Chapel

Isometric meter in hymns

influence of the Rational mindset, every measure should have the same number of beats, remained in the American hymnals, developed the isometric (same meter) chorale, such as Eine Feste Burg

Felix Mendelssohn

largest number of 19th century German musical contributions to development of chorale Nun Danket

Johann A. Freylinghausen

leading hymnist of the Pietist movement -Geistreiches Gesangbuch appeared in many places

Anders Frostenson

leading recent hymn writer whose hymns are available in English

Allegory

looks to history to carry spiritual idea Story used to explain or teach an idea Ex. Guide me Oh Great Jehovah

Scandinavia

many 19th century contributions came from churches there; also, largest number of Scandinavian hymns are from Sweden

J.S. Bach

most commonly associated with the chorale in the 18th century -he harmonized and embellished hymns that were already written -harmonized chorales in 4 parts for congregational singing Passion Chorale is the most well-known chorale harmonization

Stille Nacht, Heliege Nacht

most popular 19th century German text in American hymnals is this Austrian

Tautology

needless repetition of an idea by using different but equivalent words; a redundancy Hebrew Psalms

Poetic Devices:

poetic techniques used for effect

Gesangbuchlein

published in 1524, was the first collection of polyphonic tunes, mainly used by choirs.

Svein Ellingsen

regarded as the most outstanding Norweigian hymnist of his time

Anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause

Antithesis

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast Set in balance

Rhyme scheme

the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse. -False rhyme- sounds that are similar but not identical (ways vs. grace) -Eye Rhyme- syllables that look like they should rhyme but do not (on vs. won) -Internal Rhyme: rhyming syllables within a line; occurs when there is a correspondence of sounds within a single line (Of Jesus birth and peace on earth) -Double Rhyme: two rhyming syllables (treasure and pleasure) -Triple Rhyme: three rhyming syllables

Phillip Bliss

was a Gospel soloist, song leader, and music evangelist for D.W. Whittle. He was also a prolific writer of texts and tunes of Gospel Songs. Bliss compiled Gospel Songs (1874) which was believed to have given rise to the term "gospel song." (WORDS OF LIFE; VILLE DU HAVRE)

Indications on how the music was to be performed were often given. For instance, Psalm 4 inscribes, "To the choir master, with string instruments." Musical information found in the book of Psalms are as follows.

⦁ Contents of sacred vocal music ⦁ Spiritual functions in worship ⦁ Historical contexts ⦁ Music ministry organization ⦁ Authorship and composition ⦁ Liturgical usage ⦁ Affirm the practice of choral singing ⦁ Performance practice ⦁ Specific occasions for songs Types of Psalm singing include "unison," performed by the Levites alone; "responsorial," call and response between leader and congregation (often involved a refrain); and "antiphonal," alternating between two musical groups or choirs.

The Breach Repaired

1691 Benjamin Keach -Lost and neglected ordinance of singing Psalms Hymns and Spiritual Songs

Spiritual Melody

1691 Benjamin Keach 300 hymns

Tate and Brady New Version

1696 Freer and more polished paraphrases of Psalms (The Old Version)

Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs

1875 - Collaboration between Sankey and Bliss; Six editions between 1875 and 1891; Jointly published between Biglow and Main and John Church Compan

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as Using a word or phrase in place of another to suggest likeness between them

Apostrophe

Addressing inanimate objects or concepts "Zion" "Love"

Camp Meeting Songs

American folk hymnody also influenced by Revivalism and frontier camp meeting. -They started in the Carolinas and Kentucky in the beginning of the 19th c, and became a big way in how the Gospel was preached; singing was an important part of these meetings. They needed simple and memorable songs to teach to the people living in the frontier; these songs became known as spirituals. Some of the hymns later included in the Sacred Harp and the Social Harp. The Social Harp has the largest single tunebook concentration of spirituals in this period -Two significant "white" spirituals are Warrenton and Promise Land; British hymn texts with refrains added during American Revivalism. Walker's Southern Harmony

St. Patrick

Apostle of Ireland, Breastplate hymn

Darlene Zshech

Australian Influence Hillsong Church One of the first women music directors/Worship leaders Produced albums, CWM Shout to the Lord Global Impact

Thomas Ken

Best representative of early development of congregational hymnody

Wisdom

Concrete ways how God wants us to live our lives Reveal God's will in the nitty-gritty and difficult areas of our lives Emphasize a contrast in ways of living which bring about different consequences Psalm 1:1, 6 Psalm 19:7

CCM 1990's

Emphasis on Contemporary Worship Toronto Blessing IHOP Hillsong -Contemporary versus traditional -Market driven -Lead to worship wars

Pilgrims

First English settled in Plymouth MA 1620 Puritans Published their own Bay Psalm Book

Thomas Symmes

Harvard 1720 The Reasonableness of Regular Singing

Tertullian

He was an early Latin Christian apologist. He was the first to mention the Trinity. He spoke of the bond between husband and wife singing together.