Connect Chapter 13 Multiple Choice
______ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor. Altruism Empathy Reciprocity Sympathy
Reciprocity
______ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion. Religiousness; religion Spirituality; religion Religion; religiousness Religion; spirituality
Religion; religiousness
______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world. Psychoanalytic theory Social domain theory Humanistic theory Social cognitive theory
Social domain theory
An increase in volunteer opportunities in ______ contributes to more frequent prosocial behavior. early childhood late childhood middle childhood adolescence
adolescence
In contrast to Kohlberg, Haidt believes that moral thinking is more ______. intuitive deliberative contemplative strategic
intuitive
The ego ideal and the conscience make up the ______. preconscious ego id superego
superego
A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that ______. there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior his stage of industry versus inferiority does not adequately explain what occurs in middle-to-late childhood there are not enough stages in his theory of moral development
there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior
Heteronomous thinkers believe that rules are ______. subject to change malleable unchangeable convenient conventions
unchangeable
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are ______. categories schemas values scripts
values
Students are more likely to cheat under which of the following conditions? when teachers closely monitor testing when they know their peers are cheating when consequences for cheating are clear when student scores are kept private
when they know their peers are cheating
Proponents of ______ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong. values clarification programs the social cognitive theory of morality a hidden curriculum character education
character education
Which of the following refers to a direct moral education program in which students are taught moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior? service learning character education hidden curriculum sustaining climate
character education
Contemporary views of conscience stress that the conscience is rooted in ______. externalization of punishment cognitive understanding genetics close relationships
close relationships
According to Walter Mischel, self-control is strongly influenced by ______. higher moral reasoning cognitive factors imitation intellectual dishonesty
cognitive factors
Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on ______. environmental issues self-fulfillment and material gain global aid and travel family
self-fulfillment and material gain
According to Bandura, which of the following is key to moral development? appropriate rewards self-regulation proper imitation abstract reasoning
self-regulation
According to Bandura, which of the following is key to moral development? proper imitation appropriate rewards self-regulation abstract reasoning
self-regulation
Improved grades, more goal setting, and increased self-esteem are some positive outcomes for adolescents taking part in ______ learning activities. group service cognitive thinking
service
Roughly ______ of all youths are involved in juvenile delinquency. 15 percent 2 percent 5 percent 10 percent
2 percent
What is the average age of children when Fast Track, an intervention to lower the risk of juvenile delinquency and other problems, begin? 6.5 years old 4.5 years old 5.5 years old 7.5 years old
6.5 years old
______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people. Immanent Heteronomous Cognitive Autonomous
Autonomous
Which of the following is not a suggested strategy for raising kids who behave morally? Be a permissive parent. Ask children to be involved in moral decision making. Foster an internal sense of morality. Do not be punitive.
Be a permissive parent.
______ antisocial behavior is associated with more negative developmental outcomes. Property-focused Early-onset Late-onset Female-involved
Early-onset
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development? He did experimental research on a large group of children and studied their moral preferences. He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve. He performed natural observation. He did correlational research.
He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.
Moral ______ are people who have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment. theorists exemplars ideologues geniuses
exemplars
When compared to women, men consistently show ______ interest in religion. less the same more
less
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is ______. not as important as peer relations more important than peer relations equally important as peer relations
not as important as peer relations
According to Daniel Hart, poor urban neighborhoods provide contexts that work against the formation of moral identity. Which of the following does he suggest as a way of improving youths' moral attitudes and identity? service learning opportunities school vouchers morality training summer camp attendance
service learning opportunities
Gustavo Carlo and his colleagues have confirmed there are ______ different types of prosocial behavior. four five six seven
six
Which of the following is true about the relations between emotion and moral development in children? Emotions provide a base for the acquisition of moral values. Moral emotions are the substance of moral regulation. Morel emotions are independent of the cognitive and social aspects of children's development. Moral emotions in and of themselves generate moral responses.
Emotions provide a base for the acquisition of moral values.
Which of the following is true about the relations between emotion and moral development in children? Moral emotions are the substance of moral regulation. Morel emotions are independent of the cognitive and social aspects of children's development. Moral emotions in and of themselves generate moral responses. Emotions provide a base for the acquisition of moral values.
Emotions provide a base for the acquisition of moral values.
______ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal. Juvenile delinquency Adolescent crisis Conduct disorder Prosocial behavior
Juvenile delinquency
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was ______. Bandura Kohlberg Erikson Piaget
Kohlberg
Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures? Level 2 Level 1 Level 3
Level 3
______ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling, concern, and empathy. Helpful Moral Prosocial Altruistic
Prosocial
______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society. Values Spirituality A care perspective Morality
Spirituality
What can be concluded about religion and identity development? Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but does not necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity in childhood. Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood excludes religious identity in childhood. Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood is unable to transcend the assigned religious identity in childhood.
Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but does not necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity in childhood.
Select the statement that best explains gender difference in prosocial behavior. The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior is female sharing. The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior is male kindness. The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior is male consideration. The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior is female kindness and consideration.
The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior is female kindness and consideration.
If a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during ______. adolescence later childhood late adulthood middle adulthood
adolescence
If students see their friends get away with cheating, they are more likely to ______. fail out of school work harder report their friends also begin to cheat
also begin to cheat
Although finances are tight, Jamal contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of ______. altruism antisocial behavior empathy sympathy
altruism
To a 6-year-old child, being fair would most likely mean giving ______. more to those who work the hardest more to oneself than to others an equal amount to all more to those who are disadvantaged
an equal amount to all
According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children ______ than Piaget envisioned. are more unaware of others' intentions are less cognitively aware are less egocentric have less moral understanding
are less egocentric
According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children? neglectful ignorant authoritarian indulgent
authoritarian
Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does not contribute to a child's moral development? proactive strategies authoritarian control conversational dialogue relational quality
authoritarian control
Lower rates of delinquency from ages 14 to 23 are associated with a(n) ______ parenting style. permissive neglectful authoritarian authoritative
authoritative
Which of the following is least likely to be associated with delinquency? parental monitoring authoritative parenting low-SES culture negative identity
authoritative parenting
What concept of fairness involves giving special consideration to individuals in disadvantaged conditions? altruism equity benevolence equality
benevolence
Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior? desire to live in love and harmony concern and empathy for others bidirectional socialization acceptance of welfare
concern and empathy for others
Thirteen-year-old Sana sneaks out of the house often. She and her friends destroy property, drink alcohol, and smoke cigarettes. Of the following, Sana would most likely be diagnosed with ______. conduct disorder explosive anger syndrome attention deficit hyperactivity disorder difficult temperament
conduct disorder
According to psychoanalytics, self-control replaces parental control when children ______. are overcome with guilt and look for outlets of relief accept that guilt is a natural part of life externalize their parents' standards of right and wrong conform to societal standards to avoid guilt
conform to societal standards to avoid guilt
Contemporary views of conscience stress that guilt is a motivator of young children's ______. perspective sympathy cooperation empathy
cooperation
A juvenile who engages in illegal behavior is most commonly referred to as a(n) ______. delinquent antisocial malefactor convict
delinquent
What are the two main components of the superego? ambivalence and id guilt and ego ideal ego and id ego ideal and conscience
ego ideal and conscience
According to psychoanalytic theory, the ______ rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts in approved ways, whereas the ______ punishes the child for engaging in disapproved ways by making the child feel guilty and worthless. ego ideal; conscience superego; id id; superego conscience; ego ideal
ego ideal; conscience
According to developmental researchers, parental obligations in close parent-child relationships include all of the following, except ______. guiding children to become competent ensuring healthy emotional expression engaging in positive caregiving
ensuring healthy emotional expression
Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following? expectations about social roles exploring alternative moral courses fear of punishment internal standards of morality
expectations about social roles
The hidden curriculum is reflected in all of the following except ______. the moral orientation of teachers classroom rules text materials explicit moral instruction
explicit moral instruction
Which of the following is most effective at reducing the recidivism rate for juvenile offenders? individual treatment family therapy youth court case management
family therapy
Conduct disorders and delinquency are least likely to be diagnosed in which of the following? male adolescent female
female
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called ______. forgiveness compliance emotion altruism
forgiveness
A young infant's empathic response in which clear boundaries between the feelings and needs of the self and those of another have yet to be established is referred to as ______. ineffective empathy sympathy global empathy guilt
global empathy
Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and ______, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative. gratitude altruism emotion reciprocity
gratitude
Which behavior has been linked to health benefits for older adults? helping others working for pay receiving help from others
helping others
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people. heteronomous autonomous homonomous perspective taking
heteronomous
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in ______. concrete imperatives authoritative control immanent justice moral justice
immanent justice
Prevention programs that focus on ______ were most effective at reducing persistent delinquency. group therapy individual improvements improving family context court outcomes
improving family context
Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as ______. nonexistent purely egocentric inconsistent self-controlled
inconsistent
In the Child Development Project, students are given multiple opportunities to discuss other students' experiences, and they participate in exercises that encourage them to reflect on their own behaviors in terms of such values as fairness and social responsibility. This program is taking a(n) ______ approach to moral development. justice only care only integrative reflective only
integrative
According to Freud, guilt develops as the result of ______. external hostility aimed at the same-sex parent the inability of children to identify with either of their parents poor parenting that allows children to internalize their hostility inwardly directed hostility being experienced self-punitively
inwardly directed hostility being experienced self-punitively
The label ______ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal. juvenile delinquent societal misfit antisocial criminal underage criminal
juvenile delinquent
As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults ______. may begin to question their own religious beliefs become more accepting of religious doctrine in general abandon religion for more logical thought usually begin to disregard the religious teachings of their youth
may begin to question their own religious beliefs
Secure attachment ______ children's moral development. does not play an important role in may play an important role in definitely plays an important role in is unrelated to
may play an important role in
Which of the following is least likely to influence the religion and religiousness of adolescents? religious teachings of their upbringing media and school parental attachment religious socialization
media and school
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people? cognitive physical moral emotional
moral
According to Bandura, which of the following describes the use of worthwhile ends to justify inhumane means? moral waywardness moral disengagement immoral competence utter immorality
moral disengagement
According to James Rest, which aspect of moral development, that prioritizes moral values over other personal values, has not been adequately emphasized? moral ideology moral disengagement moral motivation moral emotion
moral motivation
According to social domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of the focus of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of the focus of ______. postconventional reasoning moral reasoning preconventional reasoning social reasoning
moral reasoning
According to the World Values Survey, 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed countries were ______ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries. more equally less
more
Newer approaches to character education advocate ______. harsh punishment for moral violations removing morality education from schools more democratic solutions a strict moral code
more democratic solutions
One of the biggest influences of religion on the sexuality of adolescents and emerging adults is that ______. place of worship is usually the site of common-sense sexuality education most places of worship discourage premarital sex religion usually opens up the lines of communication about sex between youth and adults religion causes people to be more open about everything, including sex
most places of worship discourage premarital sex
Talking about values is a proactive parenting strategy recommended for which age group? infants toddlers older children young children
older children
Conversations about moral development should focus on what types of events? past, immediate, and future past and future future and present immediate and present
past, immediate, and future
Moral ______ is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way. perception ability performance competence
performance
Researchers have defined moral ______ as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars. development identity bankruptcy personality
personality
The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is referred to as ______. role reversal self-understanding mind reading perspective taking
perspective taking
The cognitive component of empathy is ______. perspective taking moral identity sympathy externalization
perspective taking
In which of the following areas is religion least likely to promote health? physical activity mental health and coping social networks lifestyle issues
physical activity
Recent research indicates that emotion ______. boosts the efficacy of moral thinking is unrelated to moral thinking was wisely avoided by Kohlberg plays an important role in moral thinking
plays an important role in moral thinking
The parenting strategy of being ______ helps to avert potential misbehavior by children before it takes place. proactive reactive overactive inactive
proactive
What is the most common offense type with which juvenile delinquents are charged? offenses against persons property offenses drug offenses public order offenses
property offenses
When individuals are reinforced for behavior that is consistent with social laws and conventions, they are likely to ______ that behavior. resent ignore repeat delight in
repeat
Not until they reach early childhood can children ______ another person's distress. be aware of feel genuine concern for respond appropriately to
respond appropriately to
What theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and their moral performance? social cognitive theory immanent justice social domain theory justice perspective
social cognitive theory
Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains? social domain social personality prosocial
social domain
Research indicates that all of the following may underpin morality in young children, except ______. parental empathy structured infant morality education early interactions with caregivers an intuitive sense of fairness
structured infant morality education
What is the moral branch of the personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory? id conscience superego ego
superego
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing ______ emphasis on moral reasoning and ______ emphasis on moral behavior. no; some not enough; too much some; no too much; not enough
too much; not enough
