Contemporary Biology Test 1

All living organisms are made up of cells, yet organisms look different from one another because _____.

there are different types of cells

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

the tails

The useable form of energy for a cell is ___

ATP

Which of the following perform cellular respiration? (Select ALL that apply) Fungi Archaea Viruses Rocks Animals Plants Bacteria

Fungi Archaea Animals Plants Bacteria

Which statement is true regarding essential amino acids? -Essential amino acids cannot be made by muscle cells in the human body, but can be synthesized by other cell types (especially neural cells and bone cells). -Human cells must derive "pre-assembled" essential amino acids from food. -Essential amino acids can be made in the human body, provided that there is an adequate amount of micronutrients. -Essential amino acids can be made by human cells under any circumstances.

Human cells must derive "pre-assembled" essential amino acids from food.

Which statement is a function of photosynthesis? -It provides carbon dioxide that we breathe and it produces firewood for us to burn. -It produces firewood for us to burn. -It provides carbon dioxide that we breathe. -It provides oxygen that we breathe and indirectly provides fossil fuels.

It provides oxygen that we breathe and indirectly provides fossil fuels.

Melanoma rates are higher in areas of the United States with a high number of sunny days each year. Melanoma rates have been observed to decrease in some countries in response to public health campaigns that promote regular use of sunscreen. Other types of skin cancer, which are similar to melanoma, are linked to UV exposure. Based on this information, what is the MOST comprehensive hypothesis that you can generate?

People who use sunscreen have lower rates of skin cancer in general.

Refer to the sample scenario below to answer the next several questions: The science club is planting a garden and hopes to donate the vegetables to the local food pantry. They decide to fertilize the soil. The local garden store has many different options of fertilizers. As an added project, the club decides to perform an experiment to determine which fertilizer will result in growing the greatest number of vegetables. Select ALL of the variables that the scientists should keep the same between the control and experimental groups?

The amount of fertilizer added to each plant. The amount of sunlight the plants receive. The types of vegetable plant used in the experiment.

If phospholipid-like molecules in an alien species had charged tails and uncharged heads, how would these molecules be arranged in alien cell membranes, assuming that the cells and their surroundings are aqueous in the aliens?

The heads would be facing in, and the tails would be facing out.

Refer to the sample scenario below to answer the next several questions: The science club is planting a garden and hopes to donate the vegetables to the local food pantry. They decide to fertilize the soil. The local garden store has many different options of fertilizers. As an added project, the club decides to perform an experiment to determine which fertilizer will result in growing the greatest number of vegetables. •What is the likely dependent variable in this experiment?

The number of vegetables produced by each plant.

Refer to the sample scenario below to answer the next several questions: The science club is planting a garden and hopes to donate the vegetables to the local food pantry. They decide to fertilize the soil. The local garden store has many different options of fertilizers. As an added project, the club decides to perform an experiment to determine which fertilizer will result in growing the greatest number of vegetables. •What is the likely independent variable in this experiment?

They type of fertilizer (A, B, C, or D). They type of fertilizer (A, B, C, or D).

Viruses reproduce by infecting a host cell and hijacking its cellular machinery to make copies of itself.

True

Refer to the sample scenario below to answer the next several questions: The science club is planting a garden and hopes to donate the vegetables to the local food pantry. They decide to fertilize the soil. The local garden store has many different options of fertilizers. As an added project, the club decides to perform an experiment to determine which fertilizer will result in growing the greatest number of vegetables. Think about an example question that this study may seek to answer and state a possible hypothesis. (A hypothesis does not have to be correct! What would your prediction be if you were performing this study) •What would be a reasonable control group for this study?

Vegetable plants grown without added fertilizer.

Would the following experiment test the dependency hypothesis of caffeine? Use two groups: one group of regular coffee drinkers who had abstained from coffee for a short period, and another group of non−coffee drinkers. Does coffee give both groups a boost or only the regular coffee drinkers looking for their fix?

Yes; this would be a valid scientific experiment. Yes; this would be a valid scientific experiment .

In which type of study would you have the most confidence?

a randomized clinical trial with 10,000 rats

The pH of the stomach is usually around 2, meaning the contents of the stomach are ___ and therefore the [H+] is ____ than the [OH-].

acidic; greater

In the process of digestion, proteins are broken down into _____, whereas carbohydrates are broken down into _____.

amino acids; monosaccharides

The smallest unit of an element that cannot be chemically broken down into smaller units is the _____.

atom

Which of these are prokaryotic cells? bacteria fungi sponges protozoa

bacteria

How do humans and other animals obtain energy?

by eating food

How do plants as well as some algae and microbes obtain energy?

by trapping energy from the sun

Researchers are hoping to determine the efficacy of a new drug that (supposedly) reduces cholesterol in patients. To this end, they carry out a randomized clinical trial, where one group of subjects receives the cholesterol drug and the other group receives a placebo. Researchers then periodically measure the cholesterol levels in individuals from both of these groups. In this scenario, _____ would be considered the dependent variable.

cholesterol levels in subjects

Which of these contain photosynthetic capabilities? plants cyanobacteria bacteria algae cyanobacteria, algae, and plants

cyanobacteria, algae, and plants

Which step of aerobic respiration actually consumes oxygen?

electron transport

Which step of aerobic respiration generates the most ATP?

electron transport

Which macromolecules have the greatest caloric value per gram?

fats

The most common end product of photosynthesis is ____________.

glucose

You consistently eat more Calories than you expend each day. In the short term, this extra energy is stored as _____, and in the long term it is stored as _____.

glycogen; fat

You exercise for 1 hour at the gym. During this exercise, you will first use energy from _________ and then from ____________.

glycogen; fats

The body mass index estimates body fat based on one's _____.

height and weight

A solution with a pH of 2.5 would contain ____________.

more H+ than OH-

Which statement is NOT true with respect to facilitated diffusion? transport proteins are involved large solutes move across a membrane no energy is required movement of solute is from lower to higher concentration hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane

hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane

When scientists carry out an experiment they are testing a(n) ____.

hypothesis

Where does cellular respiration take place in a eukaryotic cell?

in the mitochondria

In an experiment, the only difference between the control group and the experimental group is the _____ variable.

independent

Which type of respiration occurs when carbon dioxide moves from the body's cells into the blood and oxygen moves from the blood and into the body's cells?

internal respiration

In the process of catabolism, a substrate

is broken into its products

In this chapter, the dependent variable in the experiment dealing with coffee was ________.

memory test score

Once starch in your diet has been broken down into ______, those subunits are absorbed in the _______.

monosaccharides; small intestine

The general term for the membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions are the _____.

organelles

What is the most abundant element found in the human body?

oxygen

An experiment measured the effects of caffeine consumption on memory. What is the dependent variable?

performance on the memory test

A scientist is looking at a cell's membrane. She notices that the membrane is composed (primarily) of a certain type of macromolecule. These macromolecules are unique in that they are not composed of monomers, but instead resemble "hairpins" with fatty acid tails. This scientist is looking at _____.

phospholipids

Fatty acids are obtained from _____ in the diet and can be used to build _____.

phospholipids; nucleic acids

Which of these can produce biofuels? plants algae microalgae plants, algae, and microalgae

plants, algae, and microalgae

Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

proton

Hummingbird food is sugar water. When making hummingbird food, the sugar is the _____ while the water is the _____.

solute; solvent

Which of these are needed for algae to have photosynthetic capabilities? -sunlight and oxygen -sunlight and glucose -carbon dioxide and glucose -oxygen and carbon dioxide -sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water

sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water

Which of the following is not a generally recognized characteristic of most (if not all) living organisms

the ability to obtain energy directly from sunlight

One of the reasons photosynthetic organisms are so important on planet Earth is that _____. -they produce oil that can be converted into biofuels to power human activity -the energy-rich molecules they produce are used by all living organisms to fuel cellular processes -they produce coal that is used by all living organisms to fuel cellular processes -they produce biofuels that are used to power aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria

the energy-rich molecules they produce are used by all living organisms to fuel cellular processes

A type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long-term use is a(n) ___________ molecule.

triglyceride

Osmosis is the movement of _____ into solutions with _____ concentrations of solutes.

water; higher

A carbohydrate-loading athlete would most likely consume ______.

whole wheat bagels