Contemporary Social Problems Test 2 Study Guide Netadj
In __________, same-sex marriage was legalized in the U.S. A) 1973 B) 1985 C) 1996 D) 2015
D
Social constructions __________. A) are not real B) are rooted in essentialism C) remain constant over time D) emerge in cultural and historical context
D
Sociological research on the effect of affirmative action has concluded which of the following? A) Affirmative action policies have resulted in widespread reverse discrimination against whites. B) Affirmative action policies have impacted employment prospects of whites more than non-whites. C) Affirmative action policies have substantially altered our implicit biases about race. D) Affirmative action policies have not entirely alleviated discriminatory hiring practices experienced by non-whites.
D
Sociological research shows that, in heterosexual families, women today take on more of the burden of __________ than men. A) paying alimony B) unemployment C) marriage D) the second shift
D
As a result of __________, women's lives have changed dramatically in the last 50 years. A) evolutionary theory B) the gender revolution C) heteronormativity D) patriarchy
B
By 2045 the U.S. Census Bureau projects that __________. A) Hispanics will comprise more than 50 percent of the population B) interracial marriages will account for almost 80 percent of all marriages C) whites will comprise less than 50 percent of the population D) multiracial people will be the minority in the population
C
The grouping of Americans of European descent, such as Italian, Irish, and Jewish, into a general racial category of "white" exemplifies __________. A) individual discrimination B) ethnicity as essentialist C) race as a social construction D) how stereotypes are constructivist
C
Today in the U.S., rates of HIV infection, infant mortality, and homicide are highest among __________. A) Hispanics B) Asians C) blacks D) whites
C
What major change was made to the U.S. Census forms in 1997? A) People were given the option to indicate black as their ethnicity. B) White was no longer listed as an option for racial identity. C) People were allowed to identify themselves as more than one race. D) People were given the option to indicate Hispanic/Latino as their race
C
2) Which of the following statements is most demonstrative of essentialism? A) Racial identity is inherited. B) Race and ethnicity are socially constructed. C) Ethnicity constitutes belief in a shared cultural descent. D) Race and ethnicity are interrelated concepts
A
3) According to the logic of the one-drop rule, past President Barak Obama would be racially classified as __________. A) black B) white C) mixed-race D) American
A
40) __________ manifests both formally and informally, as well as intentionally and unintentionally. A) White privilege B) Implicit racism C) Constructionism D) Affirmative action
A
7) In general, __________ groups are larger than distinctions made about __________ groups. A) racial; ethnic B) ethnic; racial C) black; white D) white; black
A
A(n) __________ family is one where both spouses are in the labor force. A) dual-earning B) autonomous C) household D) blended
A
About __________ percent of the population are sexual minorities. A) 4 B) 10 C) 22 D) 30
A
According to the information provided in this chapter, the U.S. might look to model government policies in the Netherlands and Denmark if it wanted to __________. A) legalize and regulate prostitution B) further restrict LGBTQ rights C) close the gender pay gap D) reform hookup culture on college campuses
A
Children from __________ families are more likely to realize success in navigating bureaucracies later in life than children from __________ families. A) middle-class; poor B) poor; working-class C) working-class; cohabiting D) cohabiting; working-class
A
__________ can be described as a policy based on the principle of color blindness, whereas __________ is one that is color-conscious. A) Affirmative action; the 1965 Voter Rights Act B) The Civil Rights Act of 1964; affirmative action C) Affirmative action; the Civil Rights Act of 1964 D) The 1965 Voter Rights Act; the Civil Rights Act of 1964
B
__________ has been shown to be associated with reduced likelihood that a couple will divorce, but has also been shown to be a potential contributor to relationship conflict. A) Race B) Religion C) Education D) Childbearing
B
According to Wilson's work on "marriageable men," __________. A) poor women have a difficult time finding partners that they think are suitable for marriage B) the most desirable husband for working-class women is one willing to be a stay-at-home parent C) there has been an increase in the quality of male marriage partners among all social class groups since the gender revolution D) middle-class women are less motivated to marry than they have been in previous decades
A
Kelly recently told her parents and her best friend that she is a lesbian. Which of the following concepts best applies to Kelly's situation? A) trans-negative B) queer C) intersex D) coming out
D
Which of the following concepts best helps explain why harassment of, and violence against, black men by police officers is so prominent in the U.S. today? A) implicit bias B) essentialism C) institutional discrimination D) nationalism
A
Over the life course, about __________ percent of women report having experienced some form of intimate partner violence. A) 3 B) 10 C) 20 D) 30
D
Which of the following has been found to most greatly reduce the negative health outcomes associated with being a victim of sexual assault? A) getting counseling B) suppressing the event C) avoiding processing the event D) binge drinking
A
Today, __________ account for more than one-third of America's prison population. A) black men B) black women C) white men D) white women
A
Divorce rates among younger Americans are __________ because __________. A) decreasing; fewer of them are marrying in the first place B) increasing; they tend to marry very young and younger couples are less stable C) increasing; younger people are a more educated cohort than others in the past and education is associated with higher divorce rates D) decreasing; they are less economically well-off so they need to stay married for financial stability
A
Due to high rates of __________ among the __________ population, this group is most likely to be disproportionately disadvantaged when exercising the right to vote. A) incarceration; black B) mortality; white C) unemployment; Asian D) educational attainment; Latino
A
Educational inequalities between racial groups are best explained by __________. A) funding inequalities as a result of residential segregation B) differences in parental involvement with schooling C) the Great Recession D) the failures of affirmative action policies
A
Family plays an important role in the opportunities children are afforded in life, but sociological research finds that __________. A) resources provided by communities and extended networks also matter B) psychology is better at predicting children's outcomes later in life C) the variables of race and social class matter more than family itself D) gender-specific childrearing is the most important indicator of well-being later in life
A
Glenda is a first-generation Mexican American immigrant. Which of the following is true about her experience filling out the 2010 Census? A) She was not able to indicate Latina as her race. B) She was able to indicate Latina as her race. C) She was not able to indicate Latina as her ethnicity. D) She was not eligible to fill out the Census forms.
A
How one expresses __________ can change over the life course. A) sexual orientation B) patriarchy C) oppression frameworks D) heteronormativity
A
In recent decades __________ has overwhelmingly been replaced by __________. A) dating; hooking up B) the gender pay gap; occupational sex segregation C) homophobia; sexism D) patriarchy; feminism
A
In the early 1800s, Americans of Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian descent were __________. A) classified as distinct racial-ethnic groups B) all considered to be "white" C) classified as "people of color" D) all considered to be "black"
A
It is increasingly common for households in the U.S. to __________. A) be comprised of a married couple with children B) have economic stability C) house four or more children D) be comprised of one person
A
One unintended consequence of concerted cultivation is that _________. A) young people today feel overly pressured to be very busy and accomplish goals B) young people today have more free time than they know what to do with C) parents today have to be dual-earning couples to maintain a household D) parents today have more flexibility in their gendered parenting responsibilities than before
A
Over time, U.S. public support for non-heterosexual relationships has __________. A) increased B) decreased C) stayed the same D) become more hostile
A
Recently, former Olympian and Hollywood celebrity Bruce Jenner became Caitlyn Jenner. Which of the following best describes Caitlyn? A) She is transgender. B) She is trans-negative. C) She is cisgender. D) She is gender queer
A
Research about child support __________. A) tends to underestimate the amount that is contributed by the paying parent B) excludes parents who were not once married to the child's other parent C) shows that men and women are equally likely to both pay and receive child support payments D) finds that it is most often paid along with alimony
A
Research on sex work has found that forms of prostitution that charge higher prices typically have __________. A) lower risk of violent victimization B) more adverse impacts on the surrounding community C) no risk of exploitation by third parties D) higher public visibility
A
Research shows that exposure to __________ may affect self-concept, confidence, and performance on tasks. A) stereotypes B) sex C) gender D) patriarchy
A
Research shows that men and women in poor communities tend to prioritize __________ over __________. A) parenthood; marriage B) marriage; cohabitation C) divorce; parenthood D) marriage; parenthood
A
Since graduating from college in 2000, Trevor has been in four different serious romantic relationships, each of which lasted for about 5 years. Given this information, a sociologist would describe this as an example of __________. A) serial relationships B) cohabitation nation C) polygamy D) accomplishment of natural growth
A
Since the 1980s rates of __________ have increased, but are still relatively low. A) interracial marriage B) educational attainment by whites C) incarceration among blacks D) felony convictions
A
Some recent research on the effects of divorce for children finds that __________ may fare worse than __________ when raised in a single-parent home. A) boys; girls B) older children; younger children C) middle-class children; working-class children D) children who attend public schools; children who are homeschooled
A
The Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges overturned __________. A) the Defense of Marriage Act B) the gender revolution C) no-fault divorce laws D) the Remarriage Act
A
The contradictory American values about __________ and __________ can help explain the current state of marriage in the U.S. A) divorce; parenthood B) stigma; infidelity C) individualism; marriage D) social class; cohabitation
A
The gender revolution __________. A) created tensions between women's traditional roles as caregivers and contemporary roles as workers B) had almost no impact on the way families organize paid and unpaid work C) has been found to have a negative impact on children who live in families with dual-earning parents D) refers to gains realized by men in the 1970s regarding family rights
A
Today in the U.S. young women are more likely than their peers in the opposite situation to be sexually assaulted if they __________. A) do not attend college B) have never been a victim of sexual assault before C) are married D) attend parties with no alcohol present
A
Which of the following is the best sociological explanation for the finding that women are less interested in casual sex than men are? A) Women are more likely to avoid casual sex to avoid damaging their reputations. B) Women are more likely to avoid casual sex because contraceptives are typically unavailable. C) Men are more likely to desire casual sex to ensure the survival of their offspring. D) Men are more likely to desire casual sex because they have more testosterone
A
Which of the following statements best explains why we should be cautious when interpreting overall median household income in the U.S. today by racial-ethnic group? A) The measure does not account for important variations within racial-ethnic groups. B) The measure does not adjust for inflation. C) The measure does not account for rates of unemployment. D) The measure does not adjust for historical differences in wages.
A
Which of the following statements most accurately describes what sociological research has concluded in recent years about race, media bias, and crime? A) Non-whites are overrepresented in media coverage of crimes. B) Media coverage of crime is most likely to focus on white perpetrators. C) There are no differences between racial groups in media coverage of crimes. D) Media coverage of crime is least likely to highlight African American perpetrators
A
While doing research for a homework assignment, you come across a report that ranks the sex segregation of various occupational sectors. You notice that the occupations of electrician and truck driver have rankings above 70. What does this mean? A) Truck driver and electrician are highly gender-segregated occupations. B) Truck driver and electrician are highly gender-integrated occupations. C) At least 70 percent of all truck drivers and electricians are male. D) At least 70 percent of all truck drivers and electricians are female.
A
Women's increased labor force participation historically coincides with _________. A) increased divorce rates B) increased rates of stay-at-home fathers C) decreased educational attainment among women D) decreased wages among men
A
__________ are __________ among couples who are older when they marry, have higher educational attainment, and higher incomes. A) Divorce rates; lower B) Serial cohabitation rates; higher C) Marriage rates; lower D) Single-mother households; higher
A
__________ help illuminate sexual orientation as rooted in genetics and social life. A) Twin studies B) Surveys C) Standardized test scores D) Random assignment experiments
A
__________ is a form of __________. A) Rape; sexual assault B) Patriarchy; feminism C) Occupational sex segregation; street harassment D) Prostitution; heteronormativity
A
__________ is/are an example of institutional discrimination. A) Differing penalties for possession of crack cocaine and powder cocaine B) Using hate speech C) The Rwandan genocide D) Refusing to rent an apartment to a non-white individual
A
Given what you know about the research on children's experiences of divorce, which of the following would you suggest to a family going through the transition of divorce? A) Moving the kids to a new town, home, and school will help them to best cope with the transition, so everyone can have a "fresh start." B) Minimizing parental conflict and keeping both parents highly involved with the kids are extremely important. C) Giving children a lot of alone time with only one parent (because seeing both at this time would be too painful) to clearly process the changes underway is imperative for their readjustment. D) Recoupling immediately will help alleviate stress associated with the transition.
B
Historically, how __________ is defined was a key component to becoming a full American citizen. A) prejudice B) whiteness C) the one-drop rule D) nationality
B
Historically, increased rates of women's labor force participation and increased __________ rates coincide. A) mortality B) marriage C) divorce D) remarriage
B
In 2017, many high-profile men in the media __________. A) started the #metoo movement B) were accused of being sexual assault perpetrators C) began organizing around sexual harassment in the workplace D) were found to be victims of sexual assault
B
"__________" describes the relationships you have with others through biological, marital, or emotional connections. A) Household B) Kin C) Family D) Institution
B
8) Full cultural assimilation becomes increasingly more likely with each __________ of a family. A) immigration B) generation C) decision D) intermarriage
B
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, which of the following is a nonfamily household? A) a grandmother who has legal physical custody of her two grandchildren B) a cohabiting same-sex couple C) a married heterosexual couple D) a single-father with full physical custody of his young son
B
An internet search of "online dating websites" reveals countless images of, and websites devoted to, happy opposite-sex couples finding love. Which sociological concept best illustrates this phenomenon? A) trans-negative B) heteronormativity C) sexual fluidity D) heterosexism
B
As public opinions become more favorable and public policies become more inclusive of sexual minorities, we can reasonably expect __________. A) that the number of individuals who express anti-LGBTQ sentiments will increase B) that homophobia, transphobia, and anti-gay harassment will become less widespread C) the field of psychology to better explain why people express anti-LGBTQ sentiments D) that heterosexism will become more widespread
B
Black Panthers and Black Lives Matter are organizations that came out of social movements to raise awareness about racial disparities in __________. A) educational attainment B) the criminal justice system C) voting rights D) access to high-quality healthcare
B
Compared to parents in the 1960s, parents today spend __________ time with their children. A) a little less B) more C) substantially less D) the same
B
Compared to women in the 1970s, women today are more likely to have __________. A) children young B) children outside of marriage C) children while married D) 3 or more children
B
Data on intimate partner violence are __________. A) some of the most accurate crime statistics available B) likely an underestimate of the prevalence of the crime C) under examined by researchers D) usually overlooked by public policy makers
B
Depending on how it is measured, the __________ among American couples ranges from 35 to 55 percent. A) marriage rate B) divorce rate C) remarriage rate D) childbearing rate
B
Given what you know about the persistence of the gender gap in pay between men and women workers in the U.S., which of the following policies would best help to close this gap? A) overturning the 1963 Equal Pay Act B) requiring wages for part-time work to be the same as they would be if the employee was full-time C) disincentivize women entering STEM fields D) provide free higher education for men entering care occupations
B
On most weekdays, after school, Wendy has an activity to engage in. On Monday, she takes piano lessons and on Tuesday and Thursday she has soccer practice or a game. Over the weekend, her family usually visits a local museum or spends time at the public library. Which of the following concepts best describes Wendy's childhood? A) accomplishment of natural growth B) concerted cultivation C) serial childrearing D) kinship cultivation
B
Raising one's children, assisting elderly relatives, and cleaning one's house are examples of __________. A) paid care work B) unpaid care work C) paid breadwinning D) unpaid breadwinning
B
Research presented in the text finds no difference between outcomes for children raised in __________ and __________. A) poverty; the middle-class B) heterosexual headed homes; same-sex headed homes C) multigenerational; single-parent headed homes D) single-mother headed homes; cohabiting couple homes
B
Social scientists have used __________ to empirically test the limits of how individuals socially construct gender. A) heteronormativity B) experiments C) sex segregation D) sexual fluidity
B
Sociological research finds that families who __________ have more favorable familial experiences. A) have a traditional gendered division of labor B) practice flexibility in breadwinning and caregiving C) utilize concerted cultivation D) avoid marriage
B
Some victims of sexual assault are said to experience a "second assault" when they report their abuse. This refers to __________. A) being convicted of multiple sexual assaults B) receiving negative reactions from others they tell about the incident C) being assaulted by the same perpetrator a second time D) receiving second degree assault charges in court
B
The U.S. houses approximately __________ percent of the world's prison population. A) 10 B) 25 C) 40 D) 55
B
The challenges of living in __________ are disproportionately experienced by black Americans. A) single-family homes B) ghettos C) the middle-class D) rural poverty
B
The statistic that about 70 percent of whites today agree that "blacks should overcome prejudice and work their way up in society, like Irish, Jewish, and other minorities did at one point in history," demonstrates __________. A) racial equality B) the phenomenon of white privilege C) the effectiveness of affirmative action D) how race is socially constructed
B
Today in the U.S. women surpass men in __________. A) annual earnings B) college enrollment C) high school drop-out rates D) filling seats in Congress
B
Today, most Americans publically approve of __________. A) racially segregated public schools B) intermarriage between whites and non-whites C) discriminatory hiring practices D) racially segregated neighborhoods
B
Today, most women in professional or managerial jobs __________. A) become stay-at-home mothers after having children B) have stay-at-home spouses that manage childcare and other household tasks C) are more likely to find themselves unemployed than men D) return to the labor force quickly after having children
B
Today, the unemployment rate for __________ is nearly twice that of __________. A) whites; Hispanics B) blacks; whites C) whites; blacks D) blacks; Hispanics
B
Today, there is considerable debate among sociologists about __________. A) whether or not race is a social construction B) whether or not race will decline in significance in the future C) the existence of racial disparities in education, employment, and wealth D) racial discrimination in the criminal justice system
B
Valerie is a 30-year-old single woman with no children. Last year she finished a graduate degree and moved out of her parents' basement into an apartment of her own. She is searching for the right partner to be in a committed relationship with, but has not found that person yet. At Thanksgiving, Valerie's grandmother asked her when she might be getting married and having children and said, "By the time I was your age I was married and had all three of my children." Sociologists would most likely point to changes in _________ in order to explain Valerie and her grandmother's different experiences at this stage of life. A) serial gender norms B) the transition to adulthood C) no-fault divorce D) the dual-earner family model
B
Which of the following about sexual assault is true? A) The U.S. has the highest rates of sexual assault in the developed world. B) More often than not, the victim and the perpetrator know each other. C) Men and women report being victims of sexual assault at about equal rates. D) Street harassment is a type of sexual assault.
B
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the relationship between race, crime, and political representation? A) Whites face substantial obstacles to exercising their right to vote because they are the most frequent targets of illegal voter intimidation efforts. B) Blacks and Latinos disproportionately face obstacles to exercising their right to vote because they are also disproportionately convicted of felonies, which suspends their right to vote. C) Whites are disproportionately unable to obtain voter IDs because they are disproportionately convicted of felonies, which suspends their right to vote. D) Blacks and whites are equally convicted of felonies, so they have their rights to vote suspended at equal rates.
B
Which of the following statements about recent social policy and sexual assault on college campuses is true? A) The Obama Administration rescinded a 2011 U.S. Department of Education policy that penalized universities by withholding federal funds if they did not respond to cases of sexual harassment, sexual violence, and assault. B) The Trump Administration rescinded a 2011 U.S. Department of Education policy that penalized universities by withholding federal funds if they did not respond to cases of sexual harassment, sexual violence, and assault. C) The Obama Administration opened civil rights investigations on over 100 colleges and universities who allegedly did not properly handle sexual assault cases. D) The Trump Administration opened civil rights investigations on over 100 colleges and universities who allegedly did not properly handle sexual assault cases.
B
Women and men are most likely to orgasm during sex __________. A) during a first hookup B) if they are in a longer-term relationship C) during a second or third hookup D) if they ascribe to traditional gender roles
B
In an experiment that sent fake job resumes to real job ads, women applicants __________ got more callbacks, whereas men applicants with the same characteristics had no difference in the callbacks they received. A) with college degrees B) without college degrees C) without children D) with children
C
Individuals who identify as LGBTQ are __________. A) trans-negative B) heterosexist C) sexual minorities D) gender queer
C
Intergenerational asset accumulation helps explain __________. A) why the racial segregation of neighborhoods persists B) the process of cultural assimilation C) how individual discrimination operates in everyday life D) why the racial wealth gap persists
D
1) __________ is a system for classifying people based on perceived cultural similarities, whereas __________ is based on perceived innate physical similarities. A) Race; ethnicity B) Nationality; race C) Ethnicity; race D) Ethnicity; nationality
C
A sociologist would argue that __________. A) race describes innate differences between individuals B) racism is a thing of the past in the U.S. C) racism is learned via the process of socialization D) ethnicity is historically more significant than race
C
After work Zander picks up his toddler-aged daughter from daycare. As he leaves the daycare parking lot, his wife texts him to ask if he can pick up milk on his way home. Before he gets to the grocery store the toddler has fallen asleep in her car seat. Instead of waking her, Zander decides to run quickly into the store to grab milk. In the 5-minutes he is gone, out of concern for the little girl, someone has called the police. When Zander returns to the car the officer tells him he is being charged with __________. A) medical neglect B) physical abuse C) simple neglect D) psychological maltreatment
C
Children born to __________ women are most likely to be raised in a single-parent home. A) white B) Asian C) black D) Latino
C
Children in today's American families are likely to experience a series of __________ during childhood. A) second shifts B) financial changes C) family transitions D) shifts in adolescence
C
Devon identifies as a man, the gender he was assigned at birth, and is sexually attracted to other men. Which of the following terms best describes Devon's identity? A) transgender bisexual B) cisgender heterosexual C) cisgender gay D) queer lesbian
C
If families embrace __________ in paid and unpaid labor, they may realize additional benefits from being part of a __________. A) traditional breadwinning; gender revolution B) multigenerational households; non-marital partnership C) gender flexibility; blended family D) traditional caregiving; nonfamily household
C
Kevin and Sal are two men taking part in a random assignment experiment about gender identity. Upon their arrival at the experiment they are both given a survey to complete about gender identity. They do so and then wait for their results to be scored by the researchers. First, the researcher debriefs Kevin and tells him that his survey responses indicate that his gender identity is more feminine than masculine. Next, the researcher debriefs Sal on his results and lets him know that his survey indicates his gender identity is more masculine than feminine. Kevin and Sal are then asked a series of questions about their opinions on homosexuality. Given what you know about other research done on this topic what is most likely the result of the opinion questions? A) Sal will be more likely than Kevin to have a negative view of homosexuality. B) Kevin and Sal are both likely to have negative views of homosexuality. C) Kevin will be more likely than Sal to have a negative view of homosexuality. D) Kevin and Sal are both likely to have positive views of homosexuality.
C
Predictions about __________ are based on estimates of fertility, mortality, and migration. A) health disparities B) the shifting construction of whiteness C) trends in racial classification D) population growth and decline
C
Research finds that college men and women are equally likely to __________. A) initiate hookups B) ask each other out on dates C) express interest in having relationships D) express interest in having casual sex
C
Since the adoption of __________ in the __________, rates of divorce have __________. A) the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA); 2010s; increased B) same-sex marriage policies; 1990s; decreased C) no fault divorce; 1960s; decreased D) findings from the Moynihan report; 1940s; increased
C
Sociological research shows that children are __________ when their parents work for pay. A) no worse off B) much worse off C) more likely to have behavioral problems D) less likely to be gender egalitarian themselves
C
The 1950s cultural model of middle-class family life __________. A) is the way families have been structured throughout most of American history B) exemplifies what family life is like for most Americans C) proved to be an ultimately unsustainable way to organize family life D) is the best way to raise a family, and has been for some time Learning Objective: 6.1.1 Identify family forms that can be found throughout human history and
C
The chronic stress of __________ has been shown to impact brain development. A) experiencing parental divorce B) the second shift C) living in poverty D) living in a nonfamily household
C
When compared to similar countries and over time, the U.S. divorce rate is __________. A) much lower B) much higher C) about the same D) slightly lower
C
Which of the following concepts best explains the persistent racial wealth gap in the U.S.? A) assimilation B) individual discrimination C) institutional discrimination D) prejudice
C
Which of the following statements would a supporter of affirmative action policies, as they exist today, be most likely to say? A) Affirmative action is necessary to offset the generations of institutional discrimination experienced by non-whites. B) Affirmative action is necessary because reverse discrimination of whites is rampant in contemporary America. C) Affirmative action is necessary because it directly addresses class-based differences in society. D) Affirmative action is necessary to offset the cultural aspects of poverty.
C
Women and sexual minorities are more likely than heterosexual men to __________. A) engage in hookup culture B) be perpetrators of sexual assault C) experience harassment D) support patriarchy
C
Women are more likely than men to be employed in care occupations such as nursing or teaching. This trend demonstrates the connection between which two sociological concepts? A) cisgender and transgender B) sex and gender C) gender socialization and occupational sex segregation D) sex work and patriarchy
C
__________ are held constant across social and historical contexts. A) Gender roles B) Intersex identities C) Gender differences D) Stereotypes
C
__________ is best known for his/her research on the complexity of sexual orientation. A) Anita Hill B) Harvey Weinstein C) Alfred Kinsey D) Paula England
C
Gender-segregated public bathrooms, and the debates occurring about them in contemporary society, illustrate __________. A) tensions between feminism and patriarchy B) the double standard of sexuality C) the prevalence of street harassment D) how gender is socially constructed
D
In 2017, the city of Baltimore experienced a series of bomb threats aimed at the city's Jewish synagogues and a swastika that was spray painted on a sign for the Jewish Museum of Maryland. Which sociological concept best describes these events? A) implicit prejudice B) stereotypes C) institutional discrimination D) individual discrimination
D
In one large study about hookup behavior among college students, researcher Paula England found that about __________ percent of college seniors had never hooked up and about another _________ percent were virgins. A) 5; 2 B) 10; 5 C) 28; 21 D) 50; 30
D
A sociological view of the relationship between __________ and racial socioeconomic inequalities asserts that people develop views and behaviors in response to their social context. A) essentialism B) health outcomes C) crime D) culture
D
According to a sociologist, which of the following statements about sex and gender is true? A) Sex and gender are both biological constructs. B) Gender is innate whereas sex is socially constructed. C) There is a causal relationship between sex and gender. D) Sex and gender are fundamentally different concepts
D
According to the public opinion data in the textbook, since the 1970s, whites' attitudes about racial inequalities __________. A) reflect more support for the need for affirmative action and other policies to remediate inequalities than ever before in U.S. history B) are more essentialist today than ever before in U.S. history C) reflect substantially more understanding of institutional discrimination D) have remained largely unchanged
D
African Americans are __________ likely to __________ than any other racial-ethnic group. A) less; be unemployed B) less; hold jobs in the service sector economy C) more; have a college degree D) more; live in residentially segregated neighborhoods
D
An individual who believes that reverse discrimination of whites in employment is a widespread phenomenon in the U.S. today would also likely conclude that __________. A) racism towards non-whites is alive and well in contemporary society B) white privilege is also a widespread reality C) affirmative action is effective D) affirmative action policies are harmful
D
Evolutionary theory is a(n) __________ explanation for gender differences in sexual behavior. A) experimental B) psychological C) sociological D) biological
D
President Lyndon B. Johnson's statement, "You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair," describes the difference between support for ________ versus the support for ________. A) the implementation of policies that support equality; affirmative action B) principle of equality; the implementation of policies that might help create more equality C) the Voter's Rights Act; the principle of equality D) affirmative action; voter rights
D
Rape that occurred within the context of marriage was recognized starting in the __________. A) 1890s B) 1920s C) 1950s D) 1970s
D
Research on violence and bullying among LGBTQ youth finds __________. A) no similarity in rates of victimization and instances of "coming out" B) that lesbians were the most likely group to be victims C) no differences in victimization rates between sexual minorities D) that gender nonconforming youth were more likely to be victims
D
Research shows that __________ are particularly vulnerable to experiencing financial hardship after a divorce. A) middle-class men and women B) both women and men C) men D) women
D
Research shows that __________ is the most significant factor in explaining why children raised in two-parent families have more favorable social-emotional outcomes. A) a kinship system B) the gender of the parents C) more attention D) the presence of financial resources
D
Research suggests that exposure to varying levels of __________ can account for some of the racial and ethnic disparities observed about health. A) hunger B) Type 2 diabetes C) smoking D) stress
D
Sam, a stay-at-home parent, and John, a medical doctor, are divorcing. In court, the judge rules that, in addition to child support, Sam is entitled to __________ from John. A) an at-fault divorce B) an exemption of kinship status C) take over the family home D) receive alimony
D
Since the 1970s, __________. A) there have been no moves by women in society toward gender equality B) there have been no moves by men in society toward gender equality C) women have been slower to take on traditionally male activities than men have with women's activities D) men have been slower to take on traditionally female activities than women have with men's activities
D
Susan and Bob both work full-time. This means they are __________. A) likely to do the same amount of weekly housework B) cisgender C) exempt from patriarchy D) a dual-earning couple
D
The __________ we hold about race can fuel our __________. A) prejudices; assimilation B) constructions; discriminations C) perspectives; socialization D) stereotypes; implicit biases
D
The controversial results of the Moynihan report were based on __________. A) feminist advocates' push for women's increased labor force participation B) politicians' efforts to make no fault divorce more widespread C) research that demonstrated being raised by same-sex parents was harmful for children D) a narrow definition of "ideal families" as nuclear, traditional, and heterosexual
D
The gains in educational attainment and employment that women have realized since the 1950s is primarily the result of _________. A) occupational sex segregation B) the social construction of gender C) patriarchy D) the feminist movement
D
The process whereby we learn about race and ethnicity, along with other key aspects of social life, is referred to as __________. A) constructionism B) essentialism C) assimilation D) socialization
D
Today about __________ percent of whites approve of marriage between blacks and whites. A) 20 B) 40 C) 60 D) 85
D
Today, about __________ percent of Americans are likely to cohabit at some point in their adult lives. A) 3 B) 10 C) 30 D) 45
D
Valerie is a sex worker. What type of prostitution puts her at the highest risk of exploitation and violent victimization? A) escort B) brothel worker C) call girl D) streetwalker
D
What do the immorality and oppression frameworks for understanding prostitution share in common? A) They both acknowledge the diversity in sex work. B) They both view prostitution as an immoral occupation. C) They both recognize prostitution as a malicious form of male domination. D) They both interpret prostitution as a way in which sex workers are hapless victims.
D
You are completing a research project for your sociology class and are focusing on the question of "Why do people choose to get married?" In the process of doing interviews with recently married couples, you find that they most frequently cite __________ as a very important factor in the decision to get married to their partner. In your paper, you indicate that this finding is reflective of studies done using larger, national samples on this same topic. A) gender norms B) having a shared child C) financial stability D) love
D
__________ have proven especially fruitful for studying racially discriminatory behaviors in a "colorblind" society. A) Surveys B) Census analyses C) Interviews D) Experiments
D
__________ is a social factor that can help explain the gender disparities observed in sexual assault. A) Heteronormativity B) Heterosexism C) Feminism D) Patriarchy
D
__________ is a term that helps explain __________. A) Gendered institutions; sexuality B) Heteronormativity; non-binary identity C) Patriarchy; male dominance D) Sexuality; the gender gap in SAT scores
D
__________ often fuel the negative beliefs, feelings, or attitudes people can have about people that are different from themselves. A) Prejudices B) Discriminations C) Biases D) Stereotypes
D
Cultural expectations about __________ create tensions between the ways women balance work and family responsibilities. A) motherhood B) marriage C) cohabitation D) childbearing
a
According to Arlie Hochschild's research on the second shift, how might a couple avoid creating a "family myth of equality" in their own household? A) ensure both members in the couple make equal salaries B) adopt a division of labor similar to that of a couple in Hochschild's book - Nancy and Evan Holt C) ensure both partners are actually performing equal shares of all the housework that needs to be done D) in order to reduce conflict, assign housework to be the responsibility of one person
b
