Contrast Media: Gastrointestinal System
The stomach wall is composed of how many layers?
Four
Which drug may be given to the patient before a double contrast examination of the stomach to relax the GI tract?
Glucagon
The opening inside the duodenum where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter is called the
Greater duodenal papilla
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct usually unite to form the
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the stomach will depend on the body habitus. The greatest degree of rotation would be used for which body habitus?
Hypersthenic
Which type of body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal?
Hypersthenic
The most distal portion of the small intestine is the
Ileum
At which level is the IR centered for a PA projection of the stomach and duodenum?
L1 / L2
At which level is the IR centered for an AP or PA oblique stomach and duodenum?
L1 / L2
The spleen is located in the ______ of the abdomen.
LUQ
Which projection of the stomach demonstrated its anterior and posterior surfaces?
Lateral
The jejunum and ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the
Mesentery
Which of the following are components of the alimentary canal?
Mouth and pharynx Stomach and intestine
What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus?
PA RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the left colic flexure?
PA oblique, LAO
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the descending colon?
PA oblique, LAO AP oblique, RPO
Which of the following will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure?
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon demonstrates the ascending colon?
PA oblique, RAO
The opening between the stomach and the small intestine is termed the
Pyloric Orifice
The muscle controlling the opening between the stomach and the duodenum is termed the
Pyloric Sphincter
What is the recommended general body position for a radiographic series of the esophagus?
Recumbent
The folds of the thick inner lining of the stomach are termed the
Rugae
Which position should the patient be placed in to insert the enema tip for a barium enema?
Sims
The routinely used methods of examining the stomach include
Single Contrast Double Contrast
The following are advantages of using the double contrast technique for examination of the stomach?
Small lesions are not obscured The mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized
The PA projection of the stomach best demonstrate the
Stomach contour and duodenal bulb
Functions of the stomach
Storage of food Food is chemically broken down
Which of the following can be used to record the fluoroscopic image?
TV Cine video recorders
For all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at
The level of the mouth
The following are advantages of using the recumbent position for radiographs of the esophagus?
Varices are better filled More complete contrast filling, especially proximal part
Which of the following are included as components of the alimentary canal?
anus colon esophagus
The pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is situated below the junction of ileum and colon is the:
cecum
The vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the:
cecum
The PA oblique projection of the colon done in the LAO position clearly demonstrates the:
descending colon
"High-density" barium sulfate is used primarily for:
double-contrast intestine examinations
The duodenum joins the jejunum at a sharp curve called the
duodenojejunal flexure
One of the most important technical considerations in gastrointestinal radiography is:
elimination of motion
The general term used to describe the surgical procedure of forming an artificial opening to the intestine for the passage of fecal material is:
enterostomy
What is the respiration phase for all radiographic exposures of the stomach and intestines?
expiration
The patient preparation for a small intestine examination is:
food and fluid withheld after the evening meal and no breakfast
The wall of the small intestine is composed of how many coats?
four
The large intestine is made up of a series of pouches called the:
haustra
The opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the:
ileocecal valve
The majority of AP, PA, and oblique radiographs taken during a barium enema are done on 14x17 inch IRs. Where is the IR centered on sthenic patients for the majority of these projections?
iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for all decubitus projections of the large intestine?
iliac crests
Which projection is used for radiographs made during defecography?
lateral
Which projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area?
lateral PA axial AP axial
Where is the IR centered for delayed radiographs of the small intestine?
level of iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for radiographs of the small intestine that are taken within 30 minutes of drinking the barium?
level of iliac crests
The largest gland in the body is the:
liver
The jejunum and ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the:
mesentery
The planes is centered to the grid for the lateral projection of the esophagus
midcoronal plane
The contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents towards the rectum are called:
peristalsis
The two vessels that supply blood to the liver are the:
portal vein and hepatic artery
The main functions of the large intestine are:
reabsorption of fluids elimination of waste products
The ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the:
right colic flexure
Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver?
right hypochondrium and epigastrium
Methods of radiographically examining the colon include:
single contrast double contrast
Methods of preforming a double-contrast barium enema include:
single-stage procedure two-stage prcedure
Which of the following examinations requires the use of time markers on the radiographs?
small intestine
The gallbladder functions to:
store and concentrate bile
The respiration phase for all projections of the large intestine is:
suspended respiration
The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projections called:
villi
Which of the following radiographs are taken during a single-contrast barium enema?
"spot" radiographs "filled" colon radiographs postevacuation radiographs
The first small intestine radiograph is taken how many minutes after the patient drinks barium?
15 minutes
How far above the anus is the enema bag placed during a barium enema?
18 to 24 inches
What is the length of the average adult small intestine?
22 feet
How long does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum?
24 hours
The small intestine is divided into how many distict portion?
3 Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projections of the stomach?
3-6 inches
How long is the entire alimentrary canal?
30 feet
What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine?
30 to 40 degrees caudad
The central ray angulation for the AP axial projection of the large intestine is:
30 to 40 degrees cephalad
The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique stomach radiograph ranges from
30 to 60 degree
The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the large intestine is:
35 to 45 degrees
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection (RAO or LAO) of the large intestine is:
35 to 45 degrees
What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus?
35-40 degrees
The wall of the colon is composed of how many layers?
4
The wall of the esophagus is composed of how many layers?
4
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
40-70 degree
What is the average degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
45 degree
What is the length of the large intestine?
5 feet
Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach examination
8 hours
What percentage of the population will have a combination of sthenic and hyposthenic body habitus?
85%
At which plane is the central ray positioned for the PA oblique projections (LAO or RAO) of the large intestine?
A longitudinal plane 1 to 2 inches lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side
Which of the following planes is centered to the grid for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
A longitudinal plane midway between the vertebrae and the lateral border of the elevated side
Which of the following planes is positioned to the center of the grid for the lateral projection of the stomach and duodenum?
A plane passing halfway between midcoronal plane and the anterior surface of the abdomen.
A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum can be performed using a 10x12in IR. Which of the following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection?
A sagittal plane passing halfway between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen.
Which of the following are essential projections for examination of the small intestine?
AP PA
For which projection of the stomach would a ositioning sponge be used?
AP oblique
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach
AP oblique, LPO
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the right colic flexure?
AP oblique, LPO PA oblique, RAO
The following are the essential projections for an esopagus series
AP or PA Lateral PA oblique
Which of the following are essential oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum?
AP projection, LPO PA projection, RAO
Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic hemiation?
AP, Trendelenburg position
At what level is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the rectosigmoid area?
ASIS
Which of the following contrast media are used for examinations of the gastrointestinal tract?
Air Barium Sulfate water-soluble iodinated solution
Which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?
Asthenic
Which methods are used to administer barium for a radiographic examination of the small intestine?
By mouth reflex filling enteroclysis
The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the
Cardia antrum
The esophagus joins the stomach through an opening called the
Cardiac Orifice
Which of the following demonstrates the rectum and rectosigmoid area in a true axial projection?
Chassard-Lapine vmethod
The main functions of the small bowel are
Digestion of food Absorption of food
The shortest portion of the small bowel is the
Duodenum
The widest portion of the small bowel is the
Duodenum
The following best describes the administration of barium for an esophagram being performed for esophageal varices
Exhale, Swallow the barium, Hold breath out
The patient "prep" for a moring stomach examination is
Food and fluid are withheld after midnight