Coronaviruses

zoonosis

Disease transmitted from animals to humans , called "zoonotic transmission"

ferrets, cats, hamsters

Experimental evidence that which animals are more susceptible to infection with mild disease (3) covid 19

Epidemic (epizootic)

Increased incidence of disease in humans (animals) or "outbreak"

Endemic (enzootic) disease

Pathogen present in human (animal) population

chinese horseshoebat

in what type of bat has the most closely related virus to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) been found in

the last stage - seven vaccines are in stage three

in what stage are a lot of vaccines being created for covid-19 currently in

pandemic

Worldwide increased incidence of disease

civet cats or raccoon dogs

after the virus evolved in bats, what likely animals could have SARS-CoV jumped into before it spilled over into humans

the virus found in bats was not the same (still related) as the one infecting humans so infections in humans probably would have happened a long time ago

although it is a possibility that SARS-CoV could have been directly transmitted from bats to humans, why is it unlikely

there are greater precautions taken to prevent transmission of covid 19 to cats and mustelids in vet clinics

because mustelids and cats have higher suceptibility to covid-19 what happened

yes but there have only been a few cases of this and its far more likely to be the other way around

can humans be infected with covid 19 after handling an infected mink on one of these farms

Influenza-like illness, pneumonia

clinical disease in humans (2)

influenza-like illness, pneumonia

clinical disease in humans (2) SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019)

camels

contact with what animal is MERS-Coronavirus associated with

centuries, transmitted, highly pathogenic and we are just know seeing spillovers

coronaviruses probably evolved in bats for _________ to be easily __________ between bats but not __________ __________

so far, the virus that found in bats was related to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) but not the same virus. in other words, this suggests that there could have been an intermediate host where the virus could have mutated and adapted or the same virus does exist in bats and we just have not found it yet and this largely has to do with the fact that this is still a recent outbreak

could SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) could have been direct transmission from bats to humans (2) and why

high fatality rate (about 35%)

did MERS-Coronavirus have a high or low fatality rate

high death rate

did SARS-CoV have a high or low death rate

people that got sick visited the markets, antibodies in workers at markets, antibodies found in civet cats in markets, antibodies found in raccoon dogs in markets, SARS-like CoV was found in civets but not wild animals, related virus found in horseshoe bats

evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV came from live animal markets (6)

Coronaviridae

family that coronaviruses are in

over 60% - and it would take a long to get here through natural transmission

for herd immunity to work, how many people would have to have had gotten infected with covid 19

No due to minimal human to human transmission, and most cases came from people who travelled to saudi arabia and had direct contact with camels

has there been a large outbreak of MERS-Coronavirus and what is this largely attributed to

association with camels

highest risk factor to MERS-Coronavirus

is started in china where it spread from Guangdong provence to hong kong, then it spread to toronto in canada, then to usa where there was a couple dozen cases. there was also an outbreak in singapore

how did SARS-CoV spread beginning with country of origin

infected caretakers and handlers handled minks and they got infected, minks then spread it to other minks and high mortality in minks occurred

how did covid-19 spread to minks on mink farmers

4 months after travel restrictions and quarantine was put in place

how long did it take to get SARS-CoV under control after the outbreak in the hotel in china

27 countries - almost all cases were associated with travel to saudi arabia except for a hospital setting outbreak in south korea

how many countries did MERS-Coronavirus spread to and what was signifcant about its spread

30

how many different countries did SARS-CoV spread to

mink farms

in what animals has anthropozoonosis occurred an it resulted in severe respiratory disease resulting in high mortality in that animal and where covid 19

cats, zoo tigers & lions, dogs - mild or no disease

in what animals have sporadic infections occurred in due to anthropozoonosis (reverse zoonosis - humans transmitting disease to animals) (4) - was the disease that occurred severe or mild for these animals COVID 19

horizontal, direct - spreads through droplets/as aerosol (??)

is transmission of SARS-CoV horizontal or vertical, direct or indirect

americas

out of the following list, what region had the most deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) so far: Africa, south-east asia, europe, americas, eastern Mediterranean, western pacific

social and political, people were masks

outcomes of SARS-CoV

live animal markets - people who were getting sick visited these markets

regarding where SARS-CoV come what was their an initial connection with - why did people think that this is where it came from

common cold symptoms

this list of human corona viruses cause what symptoms: HCV 229E, HCV OC43, NL63, NH, HK

yes

was there person to person transmission SARS-CoV

Social distancing or bubbles, Masks, Contact tracing, Frequent testing, Herd immunity

ways to control or prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (7)

how it spilled over from camels into bats

what about the evolution and adaptation of the MERS-Coronavirus do we not understand

bats

what animal may be a natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-1

Transmission in people without disease (subclinical) and before symptoms make control difficult

what can make covid 19 difficult to control

Rapid progression to acute respiratory disease - ventilator

what characterized SARS-CoV regarding respiratory symptoms - because symptoms were so severe what was required

india - usa

what country in the world had the most SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) cases so far - second most

an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in wuhan china

what did the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) outbreak begin with in china

they had antibodies to the virus, the virus genome was isolated from camels so we know that camels become infected and shed the virus

what evidence suggests that camels are a high risk factor for MERS-Coronavirus (2)

travel, age, health status, politics, acceptance of health advice

what factors regarding humans allowed for the emergence of covid 19 (5)

urbanization, habitat loss and encroachment, animal trade, animal markets

what factors regarding the environment allowed for the emergence of covid 19 (5)

high mutation rate, transmission in asymptomatic and presymptomatic

what factors regarding the virus allowed for the emergence of covid 19 (3)

full sequencing of genome, first trial of vaccine began

what has been accomplished regarding SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019)

almost everyone had contact with camels

what is a commonality between almost everyone who got sick with MERS-Coronavirus

how the virus spilled over from bats into people, and what animal it possibly could have spilled over into before humans where the virus could have adapted if any

what is something we still do not know about SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019)

that the virus evolved in bats with possible adaptation in other mammals (BUT there is limited information)

what is the hypothesis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019)

it first evolved in bats with possible adaptation in other mammals

what is the hypothesis of where MERS-Coronavirus came from

north dakota - some where in the middle

what state has the most cases of covid 19 as of oct 13. what about wi

person to person transmission. when person to person transmission did occur it was between close family and in hospital settings

what type of transmission did not occur very often and when did it occur when it did (2)

enteric (diarrhea) and/or respiratory disease (mild or severe)

what types of diseases can the family of coronaviridae cause (2)

live animal markets

what was SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) associated with (where in wuhan did it likely come from)

airtravel

what was responsible for the spread of SARS-CoV

in an effort to control the virus, there was a global alert with travel restrictions and quarantine

what was the global response to SARS-CoV

it caused severe pneumonia in healthy adults

what was unusual about SARS-CoV regarding who got sick

adaptation and mutation

what would have happened to the SARS-CoV after it spilled over from bats into palm civet cats or raccoon dogs

2003

what year did SARS-CoV spread to other countries

dec. 2019 wuhan, china

when and where was SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) first identified

late january, washington state after traveling to wuhan - airtravel

when and where was the first case of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) in the united states

march 11

when did WHO declare a pandemic SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019)

by late January

when did person to person transmission become evident SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019)

early january - novel coronavirus

when was WHO notified about SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 2019) and what was it first identified as

2003

when was the last case of SARS-CoV

2002, it was first observed in Guangdong provence in china as a small outbreak and it was described as "atypical pneumonia"

where and when was SARS-CoV first observed and what was it described as

Netherlands, Denmark, Spain, Utah, Mich, Wisconsin (WVDL did testing)

where in the world have there been covid-19 outbreaks on mink farms (6)

saudi arabia in 2012

where was MERS-Coronavirus first identified and when

because they found antibodies in civet cats and raccoon dogs, and a SARS-like CoV in civet cats

why do people think that after SARS-CoV originated in horseshoe bats and then had an adaptation with other mammals

because they found a related virus in that bat species

why do people think that the SARS-CoV evolved in bats (horseshoe bats)

because they found a related virus in bats

why do people think that the virus first evolved in bats before it spilled over into a different animal or camels MERS-Coronavirus