Corrections Final

Positive Contact

_____ is face to face contact between a parole officer and an offender.

chain of command

_____ is the vertical hierarchy in an organization

justice

the ____ model is a sentencing model proposing determinate sentences with the abolition of parole.

Authoritarian

At what point in the staff-inmate culture continuum does staff demand compliance from inmates through threats and intimidation? A. reasoned B. authoritarian C. empowered D. moderate

Prison Litigation REform

1996, Congress passed the __________, requiring inmates filing prison suits to pay a filing fee, limiting awards of attorney fees, punishing inmates with loss of good time for filing frivolous suits, and prohibiting inmates from suing for mental or emotional distress unless they have suffered a physical injury.

Summons

A ______, used mainly with misdemeanors, is a legal order for an individual to appear at a future proceeding.

relationship culture

A _______ is based on how staff view and communicate with inmates and has a continuum between authoritarian and reasoned.

policy audit

A _________ is a review to determine whether broad agency policy is in place at a prison.

Policy implementation audit

A _____________ is a review to identify whether procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff in their daily duties.

management culture

A culture based on the way prison leadership deals and communicates with subordinate staff and that has a continuum between autocratic and empowered is a(n) ____________

Jeremy Bentham

A member of the Classical School, __________ created a concept referring to a person's motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain called hedonistic calculus.

Security classification

A system for matching offenders to institutions with the security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control their behavior is __________

Concurrent

A youth who is under the original jurisdiction of both the juvenile and criminal courts is under _______________ jurisdiction

3 times as many

About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons? a) just as many b) three times as many c) twice as many d) five times as many

Barefield v. Leach

According to the 1974 federal court decision _____________, a disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified because the smaller number of female inmates made it more costly to provide program parity.

administrative appeals

An informal process for inmates to appeal a disciplinary sanction or to seek remedy of any injustice they feel they have received from correctional officials is called the ___________ process

Private prison

Any secure correctional facility operated by other than a governmental agency and usually in a "for profit" manner is a(n) ________

Indefinitely

As long as the purpose of confinement is to treat the sex offender, how long may a state commit an offender to an institution? a) six months b) two years c) indefinitely d) three months

Essays on Crime and Punishment

Cesare Beccaria wrote ______ whose three main ideas are 1) the purpose of punishment is prevention of crime 2) punishment should be certain and swift and 3)the emphasis should be on free will and hedonism.

Rehabilitative

Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which era of corrections? a) Recidivist b) Retributive c) Rehabilitative d) Reintegrative

state penal code

Correctional agencies carry out the sentence of the court after an offender is arrested, found guilty, and sentenced under the _____________

concurrently and consecutively

Criminal codes allow aggregate sentencing at the complete discretion of judges; thus, sentences are served in two ways: _______ and _______

parens patriae

Established in 1601, _________ is the concept that allows officials to take charge of delinquent children and place them in poorhouses and orphanages.

prison gangs

Groups that form in prison and use the threat of violence to intimidate other inmates, control drug sales, and gain power are called ___________

30-35

Historically, what was the average age of a prison inmate? a) 45-50 b) 50-55 c) 30-35 d) 18-23

all of the above

How do prison classification systems help to control inmate behavior? A. by motivating good behavior among inmates B. by determining the appropriate security level for an inmate C. by determining the most suitable housing assignment for each inmate D. all of the above

Gagnon v. Scarpelli

In 1973, this Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation. a) Mempa v. Rhay b) Bell v. Wolfish c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli d) United States v. Birnbaum

true

In 1980, Congress revised the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, requiring inmates to exhaust their administrative remedies before filing a petition in federal court.

US v. Salerno

In 1987, ________ upheld the right of the government "to confine an offender on a presumption that he or she is dangerous", without violating the due process rights of the accused. a) Brucino v. Carlson b) Bell v. Wolfish c) Morrissey v. Brewer d) U.S. v. Salerno

community standards

In 1991 in Fernandez v. United States, the court established the principle of "____________," in that medical care in prisons must be "reasonably commensurate with modern medical science and of a quality acceptable within prudent professional standards."

falso

In 2004, in Harper v. Simmons, the court forbade the imposition of the death penalty on offenders who are under the age of 18 when they committed their crimes.

Proportionality

In Solem v. Helm, the Court in 1983 developed the test of ________ by saying "...as a matter of principle ...a criminal sentence must be proportionate to the crime...."

butler v. reno

In ________ female federal inmates claimed gender discrimination due to denial of access to facilities, programs, and services available to similarly situated male federal inmates.

Dothard v. Rawlinson

In _________ the Supreme Court ruled that a BFOQ against female correctional officers was allowable because of the deplorable conditions of the particular prison and the presence of predatory male sex offenders.

Bearden v. Georgia

In __________________, the court established that probation cannot be revoked if offender only fails to pay restitution. a) Brucino v. Carlson b) Bearden v. Georgia c) Bell v. Wolfish d) Morrissey v. Brewer

reasons for leniency

In presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge? a) that the felon is a third-time offender b) reasons to increase punishment c) that capital punishment is appropriate d) reasons for leniency

true

In the Violent Crime Control Act of 1994, Congress specified that federal courts could only find a violation of the Eighth Amendment if the inmate filing the suit demonstrates he or she has personally suffered from overcrowding conditions.

wolff v. McDonnel

In this 1974 case, the Supreme Court set forth that inmates had some due process rights when facing a prison disciplinary hearing. a) Grummet v. Rushen b) Bell v. Wolfish c) Morrissey v. Brewer d) Wolff v. McDonnell

estelle v. gamble

In this 1976 case, the Supreme Court determined that prison officials have a duty to provide medical treatment to inmates since inmates are dependent on them to provide for their medical needs. a) Ramos v. Lamm b) Estelle v. Gamble c) Holt v. Sarver d) Fernandez v. United States

Atkins v. Virginia

In this 2002 case, the Supreme Court determined that executions of mentally retarded criminals were "cruel and unusual" punishment. a) Penry v. Lynaugh b) Atkins v. Virginia c) Sanford v. Kentucky d) Ford v. Wainwright

In re Winship

In this case, the Supreme Court determined that a finding of guilt for juveniles had to meet the standard of beyond a reasonable doubt. a) In re Winship b) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania c) Breed v. Jones d) Schall v. Martin

In re Gault

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination. a) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania b) In re Winship c) Kent v. United States d) In re Gault

Schall v. Martin

In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the use of preventive detention pending trial for juveniles. a) Schall v. Martin b) Breed v. Jones c) In re Gault d) In re Winship

Kennedy v. Louisiana

In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court found that a state statute allowing capital punishment for persons convicted of raping a child violated the Eighth Amendment. a) Kennedy v. Louisiana b) Bell v. Wolfish c) Ford v. Wainwright d) Penry v. Lynaugh

judicial form of sentencing

In this sentencing model, judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence. a) mandatory minimum sentencing b) administrative form of sentencing c) judicial form of sentencing d) legislative form of sentencing

US v. Birnbaum

In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right? a) Mempa v. Rhay b) Gagnon v. Scarpelli c) Morrissey v. Brewer d) United States v. Birnbaum

Kent v. US

In which case did the Supreme Court set forth that juveniles must have "the essentials of due process"? a) In re Gault b) Kent v. United States c) Breed v. Jones d) In re Winship

controlled movement, call out, prison pass system

Inmates move throughout the prison during the day and evening in three primary ways:

square johns

Inmates who are usually first-time offenders and have more identification with straight society and the norms of non-criminals are ___________

internal classification systems

Instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison are ______________

transformational leader

Leaders who exercise leadership based on principles, while motivating staff to jointly address challenges and find solutions to new problems are ___________

direct supervision

Most new jails are constructed and managed using which concept? a) second-generation b) first-generation c) direct supervision d) none of the above

professional staff

Prison or jail staff in a specialty area who require distinctive training and education and may also require a professional certification are called ____________

uniformed staff

Prison or jail staff who work in the security or custody department and are responsible for the implementation of security policies and procedures are ______________

open systems

Prison systems that have frequent interactions between the organization and other groups to obtain resources, gain support, and accomplish goals are ___________

totality of conditions

Regarding Conditions of Confinement, courts use the __________ test to determine if the overall conditions within a prison are such as to be cruel and unusual.

the three penitentiary act

The 1891 act of Congress that authorized the construction of the first three federal prisons is the _____. a) The Sentencing Reform Act b) The Volstead Act c) The Three Penitentiary Act d) The Stamp Act

pargo v. Elliott

The 1995 case of __________ determined that differences in programs between men's and women's prisons do not necessarily violate the Constitution's equal protection clause.

Justice Department

The Federal Bureau of Prisons is the agency within the___________ that is charged with housing and managing federal offenders.

Survelliance

The _______ style of supervising community offenders emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules of supervision and detecting violations leading to revocation and return to custody.

sentencing reform act

The _________abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time for federal offenders. a) Sentencing Reform Act b) Three Penitentiary Act c) The Stamp Act d) The Volstead Act

work release

The alternative to Prison for Women used by most states is __________, in which inmates either leave the prison during the day and go into the community and work, or are moved to community residential centers (halfway houses) to find jobs and work in the community.

Gunther v. Iowa

The court found in this 1979 case that inmate privacy was not a valid reason to refuse to hire women as correctional officers. A. Morrissey v. Brewer B. Mempa v. Rhay C. Dothard v. Rawlinson D. Gunther v. Iowa

True

The courts have clearly ruled that inmates do NOT have an expectation of privacy while in prison.

mandatory

The direct assignment of specific offenses committed by juveniles to be handled in the adult courts is _______

Inmate code

The expected rules and behaviors represented by the model prisoner that reflect the values and norms of prison society is the _____________

collective bargaining

The formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues is ___________

Volstead Act

The growth of the federal prison population has resulted from the federal government's authority to prosecute new crimes that were difficult for local jurisdictions to handle. Which act is a good example of the creation of these new crimes? a) The Sentencing Reform Act b) The Volstead Act c) The Three Penitentiary Act d) The Stamp Act

working with other inmates

The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following? a) separation b) silence c) reformation of inmates d) working with other inmates

refuge period

The period from 1824 to 1899 when delinquent or neglected children were placed in homes for training and discipline is the _____________

Treatment

The rehabilitative functions in a prison, including counseling, religious services, substance abuse programs, and education are called ___________

Irish system

The stages of this system were solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave. a) Auburn system b) Pennsylvania system c) Irish system d) none of the above

Alexander Maconochie

The superintendent of the British penal colony on Norfolk Island who created a system of marks for good behavior that could lead to a graduated release from prison was ___________

age of original jurisdiction

The upper or oldest age at which a juvenile court has jurisdiction over offenders is the ________________

organizational structure

The values, beliefs, and behaviors that form the way of life within an organization is the

President Reagan

The war on drugs began as an initiative by _________ to reduce the availability of and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions, and treatment.

Conditions of Confinement Religious Freedom Medical Care First Amendment Rights-(speech, mail, press) Access to the Courts Fourth Amendment Rights-(search & seizure privacy) Inmate Discipline

There are certain specific rights that have been identified by the courts and dealt with by correctional facilities:

1. Educational and Vocational Programs 2. Mental Health Programs 3. Substance Abuse Programs 4. Prison Work Programs 5. Religious Programs 6. Recreation Programs

There are six main types of Programs that are available for inmates of prisons:

pretrial diversion

There are three main advantages of _____ are 1) it reduces the demands on the court, 2) it cost considerably less than criminal justice processing, and 3) offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction.

Indeterminate sentences

These are sentences in which a release authority determines the actual time served with a range of minimum and maximum times to be served. a) consecutive sentences b) concurrent sentences c) indeterminate sentences d) determinate sentences

concurrent sentences

These are sentences that run at the same time. a) determinate sentences b) indeterminate sentences c) consecutive sentences d) concurrent sentences

Rhodes b. Chapman

This 1981 Supreme Court decision set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the Eighth Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment. a) Brucino v. Carlson b) Rhodes v. Chapman c) Bell v. Wolfish d) Morrissey v. Brewer

Reformatory Era

This correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future. a) Industrial Prison Era b) Retributive Era c) Rehabilitative Era d) Reformatory Era

random count

This count is done at any time, freezing inmates wherever they are. a) census count b) stand-up count c) random count d) regular count

random drug testing

This is considered a good deterrent to and source of data about prisoner drug use. A. research studies B. random drug testing C. debriefing D. inmate interviews

treatment

This is the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourages inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders. a) control b) treatment c) custody d) rehabilitation

census count

This less formal count is conducted at program and work assignments by the staff responsible for supervising inmates. a) census count b) stand-up count c) random count d) regular count

Prison Rape Elimination Act

This requires the collection of the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault within correctional facilities and development of national standards for the reduction of sexual violence in prison. A) Prison Rape Elimination Act B) Prison Litigation Reform Act C) Institutional Abuse Reduction Act D) none of the above

casework style

This style of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision. a) Casework style b) surveillance style c) regular style d) intensive-supervision style

Auburn System

This system was known as the "congregate and silent" system. a) Pennsylvania system b) Auburn system c) fee system d) Irish system

all of the above

To reduce the number of sexual assaults in prisons, which measures may staff use? A. Advising inmates at reception about sexual assault and the option of being separated from aggressors B. Investigating allegations of sexual pressure or assault and separating inmates as a precautionary measure C. Watching for signs of aggression and questioning potential targets about such pressure. D. all of the above

recidivate

What are mentally ill inmates more likely than other types of offenders to do? a) use illicit drugs b) recidivate c) rehabilitate d) all of the above

All of the above

What aspects of prisons are designed without consideration for older inmates? a) architecture b) types of housing c) recreation facilities d) all of the above

that offenders who were under 18 when their crimes were committed cannot be executed

What did the Supreme Court decide in Roper v. Simmons? a) that the mentally ill cannot be executed b) that offenders who were under 18 when their crimes were committed cannot be executed until they are 21 years of age c) that offenders who were under 18 when their crimes were committed cannot be executed d) that the mentally ill cannot be executed unless they are on medication

Bona fide occupational qualification

What does BFOQ stand for? A. best for outside qualification B. bona fide occupational qualification C. bona fide orderly quarter D. none of the above

control and treatment

What dual problem do mentally ill inmates represent in jails and prisons? a) clothing and visitation b) control and treatment c) programs and parole d) housing and feeding

all of the above

What has led to a reduction in the number of inmate lawsuits? a) The courts have moved back toward the hands-off doctrine. b) Congress has made it more difficult for inmates to file successful suits against correctional agencies. c) More Supreme Court decisions appear to support prison administrators. d) all of the above

the potential for error

What is a common concern regarding continuing the death penalty? a) cost b) the potential for error c) incapacitation d) retribution

penal code

What is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime? a) punishment b) penal code c) correctional system d) law

a) Sentencing guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.

What is a reason that states have adopted sentencing guidelines? a) Sentencing guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences. b) Judges weren't providing written explanations for their decisions. c) It was believed that judges were too harsh on offenders. d) all of the above

Inmates import the culture into the prison from the outside world.

What is a theory of how inmate culture becomes a part of prison life? A. Inmates import the culture into the prison from the outside world. B. The culture is dictated by law. C. The staff creates the culture artificially. D. There is no real inmate culture.

positive school

What is the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control? a) the Neoclassical School b) the Positive School c) the hedonistic calculus d) the Classical School

suicide

What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes? a) homicide b) suicide c) drugs d) AIDS

American Correctional Association

What is the largest professional organization for corrections in the United States? A. Correctional Peace Officers Foundation B. American Jail Association C. National Correctional Industries Association D. American Correctional Association

regular count

What is the scheduled counting of inmates in their housing units to ensure that they are in the prison and have not escaped? a) stand-up count b) random count c) census count d) regular count

Integrity interview

What kind of application process is used to determine whether correctional job candidates have issues that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept a bribe? A. policy audit B. integrity interview C. general interview D. internal classification system

Bearden v. Georgia

Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation? a) Gagnon v. Scarpelli b) Bell v. Wolfish c) Bearden v. Georgia d) United States v. Birnbaum

Mempa v. Rhay

Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing? a) United States v. Birnbaum b) Mempa v. Rhay c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli d) Morrissey v. Brewer

all of the abole

Which circumstance requires correctional officials to create special methods of managing, handling, or treating certain offenders? a) mental disorder b) infectious disease c) age d) all of the above

4th

Which constitutional amendment is most related to the necessity of prison officials' control over the importation of dangerous contraband? a) Fourteenth b) First c) Fourth d) Eighth

8th

Which constitutional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment?" a) Fifth b) Fourth c) Eighth d) Sixth

8th

Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may not be required? a) Fourteenth b) Eighth c) First d) Fourth

free and unrestricted inmate movement

Which does not contribute to the security and custody functions within a prison? a) free and unrestricted inmate movement b) inmate classification systems c) an inmate disciplinary system d) physical security

reintegrative

Which era of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process? a) Retributive b) Reintegrative c) Institutional d) Rehabilitative

none of the above

Which is a key component of inmate accountability policies and procedures? a) There is exactly one count per day of inmates. b) Staff provide only direct inmate supervision. c) Most inmates are assigned to unsupervised work. d) none of the above

All of the above

Which is a way that inmates come into possession of contraband items? a) receiving prohibited items that visitors bring into the prison b) receiving prohibited items from unethical or naïve staff c) receiving prohibited items hidden in mail or packages d) all of the above

They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem

Which is most true of gang members in prisons? A. They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem. B. They participate in more prison programs. C. They have a less extensive history of crime than non-gang members. D. They behave relatively well in prison.

the rise in the number of plea- bargins

Which is not a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions? a) unhappiness with regular probation supervision b) tightening of state budgets c) an increase in prison overcrowding d) the rise in the number of plea-bargains

maintaining secrecy between inmates and staff, among staff, and between line and supervisory personnel

Which is not a preventive action that prison administrators can take to reduce inmate unrest? a) maintaining secrecy between inmates and staff, among staff, and between line and supervisory personnel b) performing security audits to discover security deficiencies c) developing sensitivity to changes in inmate actions or the institution atmosphere d) consistently enforcing rules and regulations

parole

Which is not a sentencing option? a) capital punishment b) community service c) parole d) probation

it increases a defendant's appearances before the court

Which is not an advantage of a diversionary treatment program? a) They cost considerably less than criminal justice processing. b) They reduce the demands on the court and prosecutors to process the case as a criminal activity. c) Offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction. d) It increases a defendant's appearances before the court.

preventative detention

Which is not an alternative to bail? a) personal recognizance b) preventive detention c) collateral d) third-party custody

During sentencing, the jury will hear only evidence regarding the crime's aggravating circumstances.

Which is not an element of a state's death penalty that must exist in order to be constitutional, according to the Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia? a) Appeal and review of a death sentence is automatic. b) The death penalty can be considered only for specific and the most serious crimes. c) The trial must have a stage to determine guilt and a stage to consider the sentence. d) During sentencing, the jury will hear only evidence regarding the crime's aggravating circumstances.

the staff

Which is the most important element in the operations and policies of all correctional facilities? a) the facility itself b) the services provided c) physical security d) the staff

Neoclassical School

Which school recognized that there was much ground between total free will and determinism? a) Chicago School b) Enlightenment School c) Criminological Theory School d) Neoclassical School

all of the above

Why did the Supreme Court believe it good policy to continue the hands-off approach? a) the court's lack of expertise in corrections and deference to the judgment of prison administrators b) a concern that accepting prisoner rights cases would encourage further litigation c) the need for separation of powers between the judicial and the executive branches of government d) all of the above

all of the above

Why is the prison population getting older? a) New sentencing models remove judges' discretion to consider age. b) The U.S. population is aging. c) Prison sentences are longer than they used to be. d) all of the above

Special caseloads

_____ are comprised of probationers with a specific type of problem, such as substance abuse, mental illness, or a history of sex offenders.

security levels

_____ are institutional classifications such as minimum, low, medium, high or administrative.

Parole Officers

_____ are the line level employees responsible for supervising parolees in the community from the time of their release until they either successfully leave supervision or have their parole revoked.

Corrections

_____ has been described as a non-system with no coordination or shared mission by any of its components.

Preventative Detention

_____ is detaining an accused person in jail to protect the community from crimes they are likely to commit if set free pending trial.

intensive- supervision

______ caseloads are comprised of probationers with too high a risk or need to be on regular supervision, and were created as an alternative to sending these offenders to prison

contraband

______ is defined simply as any item that inmates are not allowed to possess

bail

______ is the pledge of money or property in exchange for promise to return to further court proceedings.

transportations

______ used in the 17th and 18th century England, removed offenders from society.

john augustus

______ was the Boston shoemaker who became the father of probation.

dependent children

_______ are children who, while committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian, possibly because the parent is mentally unable to act in that capacity.

consent decree

_______ is an informal and admits to wrongdoing and follows certain conditions

male offenders

_______ is the term used for men who are convicted and sentenced

general population

_______ is the term used to refer to inmates in a prison with no specific designation as a special type of offender.

Gabriel Tarde

_______, founder of the Neoclassical School of punishment says that nobody has complete free will because their behavior is influenced by gender, age, and social and economic factors.

prison systems

________ are predominantly planned and administered around the management of male inmates

Parole Guidelines

________ are similar to sentencing guidelines and use predictive factors to determine offenders' risk to the community and chance for success.

services

________ are the functions required to operate a prison, such as budget and finance, human resources, and work programs.

disciplinary segregation

________ is a status of punishment after a finding of guilt for a serious prison rule violation.

New penology

________ is an emphasis on the rational and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing and confining high-risk criminal populations.

direct supervision

________ is supervision by assigned staff supervisors, who directly see and watch inmates and their activities.

corrections

________ is the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing offenders.

juvenile detention

________ is the temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency.

security levles

________ of prisons are designed to match physical security, staff resources, programs, and prison operations.

Law enforcement effots

_________ are always more intense in urban areas with high crime rates and high drug use. (I spoke specifically of this when discussing the 'Myth' of Clemson Pride and the 'discrimination' of the sunshine because of higher rates of deadly melanoma on the back)

neglected chldren

_________ are children who have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care, or are in a situation that is harmful to them and their upbringing.

delinquent children

_________ are children who have committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult.

thieves

_________ are inmates who have adopted a career of crime and are doing their prison time until they can get out and hit the "big score."

closed systems

_________ are prison systems that consist of only the internal environment, under the direct control of the warden, and without much interest or any interference from external groups.

special offenders

_________ are those whose circumstances, conditions, or behaviors require management or treatment outside of the normal approach to supervision.

gang intelligence officers

_________ collect intelligence and advise administrators regarding strategies to manage and contain prison gang activity.

administrative detentions

_________ is a non-punitive confinement used to house inmates whose continued presence in the general population may pose a serious threat to life, property, self, staff, or other inmates, or to the security or orderly running of the institution.

Unit management

_________ is organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population, while making staff more accessible to inmates.

racial disparity

_________ is the condition that exists when minorities make up a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than in the U.S. population.

collective violence

_________ occurs between and initiated by groups of inmates and includes prison riots and disturbances.

interpersonal violence

_________ occurs between two or more individual inmates, with the reason being a personal issue between the individuals.

transactional leaders

__________ are traditional authorities within an organization who were involved in exchange relationships between leaders and followers, and provided answers and direction for all issues that confronted the agency.

Casual supervision

__________ is supervision by staff that are not responsible for the inmate, but still have the opportunity to see their movements or activities.

graduated incarceration

__________ is used in twelve states and initially places inmates under the age of 18 in juvenile facilities.

inmate accountability

____________ the staff's ability to locate and identify inmates at any point in time

aftercare

______________ is the supervision of a juvenile in the community after he or she has served time in a juvenile correctional institution.

discretionary

______________ waivers are when juvenile courts decide on a case-by-case basis whether the court will waive the processing of the juvenile to adult court.

straight adult

_______________ incarceration is incarceration which places juveniles in adult prisons, with no separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignment.

intake

____________is the stage conducted by juvenile probation department to determine if sufficient evidence exists to formally process an allegation

Pretrial diversion

____________is the suspension of criminal process while the offender is provided a chance to participate in treatment programs.

community classification

__________are risk assessments that predict the chance of an offender in the community committing new crimes and help to set the level of supervision the offender needs.

prisonization

__________is the process whereby inmates take on the folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary.

over classification

_________is the placement of offenders in prisons more secure than needed for their level of risk.

debrief

________is when a gang member informs correctional officials about gang operations and membership

net widening

_______is the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders, rather than diversion from prison.

Regular

a _____ caseload comprises standard probationers who require no special program or supervision.

surety bond

a _____ is an executed bond with an actual deposit of cash or posting of bail bond.

special housing unit

a _______ is a temporary housing assignment for inmates that present a danger to the security of the prison, need protection from other inmates, or are being punished for violating prison rules.

status offense

a _________ is an activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under age 18 and that would not be a crime if committed by an adult.

consent decree

a __________ is sometimes referred to as informal probation

personal recognizance

a release on a personal promise to return without a bond is ______

mission

a statement of an organizations major function and what it is to accomplish is a ____________

delinquency petition

a statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed is a ____________

segregated incarceration

is used in 8 states and is where inmates under age eighteen are constantly separated from adults, even though housed in the same facility.

human evolution

atavism refers to the existence of features common in early stages of ______________

punishment

known as the study of ______ penology was used until the 1950s when referring to corrections.

criminal sanctions

that involve community supervision of offenders, use correctional and program resources available in the community, and require offenders to abide by specified conditions to remain in the community are community corrections.

Federal, state and local

the 3 governmental levels of correctional systems are _______

police, courts and corrections

the 3 major components of the criminal justice system are the ________

family visiting

conjugal visiting is sometimes referred to as "____________"

services and functions

corrections has been described as a system of fully integrated ________

Sentencing

simply stated, ______ is the imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority

pseudofamilies

family organizations formed by female inmates who take the roles of parents and children and other relatives are called

nothing works

fueled by the idea that "_________" the retributive era called for a need to be tough on criminals.

a) They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.

hich is not one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems? a) They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling. b) They provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape. c) They provide a guide for separating violent, predatory inmates from potential inmate victims. d) They provide a guide for identifying and managing inmates with special emotional or mental needs.

Holt v. Sarver

in 1970, ________ found that if people of reasonable sensitivity found the treatment shocking or disgusting, it would also be considered cruel and unusual.

Pre-trial Intervention

in SC, the diversion from the criminal justice system is called _________

Hearing Oficers

in some states, ___________ conduct parole hearings and recommend decisions to the parole board.

community corections

in the 1960's many alternative sanctions to incarceration were developed and the term _____ was initiated.

gagnon v. Scarpelli

in1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decided _____________, creating due process rights for probationers during violation proceedings. a) Bell v. Wolfish b) Morrissey v. Brewer c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli d) Graham v. Conner

prison culture

is a unique set of values, traditions, roles, expectations, language, and customs in a prison.

violent crimes

males represent over 80% of arrests for _______

slave of the state

n 1871, with the decision in Ruffin v. the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Court enunciated the ____________ doctrine and thus created what became known as the "hands-off" doctrine.

Bell V. Wolfish

n the 1979 Supreme Court case________________, the punitive intent standard was adopted for considering violations of the Eighth Amendment regarding jail operations. a) Morrissey v. Brewer b) Bell v. Wolfish c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli d) Graham v. Conner

Medical

n the late 1960s, the _______ model, with its emphasis on rehabilitating offenders, was the prevailing corrections philosophy.

Elmira Reformatory

opened in 1876 the first reformatory in the US was the ______

Mission of corrections

part of the ________ is to protect society by surveillance and control, treatment and rehabilitation and incapacitation of offenders.

60

percent of women in prison have children under 18

objective classification systems

statistical approaches to considering the risk of escape and violence by inmates are ________

Sentencing goals

punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restitution are the five __________ for corrections.

mark

the _____ system was a system of credits against a sentence that allowed inmates to be released once they earned the required number through work and good behavior.

presumptive parole date

the _______ is the date on which the inmate can expect to be released on parole.

cottage style archietecture

the _________ style of prison design used for early women's prisons had several small housing units, including kitchens, living rooms, and sometimes nurseries.

Casework

the _________ style of supervising community offenders places emphasis on assisting the offender with problems, counseling, and working to make sure the offender successfully completes supervision.

total institution

the __________ is Goffman's concept of a setting isolating people from society and unnecessarily manipulating them through the actions of the administrative staff.

gang validation process

the __________ is used to confirm an individual's gang involvement level

americans with disabilities

the ___________ Act prohibits any entity from discriminating against an individual with a disability in regards to employment, public services and transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications services.

correctional officer

the ___________ is the staff person in a prison or jail who accomplishes the institution's mission by maintaining control and order within the institution.

general theory of dviance

the ___________ suggests that those who commit one deviant act like substance abuse are likely to commit another such as other criminal behaviors.

Juvenile justice system

the ___________ was not created until Illinois passed the Juvenile Court Act, and the first juvenile court was established in Cook County (Chicago) in 1899.

hedonistic calculus

the central concept of the --_______ says to prevent crime, punishments should outweigh pleasure derived from the criminal act.

parens patriae

the doctrine of ____________ is the basis for the juvenile court and correctional systems to take responsibility for juvenile delinquents.

classical school

the founder of the ____ of punishment was Cesare Beccaria

1) Administration Functions 2) Human Resource Functions 3) Community Supervision Functions 4) Field Operations Functions

the main functions of the office of the director of a state department of corrections are:

Born; predetermined

the main idea of atavism is that criminals are _____ and their behavior is ________

incarceration rate

the number of people per 100,000 residents who are in jail or prison is the __________

security levels

the overall goal of ________ is to maintain homogeneity of inmates by risk of violence and escape and ensure they are placed in prisons physically designed to meet this need.

probation supervision

the primary purpose of _____ is to maintain surveillance, enforce conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes.

prisoner reentry

the process by which an inmate leaves prison and returns to the community is__________

inmate discimplinary

the process required to find that an inmate committed a prohibited act is the _______________ system

convicts

the term ________ describes long-term inmates who become used to the prison society and find a way to live in that environment with a minimal amount of problems and disruptions.

superpredator

the term _________ was coined to describe a generation of juveniles who practiced nearly indiscriminate violence on the streets.

proving onself

the term probation is based on a Latin term that means "a period of______"

length of stay

the time that an inmate serves in a jail or prison is the ________

general and special

there are 2 types of parole conditions______ and _________

waiver, direct file, statuary exclusion

three ways juveniles can be transferred

empowerment

through ________ staff do not just receive orders continuously from their supervisors, and can make decisions and perform duties consistent with policy when they must act independently.