Corrections Final Exam
In the United States, incarcerating mentally ill inmates costs more than incarcerating others because: a. mentally ill inmates are less likely to make bail. b. mentally ill inmates become chronic rule breakers. c. all of the answers are correct. d. mentally ill inmates stay longer than other inmates.
c.
Who among the following is a correctional client? a. A unit leader b. A recreation coordinator c. A probationer d. A field administrator
c. A probationer
Which of the following is an example of a felony? a. Jaywalking b. Simple assault c. Burglary d. Littering
c. Burglary
In the United States, inmates' rights cases involving the _____ Amendment cover areas as diverse as medical care, prison conditions, physical insecurity, psychological stress, and capital punishment. a. Second b. Fourth c. Eighth d. Fifth
c. Eighth
Identify a myth about mass incarceration. a. Eliminating policies such as three strikes and you are out will reduce mass incarceration. b. Persons convicted of violent offenses are less likely to recidivate than persons convicted of property offenses. c. Expanding community supervision will reduce mass incarceration. d. Privatization of prisons will end mass incarceration.
c. Expanding community supervision will reduce mass incarceration.
The control of offenders in the community under strict conditions by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders is called: a. Informal probation. b. Unsupervised probation c. Intensive supervision probation. d. Court probation
c. Intensive supervision probation.
In any discussion on evidence-based corrections, it is important to remember that the word "evidence" refers to criminal evidence, not to scientific evidence. (T or F)
False
The National Institute of Corrections says that evidence-based practice is defined according to immeasurable moral- or value-oriented standards or beliefs. (T or F)
False
The criminal justice system does not respond to all crime because of the sheer volume of crime in the United States. (True or False)
False
Almost 50 percent of the U.S. death row population today is in three states: California, Florida, and Texas. (T or F)
True
An argument against the death penalty is that the death penalty falls disproportionately on racial minorities. (T or F)
True
Robert Martinson evaluated rehabilitation programs in the United States and concluded that few of these programs, if any, produced real changes in offender attitudes. (T or F)
True
The attitude of a true professional is characterized by a spirit of public service and interest in the public good. (T or F)
True
It wasn't until the _____ that women began to enter the corrections professions in significant numbers in the United States. a. 1970s b. 2000s c. 1980s d. 1990s
a. 1970s
In _____, the Professional Education Council of the American Correctional Association developed a model entry test for correctional officers. a. 1990 b. 1980 c. 2000 d. 1970
a. 1990
Which of the following is a formal process that highlights the quality of a correctional facility in an effort to ensure that it meets health, safety, and other correctional standards? a. Accreditation b. Adjudication c. Recidivism d. Ratification
a. Accreditation
Which of the following is a similarity between a medium-security prison and a minimum-security prison? a. Both have lower staff-to-inmate ratios when compared to a maximum-security prison. b. Both spend over $34,000 annually to incarcerate an inmate. c. Both have barred cells. d. Both place greater controls on inmates' freedom of movement than a maximum-security prison.
a. Both have lower staff-to-inmate ratios when compared to a maximum-security prison.
____ is a severe reaction to stress and "a state of physical and emotional depletion that results from the conditions of one's occupation." a. Burnout b. Anomie c. Boreout d. Acedia
a. Burnout
Which of the following is a guideline that should be followed by correctional officers to help others falling prey to inmate manipulation? a. Communicate openly and often with supervisors and other employees. b. Exercise reward power to punish disobedience. c. Adopt the correctional officer personality of the merchant. c. Trust inmates and do not be suspicious of their actions.
a. Communicate openly and often with supervisors and other employees.
The first training standards established by the American Correctional Association's Commission on Accreditation set _____ hours for preservice training. a. 70 b. 120 c. 150 d. 100
b. 120
A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax-supported agencies is called: a. Community service. b. A workhouse c. A day fine d. Intensive supervision probation.
a. Community service.
The sentencing principle that similar crimes and similar criminals should be treated alike and sentences should be guided by established, regularly applied standards or guidelines is called _____. a. Equity b. Parsimony c. Individualization d. Proportionality
a. Equity
_____ is a hallmark of contemporary corrections and is regarded as the gold standard by which correctional programs and services are evaluated today. a. Evidence-based corrections b. Specific deterrence c. Restorative justice d. Correctional econometrics
a. Evidence-based corrections
According to recent surveys by Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), which of the following is true of women prisoners? a. Female inmates have shorter criminal records than male inmates. b. Female prisoners have experienced less physical and sexual abuse than male prisoners. c. Female prisoners seldom resemble male prisoners in ethnic background and age. d. Female inmates are more likely than male inmates to be serving time for violent crimes.
a. Female inmates have shorter criminal records than male inmates.
The federal _____, signed into law in 2018, eliminated the practice of shackling women prisoners while they are giving birth. a. First Step Act b. No Frills Prison Act c. Violence Against Women Act d. Sentencing Reform Act
a. First Step Act
_____ are defined as prison lifestyles or as forms of ongoing social accommodation to prison life. a. Inmate roles b. Prison policies c. Prison codes d. Officer codes
a. Inmate roles
Which of the following correctional goals is satisfied by remote-location monitoring? a. It incapacitates an offender by restricting him or her to a single location. b. It is reward-based because it allows an offender to socialize when not at work. c. It incarcerates an offender with the goal of retribution. d. It is punitive because it prohibits an offender from going to work, school, or counseling.
a. It incapacitates an offender by restricting him or her to a single location.
Which of the following statements is true of mandatory parole release? a. It occurs in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing. b. It requires inmates to appear before a parole board to explain how they are ready to be released. c. It requires inmates to show evidence of a stable release plan to a parole board. d. It occurs in jurisdictions using indeterminate sentencing.
a. It occurs in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing.
Which of the following statements is most likely to be part of the "officer code" in prisons? a. Maintain officer solidarity in dealings with all outside groups. b. Avoid showing positive concern for fellow correctional officers. c. Never support officer sanctions against inmates. d. Always support an inmate in a dispute with an officer.
a. Maintain officer solidarity in dealings with all outside groups.
If probation agencies adhere to the seven principles of effective rehabilitation, criminal activity can be reduced by as much as 50 percent. Which of the following is one of these principles? a. Matching styles of service delivery to offender responsivity b. Employing staff supportive of offender retribution c. Emphasizing negative reinforcers rather than positive ones d. Providing intensive services to low-risk rather than high-risk offenders
a. Matching styles of service delivery to offender responsivity
Which of the following statements best reflects the reality of substance abuse treatment programs in U.S. prisons? a. Only a small fraction of inmates who need substance abuse treatment actually receive it. b. Inmates who want substance abuse treatment receive it, and those who do not want it do not receive it. c. Every inmate who needs substance abuse treatment receives it. d. Drug treatment programs in prisons have absolutely no effect on recidivism.
a. Only a small fraction of inmates who need substance abuse treatment actually receive it.
______ graphically represent the staff structure and the chain of command within an institution. a. Organizational charts b. Officer codes c. Pie charts d. Bar graphs
a. Organizational charts
_____ is the sentencing principle that the severity of punishment should match the seriousness of the crime for which the sentence is imposed. a. Proportionality b. Equity c. Individualization d. Parsimony
a. Proportionality
Which of the following is an advantage of using videoconferencing in prison systems? a. Reduced overcrowding in jails that would normally hold people presentencing b. Increased staff time available for inmate monitoring during preliminary proceedings c. Reduced or nonexistent surveillance of inmates and their families during video visitation d. Increased inmate movement, resulting in improved inmate health and safety
a. Reduced overcrowding in jails that would normally hold people presentencing
The process of making an offender a productive member of the community is called: a. Reintegration b. Just deserts c. Retribution d. Incapacitation
a. Reintegration
The sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called: a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation. d. Deterrence
a. Retribution
Identify a feature of day reporting centers (DRCs). a. They offer educational courses, employment training, and referrals for additional services to offenders. b. They supervise offenders in a setting that is less secure than probation. c. They generally require offenders to attend a DRC for two hours each week. d. They differ from other intermediate sanctions by a marked concentration on just deserts and retribution.
a. They offer educational courses, employment training, and referrals for additional services to offenders.
The first and most important purpose of a presentence report (PSR) is to: a. assist the court in reaching a fair sentencing decision. b. impose a sentence when an impending trial is postponed. c. list the technical violations committed by probationers that trigger revocation. d. describe the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by a crime victim.
a. assist the court in reaching a fair sentencing decision.
The personal and due process rights guaranteed to individuals by the U.S. Constitution and its amendments, especially the first 10 amendments, are known as _____. a. contractual rights b. constitutional rights c. moral rights d. institutional rights
a. constitutional rights
The attitude of a true professional is characterized by: a. continual self-appraisal and self-examination. b. actions based on hedonism rather than on utilitarianism. c. a commitment to retributive justice. d. an external locus of control.
a. continual self-appraisal and self-examination.
All the various aspects of the pretrial and post conviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes are referred to as _____. a. Corrections b. Adjudications c. Arraignments d. Incarcerations
a. corrections
The belief that inmate subcultures develop in response to the deficits in prison life is called _____ theory. a. deprivation b. importation c. learning d. adaptation
a. deprivation
The main function of a preliminary hearing is to: a. determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the court. b. determine whether there are adequate facilities in the correctional system for convicted offenders. c. ensure the incarceration and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of criminal offenses. d. ensure the maintenance and upkeep of the correctional facilities that are used for incarceration.
a. determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the court.
Tom is a correctional officer who gives orders and enjoys the feeling of power that comes from ordering prison inmates around. In the context of correctional officer personalities, Tom exhibits the personality type of a _____. a. dictator b. merchant c. friend d. Reformer
a. dictator
Evidence-based studies that examined the effectiveness of drug courts show that: a. drug courts can reduce recidivism by an average of 8 to 14 percent. b. drug courts are less cost-effective than probation owing to increased victimization costs. c. drug courts award punishments that are more severe than incarceration. d. drug courts have significantly increased the rate of rearrests among drug offenders.
a. drug courts can reduce recidivism by an average of 8 to 14 percent.
Residential reentry centers achieve offender reintegration by: a. giving residents opportunities to learn and use legitimate skills. b. confirming that when residents leave the center they go directly to counselors. c. permitting an offender to stay away from his or her family. d. preventing an offender from learning a specific skill.
a. giving residents opportunities to learn and use legitimate skills.
A writ of _____ is an order from a court to produce a prisoner in court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being legally detained. a. habeas corpus b. mandamus c. quo warranto d. certiorari
a. habeas corpus
Under the _____, U.S. courts for many decades avoided intervening in prison management. a. hands-off doctrine b. dirty hands doctrine c. open-fields doctrine d. Reagan Doctrine
a. hands-off doctrine
In the United States, treating HIV in prison is difficult because: a. many inmates distrust the legal and health care systems. b. peer-led counseling, the only treatment method available, is very costly. c. inmates diagnosed with HIV are released on parole. d. almost all prison inmates develop HIV.
a. many inmates distrust the legal and health care systems.
A _____ prison allows considerable freedom of movement, has dormitory housing, and has a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio. a. minimum-security b. maximum-security c. medium-security d. close-security
a. minimum-security
The principle of least eligibility is the belief that: a. prison conditions must be a step below those of the working class and people on welfare. b. everyone is entitled to equal medical treatment regardless of status. c. prisoners should only get medical treatment if they have insurance coverage. d. people with AIDS deserve what they get whether they are in prison or not.
a. prison conditions must be a step below those of the working class and people on welfare.
_____ is the most frequently used form of criminal punishment. a. Probation b. Restitution c. Retribution d. Incarceration
a. probation
In the context of Frank Schmalleger's typology of male inmate roles, a(n) _____ is a young inmate, often small, who has been forced into a sexual relationship with an aggressive, well-respected prisoner. a. punk b. agitator c. colonist d. opportunist
a. punk
There is evidence that cognitive-based drug and alcohol treatment in prison: a. reduces recidivism. b. helps female inmates but has no effect on male prisoners. c. helps male inmates but has no effect on female prisoners. d. has no effect on recidivism.
a. reduces recidivism.
The transition offenders make from prison or jail to the community is known as _____. a. reentry b. manumission c. conversion d. certification
a. reentry
The use of programs targeted at promoting the effective reintegration of offenders back to communities upon release from prison and jail is known as _____. a. reentry b. reclassification c. parole d. probation
a. reentry
A(n) _____ acts as a service broker and advocates on behalf of parolees for "wraparound services" such as substance abuse treatment, job training, employment, family member support, housing, and community services. a. reentry court b. livability court c. ecclesiastical court d. appellate court
a. reentry court
When Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, it: a. required states to demonstrate efforts to reduce the disproportionate number of minority youth who come into contact with the juvenile justice system in the United States. b. required juveniles to be held in jails and lockups in which adults are confined. c. mandated that when juveniles are temporarily detained in the same facilities as adults they must have "sight or sound" contact with adult inmates. d. mandated that status offenders should be held in secure confinement.
a. required states to demonstrate efforts to reduce the disproportionate number of minority youth who come into contact with the juvenile justice system in the United States.
The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA) restricts the filing of lawsuits in U.S. federal courts by: a. revoking good-time credit toward early release if inmates file malicious lawsuits. b. requiring all court orders to be renewed every five years or be lifted. c. requiring state prisoners to file suit in federal court before using local administrative remedies. d. allowing a single judge rather than a bench of judges to order the release of federal inmates for overcrowding.
a. revoking good-time credit toward early release if inmates file malicious lawsuits.
In 1979, Congress created _____ to encourage states and local correctional agencies to form partnerships with private companies to give inmates real work opportunities. a. the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program b. Federal Prison Industries c. Traditional Industries d. the Work in Lieu of Jail Program
a. the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program
The sum of the number of inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year divided by the total number of days in the year is known as _____. a. the average daily population b. operational capacity c. the end-of-year count d. total admission
a. the average daily population
The U.S. National Institute of Corrections released a report to help jail and prison administrators more effectively manage the women in their care. In this context, understanding how women enter the criminal justice system in order to help jails improve their responses to women offenders is a major component of _____. a. the pathways perspective b. trauma theory c. relational theory d. the addiction perspective
a. the pathways perspective
Research shows that when people are released from prison in the United States, _____. a. their chances of finding a place to live are bleak b. their incidence of serious mental illness is six to eight times greater than it is among the general population c. they seldom commit parole violations or new crimes d. more than half already have a job lined up
a. their chances of finding a place to live are bleak
In the context of correctional officer personalities, a _____ usually interacts little with other correctional officers and does the minimum necessary to get through the workday. a. turnkey b. reformer c. climber d. merchant
a. turnkey
_____ are the common denominator for most offenders in the criminal justice system. a. Psychological problems b. Alcohol and other drug problems c. Manslaughter and homicide d. Chronic violent crimes
b. Alcohol and other drug problems
Which of the following arguments supports felon disenfranchisement? a. Removal of an inmate's right to vote is consistent with reentry. b. Denying felons the right to vote sends a message about respect for the law and acts as a deterrent to crime. c. Felon disenfranchisement laws are an effective form of punishment because most ex-felons participate in voting before incarceration. d. Voting is a privilege and not a right guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution.
b. Denying felons the right to vote sends a message about respect for the law and acts as a deterrent to crime.
Identify a technique suggested by authorities for avoiding or reducing job stress. a. Including sugars, salt, and red meat in one's diet b. Developing clear and favorable role definitions c. Complaining openly and frequently to not harbor resentment d. Refraining from sharing emotional feelings with colleagues at work
b. Developing clear and favorable role definitions
Which of the following is an argument against felon disenfranchisement? a. Disenfranchisement of criminal offenders is prohibited by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. b. Felon disenfranchisement laws are unfair to minorities who are treated unfairly by the criminal justice system. c. Felon disenfranchisement is inconsistent with retribution. d. Voting is not a privilege but a right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
b. Felon disenfranchisement laws are unfair to minorities who are treated unfairly by the criminal justice system.
In 2018, President Trump signed into law the _____, a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill aimed at reducing recidivism and refining sentencing laws and harsh penalties in the federal system. a. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act b. First Step Act c. Federal Youth Corrections Act d. Federal Sentencing Reform Act
b. First Step Act
The _____ makes it easier for U.S. federal prisoners who have a terminal illness to apply for compassionate release. a. Parole Commission and Reorganization Act b. First Step Act c. Second Chance Act d. Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act
b. First Step Act
The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender's capability to commit future offenses is called: a. Just deserts b. Incapacitation c. Reformation. d. Rehabilitation
b. Incapacitation
The sentencing principle that the unique circumstances and attributes of each case and each person entering the criminal justice system should inform the sentence and the rehabilitation programs, treatment, and services provided is called _____. a. Parsimony b. Individualization c. Proportionality d. Equity
b. Individualization
_____ are prisoners who exhibit unique physical, mental, social, and programmatic needs that distinguish them from other prisoners and to whom jail and prison management and staff have to respond to in nontraditional and innovative ways. a. Handicappers b. Inmates with special needs c. Political prisoners d. Hostages
b. Inmates with special needs
New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime are called: a. Terminal endorsments b. Intermediate sanctions. c. Forcible closures d. Incarcerations
b. Intermediate sanctions.
Which of the following statements is true of a penitentiary? a. It was designed to punish offenders rather than reform them. b. It punished criminals by isolating them. c. It was the earliest form of large-scale rehabilitation. d. It was designed for dormitory housing.
b. It punished criminals by isolating them.
Which of the following is a difference between jails and prisons? a. Jails are administered by wardens who are appointed by state governors, whereas prisons are administered by locally elected sheriffs. b. Jails are designed for short-term confinement, whereas prisons are designed for long-term confinement. c. Jails are supported by state taxpayers and some type of federal funding, whereas prisons are paid for mostly by local tax dollars. d. Jails are state facilities, whereas prisons are local correctional facilities.
b. Jails are designed for short-term confinement, whereas prisons are designed for long-term confinement.
_____ power gives officers the formal authority to command. a. Expert b. Legitimate c. Coercive d. Reward
b. Legitimate
Identify a true statement about coercive power. a. It stems from inmates' perceptions that certain correctional officers have valuable skills. b. Many correctional officers use coercive power as a primary method of control. c. Many correctional officers use coercive power to assign good-time credit to inmates. d. It flows from "persuasive diplomacy" and the respect and admiration of inmates.
b. Many correctional officers use coercive power as a primary method of control.
Which of the following is a reason why the U.S. correctional system has not been able to reduce recidivism rates? a. Technical violations are no longer punishable by imprisonment in any of the 52 jurisdictions in the United States. b. Most parole officers manage large caseloads and typically meet with offenders for about 15 minutes once or twice a month. c. Parole has shifted from a control-based strategy centered on monitoring behavior to a service orientation. d. Courts seldom emphasize that surveillance alone can change criminal behavior.
b. Most parole officers manage large caseloads and typically meet with offenders for about 15 minutes once or twice a month.
Which of the following statements best reflects the reality of substance abuse treatment programs in U.S. prisons? a. Drug treatment programs in prisons have absolutely no effect on recidivism. b. Only a small fraction of inmates who need substance abuse treatment actually receive it. c. Inmates who want substance abuse treatment receive it, and those who do not want it do not receive it. d. Every inmate who needs substance abuse treatment receives it.
b. Only a small fraction of inmates who need substance abuse treatment actually receive it.
The first historical phase of prison discipline, which involved solitary confinement in silence instead of corporal punishment, was the _____ system. a. convict lease b. Pennsylvania c. Auburn d. state use
b. Pennsylvania
Which of the following statements is true of drug-addicted offenders who enter deferred prosecution programs? a. They are always required to plead guilty to the drug charges against them. b. They are diverted into the drug court system before being prosecuted. c. They are prosecuted, irrespective of whether they complete the program or not. d. Their offenses are expunged from their records the moment they enroll in the program.
b. They are diverted into the drug court system before being prosecuted.
In the context of Frank Schmalleger's typology of male inmate roles, which of the following is true of bullies? a. They are also called agitators. b. They use intimidation to get what they want. c. They are known by their tattoos and hand signs. d. They know the inmate code and abide by it.
b. They use intimidation to get what they want.
A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less is called _____. a. A felony b. A misdemeanor c. Perjury d. An infraction
b. a misdemeanor
In criminal law, factors that may increase the culpability of the offender are called _____. a. vindicating circumstances b. aggravating circumstances c. extenuating circumstances d. mitigating circumstances
b. aggravating circumstances
In the context of the institutional needs that justify some restrictions on the constitutional rights of U.S. prisoners, the term "order" refers to _____. a. avoidance of physical harm b. calm and discipline within a correctional institution c. the control of individuals and objects entering or leaving a correctional institution d. the practices necessary for the health, well-being, and treatment of inmates
b. calm and discipline within a correctional institution
After the failure of Alcatraz, prison officials used the _____ to distribute problem prisoners to a number of prisons. a. concentration model b. dispersal model c. medical model d. correctional model
b. dispersal model
The term _____ is defined as the intentional creation of an environment that reflects an understanding of the realities of women's lives and addresses the special issues of women in correctional settings. a. just deserts b. gender-responsiveness c. total admission d. gender dysphoria
b. gender-responsiveness
_____ are known as "jailhouse lawyers" in prison argot. a. Agitators b. Legalists c. Retreatists d. Colonists
b. legalists
Which of the following is an example of an infraction? a. Murder b. Littering c. Auto theft d. Breaking and entering
b. littering
If a defendant accepts a penalty without admitting guilt, he or she is using the plea of _____. a. noelle persecutus b. nolo contendere c. nollo judicus d. nolle prosequi
b. nolo contendere
Corrections experts predict that by 2030, elderly prisoners in the United States will comprise nearly _____ of the total prison population. a. one-fourth b. one-third c. one-fifth d. one-tenth
b. one-third
Probation subscribes to the principle of intervening in an offender's life _____. a. only if the offender has committed a violent offense b. only to the extent necessary c. to prevent reintegration into the community d. to the greatest extent possible
b. only to the extent necessary
Probation subscribes to the principle of intervening in an offender's life _____. a. to prevent reintegration into the community b. only to the extent necessary c. only if the offender has committed a violent offense d. to the greatest extent possible
b. only to the extent necessary
A previous judicial decision that judges should consider in deciding future cases is known as a _____. a. dictum b. precedent c. cession d. first impression
b. precedent
The repetition of criminal behavior, generally defined as rearrest, is called _____. a. Counter performance b. Recidivism c. A technical violation d. A new offense violation
b. recidivism
Although there have been exceptions, employment programming has generally been found to _____. a. reduce the necessity for institutional correctional systems b. reduce prison misconduct and disciplinary infractions c. increase recidivism d. increase the brutalizing effect in society
b. reduce prison misconduct and disciplinary infractions
An innovative strategy to keep people who are mentally ill out of jail and prison is _____, which is an evidence-based practice that improves outcomes for people with severe mental illness who are most at-risk of homelessness, psychiatric crisis and hospitalization, and involvement in the criminal justice system. a. the Memphis Police Crisis Intervention Team b. the Assertive Community Treatment Program c. psychopharmacology d. narcotherapy
b. the Assertive Community Treatment Program
The correctional population in the United States increased dramatically between 1980 and 2014 in the face of declining crime rates because: a. get-tough-on-crime laws, which emphasized restitution as the preferred sentencing choice, fueled rapid increases in prison populations. b. the nation's War on Drugs led to the arrest and conviction of many offenders, resulting in larger correctional populations in nearly every jurisdiction. c. parole authorities, fearing civil liability and public outcry, focused on noninstitutional corrections as a means of offender incarceration and rehabilitation. d. the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1978 encouraged longer prison sentences for more crimes.
b. the nation's War on Drugs led to the arrest and conviction of many offenders, resulting in larger correctional populations in nearly every jurisdiction.
Which of the following is a reason why probation is conditional? a. It is as effective as incarceration in reducing future criminal activity. b. It avoids prison institutionalization and the stigma of incarceration. c. It can be revoked if certain requirements are not fulfilled. d. It permits the offender to remain in the community for reintegration purposes.
c. It can be revoked if certain requirements are not fulfilled.
Identify a true statement about the Public Safety Assessment (PSA) developed by the Houston-based Laura and John Arnold Foundation. a. It considers factors such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status in assessing risk. b. It has been adopted or is in the process of being adopted by over 50 jurisdictions. c. It is a scientifically validated risk assessment tool. d. It replaces judicial discretion.
c. It is a scientifically validated risk assessment tool.
Which of the following statements is true of community corrections? a. It embraces centralization of authority from local to state levels. b. It strongly discourages the use of community programs for offender rehabilitation. c. It redefines the population of offenders for whom incarceration is most appropriate. d. It opposes citizen participation in program planning, design, implementation, and evaluation.
c. It redefines the population of offenders for whom incarceration is most appropriate.
In the United States, all states and the federal government prefer to use _____ as their primary method of execution. a. Electrocution b. Hanging c. Lethal injection d. Lethal gas
c. Lethal Injection
Which of the following statements is a characteristic of persons under the jurisdiction of state and federal prisons in the United States? a. The percentage of state prisoners held for violent offenses is 46 percent. b. Adolescents and young adults make up a growing portion of the prison population. c. Minorities make up 70 percent of all incarcerated offenders. d. The majority of women in prison have three or more convictions.
c. Minorities make up 70 percent of all incarcerated offenders.
_____ are awarded to punish a wrongdoer when his or her wrongful act was intentional and malicious or was performed with reckless disregard for the rights of the inmate. a. General damages b. Special damages c. Punitive damages d. Compensatory damages
c. Punitive damages
_____ power flows from "persuasive diplomacy." a. Reward b. Expert c. Referent d. Coercive
c. Referent
In the context of correctional officer personalities, officers with a _____ personality always seem to know better than anyone else and frequently complain about working conditions or supervisors. a. dictator b. turnkey c. reformer d. friend
c. Reformer
The changing of criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones by "correcting" the behavior of offenders through treatment, education, and training is called: a. Incapacitation b. General deterrence c. Rehabilitation d. Specific deterrence
c. Rehabilitation
The region in the United States with the highest number of parolees is the _____. a. North b. East c. South d. West
c. South
Which of the following statements is true of third-generation jails? a. There are no staff to observe the activities of inmates or to address inmates' problems. b. There are razor wires fitted inside the facility as the only physical barrier between inmates. c. There are no physical barriers between supervising officers and inmates. d. There are at least two secure control booths for supervising officers.
c. There are no physical barriers between supervising officers and inmates.
What is a feature Which of the following is a feature of state constitutions? a. They are seldom patterned after the U.S. Constitution. b. They generally tend to be less detailed and less specific than the U.S. Constitution. c. They generally avoid giving prisoners more rights than are granted by the U.S. Constitution. d. They are generally shorter than the U.S. Constitution. state constitutions?
c. They generally avoid giving prisoners more rights than are granted by the U.S. Constitution.
Community service is not viewed as an alternative to imprisonment in the United States, as it is in other countries, because: a. evidence-based corrections literature shows that community service does not reduce criminal activity. b. the costs of administering community service are higher than the costs of incarceration. c. U.S. public officials generally do not consider any sanction other than imprisonment punitive enough. d. community service meets with widespread public disapproval in the United States.
c. U.S. public officials generally do not consider any sanction other than imprisonment punitive enough.
Community-focused parole is: a. a program that encourages the participation of parolees in community projects. b. a method in which citizens spy on parolees to report violations. c. a process of engaging the community so the community engages parole. d. the utilization of citizen volunteers to supervise parolees.
c. a process of engaging the community so the community engages parole.
The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case is called _____. a. Arbitration b. Arraignment c. Adjudication d. Certification
c. adjudication
In a correctional institution, _____ include staff members such as wardens, superintendents, assistant superintendents, and others charged with operating the institution and its programs and with setting policy. a. clerical personnel b. service and maintenance staff c. administrative staff d. custodial staff
c. administrative staff
Among its various reforms, the First Step Act will: a. make it mandatory for federal judges to pass mandatory minimum sentences for all offenders. b. reduce eligibility for elderly or terminally ill federal prisoners to secure compassionate release. c. allow federal inmates to get "earned time credits" by participating in more vocational and rehabilitative programs. d. increase life sentences for some drug offenders with three convictions, or "three strikes," to 45 years.
c. allow federal inmates to get "earned time credits" by participating in more vocational and rehabilitative programs.
According to a report by the American Correctional Association (ACA), one of the primary reasons incarcerated women in the United States most frequently give for their arrest is _____. a. attempts to murder abusive partners b. prostitution c. attempts to relieve economic pressures d. commission of a violent crime
c. attempts to relieve economic pressures
A short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment is called a: a. House of correction. b. Halfway house c. Boot camp d. Restitution center.
c. boot camp
A credentialing process, usually involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized is called _____. a. Legislation b. Accreditation c. Certification d. Adjudication
c. certification
The release of an inmate under specific terms is known as _____. a. release to pretrial services b. an unconditional waiver c. conditional release d. an unsecured bond
c. conditional release
Within the field of correctional practice, the term _____ refers to calculated inattention to unconstitutional conditions of confinement. a. totality of conditions b. civil liability c. deliberate indifference d. due process
c. deliberate indifference
The number of inmates that planners or architects intend for a prison facility is called its _____. a. operational capacity b. rated capacity c. design capacity d. legal capacity
c. design capacity
The wardens of state prisons are appointed by the _____ of that state. a. provincial governor b. conservation officer c. director of corrections d. lieutenant governor
c. director of corrections
The _____ is a historical legal doctrine that held that a governing body or its representatives could not be sued because it made the law and therefore could not be bound by it. a. open-fields doctrine b. doctrine of correlative rights c. doctrine of sovereign immunity d. hands-off doctrine
c. doctrine of sovereign immunity
In the United States, some states abolished discretionary release from prison by a parole board because: a. scholars concluded that determinate sentencing and discretionary parole did not achieve offender rehabilitation. b. all the states kept their parole board votes secret. c. eliminating discretionary parole appeared to be tough on crime. d. parole boards' openness to the public in the decision-making process prompted criticism.
c. eliminating discretionary parole appeared to be tough on crime.
A judicial order to do or refrain from doing a particular act is called a(n) _____. a. standing order b. interim order c. injunction d. ordinance
c. injunction
A prosecutor's choice to drop charges after filing them is called _____. a. noelle persecutus b. nolo contendere c. nolle prosequi d. nollo judicus
c. nolle prosequi
In the early 20th century, to control prison overcrowding, wardens kept the number of _____ about equal to the number of new prisoner admissions. a. parole advocates b. legislators who supported parole c. people being released on parole d. parole violators
c. people being released on parole
In a presentence report, the _____ estimates the offender's degree of risk to the community and need factors (sociological, psychological, and economic) that impact criminal behavior. a. Arresting officer b. Prosecutor c. Probation officer d. Presiding judge
c. probation officer
In a prison, _____ include staff members such as psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors, nurses, medical aides, teachers, counselors, caseworkers, and ministers. a. clerical personnel b. administrative staff c. program staff d. service and maintenance staff
c. program staff
A rationale in support of co-corrections is that it: a. reduces the number of prisoners incarcerated for sexual offenses. b. creates a more "normal" atmosphere by increasing privation. c. reduces problems of institutional control. d. reduces the destructive aspects of incarceration by permitting homosocial relationships.
c. reduces problems of institutional control.
A sentence of probation allows an offender to remain in the community for _____ purposes. a. Retribution b. Recidivism c. Reintegration d. Institutionalization
c. reintegration
Inmates who are unable to cope with the realities of prison life and withdraw psychologically from the world around them are called _____. a. opportunists b. radicals c. retreatists d. legalists
c. retreatists
Argot is a French word meaning _____. a. confrontation b. code c. slang d. speech
c. slang
Which of the following is one of the four core traits identified by Mark S. Fleisher of Illinois State University as being essential to effective work in corrections? a. Introversion b. A quantitative aptitude c. Strong writing skill d. An external locus of control
c. strong writing skill
A freestanding facility or a distinct unit within a facility that provides for management and secure control of inmates who have been officially designated as exhibiting violent or serious and disruptive behavior while incarcerated is known as a(n) _____. a. open institution b. medium-security prison c. supermax housing facility d. minimum-security facility
c. supermax housing facility
Gresham Sykes described the major problems that new inmates face, such as the loss of liberty, a lack of material possessions, deprivation of goods and services, the loss of heterosexual relationships, the loss of personal autonomy, and a reduction in personal security, as _____. a. the inmate subculture b. essential corrections c. the pains of imprisonment d. the cocorrections rule
c. the pains of imprisonment
The Wickersham Commission reported that parole was logical because it: a. ensured that parolees could only be returned to prison after new trial proceedings. b. guaranteed zero recidivism by offenders. c. was an inexpensive way to supervise offenders. d. was an effective example of a punitive practice.
c. was an inexpensive way to supervise offenders.
In the United States, the estimated national cost per year to confine an inmate age 50 and older is approximately _____. a. $20,000 b. $50,000 c. $40,000 d. $70,000
d. $70,000
Which of the following is a release option that requires money up front to get out of jail pretrial? a. Conditional release b. An unsecured bond c. Release on recognizance d. A deposit bond
d. A deposit bond
Which of the following is the minimum required educational qualification for those seeking Certified Corrections Executive (CCE) certification? a. A high school diploma or its equivalent b. A two-year college degree or its equivalent c. A month-long practicum with the Department of Corrections of any state d. A four-year college degree or its equivalent
d. A four-year college degree or its equivalent
On June 19, 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court held in _____ that execution of offenders with mental retardation is cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. a. Ring v. Arizona b. Hall v. Florida c. Furman v. Georgia d. Atkins v. Virginia
d. Atkins v. Virginia
Which of the following is a similarity between jails and prisons? a. Both are governed by local authorities. b. Both are the same in terms of the average daily population. c. Both are the same in terms of total admission. d. Both are detention facilities that house criminal offenders.
d. Both are detention facilities that house criminal offenders.
Which of the following statements is true of community corrections acts (CCAs)? a. Under a typical CCA, the annual cost to state per offender is significantly more than the annual cost of housing a state prisoner. b. CCAs typically include residential corrections programs but not nonresidential corrections programs. c. Under a typical CCA, the state is solely responsible for establishing community corrections goals and policies. d. CCAs decentralize authority and engage communities in the process of reintegrating offenders into society.
d. CCAs decentralize authority and engage communities in the process of reintegrating offenders into society.
_____ are made by a paroling authority, such as a parole board or parole commission, after its members review a case to determine if prisoners can be conditionally released based on a statutory or administrative determination of eligibility. a. Presentence parole decisions b. Mandatory parole decisions c. Pretrial decisions d. Discretionary parole decisions
d. Discretionary parole decisions
Identify a difference between evidence-based practice (EBP) and evidence-based corrections (EBC). a. EBP uses empirical data, while EBC uses theoretical knowledge. b. EBP is defined according to immeasurable moral- or value-oriented standards or beliefs, while EBC is defined according to practical realities. c. EBP works at preventing future crimes, while EBC works at reintegrating probationers into society. d. EBP focuses on the practical use of programs that have been found to be effective, while EBC is primarily concerned with study and evaluation.
d. EBP focuses on the practical use of programs that have been found to be effective, while EBC is primarily concerned with study and evaluation.
The 1941 case of _____ began a dismantling of the hands-off doctrine. a. Cooper v. Pate b. Monroe v. Pape c. Coffin v. Reichard d. Ex parte Hull
d. Ex parte Hull
Which of the following statements is true of the gender differences among correctional staff? a. Female correctional officers typically admit to performing their job with a more aggressive style than men. b. Determinants of job satisfaction are similar for male and female correctional officers. c. Gender makes a negligible difference in the number of assaults on correctional officers. d. Female correctional officers use communication rather than threats to gain inmate cooperation.
d. Female correctional officers use communication rather than threats to gain inmate cooperation.
Identify a true statement about Crisis Intervention Teams. a. It is also known as the "Metamorphosis Model" of pre-arrest jail diversion. b. It was launched primarily for the protection of inmates who had been sexually abused. c. It was adopted with the aim of reducing the number of drug addicts in jails. d. It is a police-based first responder program for those in a mental illness crisis.
d. It is a police-based first responder program for those in a mental illness crisis.
Which of the following statements is true of gain time? a. It is the time taken by an inmate to complete assigned tasks and duties. b. It is the time provided to an inmate for meeting with friends and family members. c. It is the time provided to an inmate to study religious texts. d. It is the time taken off an inmate's sentence for participating in certain positive activities.
d. It is the time taken off an inmate's sentence for participating in certain positive activities.
_____ is called the founder of probation. a. John Howard b. Sanford Bates c. Peter Oxenbridge Thacher d. John Augustus
d. John Augustus
The formal termination of an offender's conditional freedom is known as _____. a. Reintegration b. Diversion c. Adjudication d. Revocation
d. Revocation
One of the major roles of a probation officer is _____. a. Sentencing b. Reviewing sentence appeals c. Granting clemency d. Supervising clients
d. Supervising clients
Identify a correct statement about intermediate sanctions. a. They prevent the reintegration of offenders into the community. b. They are a more expensive correctional option than jail sentencing. c. They are generally more restrictive than prison. d. They promote rehabilitation of offenders in society.
d. They promote rehabilitation of offenders in society.
In the context of Frank Schmalleger's typology of male inmate roles, which of the following statements is true of religious inmates? a. They are unconditionally trusted by both inmates and staff. b. They are known as "wise guys" in prison argot. c. They are generally "turned out" through homosexual rape. d. They request special meeting facilities and special diets.
d. They request special meeting facilities and special diets.
A jail where inmates are housed in small groups, or pods, staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers who interact with the inmates is called a _____ jail. a. second-generation b. first-generation c. fourth-generation d. Third-generation
d. Third-generation
Which of the following is an objective of residential reentry centers? a. To increase recidivism rates among offenders b. To maintain high rearrest rates c. To diminish reentry programs for parolees d. To facilitate reintegration of offenders into society
d. To facilitate reintegration of offenders into society
The first jail in the United States was the _____ in Philadelphia. a. Auburn Jail b. Cook County Jail c. Pennsylvania Jail d. Walnut Street Jail
d. Walnut Street Jail
Probation is fair and appropriate sentencing for offenders _____. a. Who commit felonies b. Whose crimes do not merit reformation c. Who commit violent offenses d. Whose crimes do not merit incarceration
d. Whose crimes do not merit incarceration
_____ is failure to comply with the conditions of probation. a. Espionage b. A new offense violation c. Perfidy d. A technical violation
d. a technical violation
A number of scholars and policymakers have argued in favor of age-segregated prisons because age-segregated prisons: a. are exempt from the stipulations of the American with Disabilities Act (ADA). b. cost less as they do not require custodial staff. c. can promote retribution by advancing age-specific treatment opportunities. d. advance prisoner safety.
d. advance prisoner safety.
For a punishment to be effective as a deterrent, it must be _____. a. Swiftly applied b. Relatively certain c. Sufficiently severe d. all of the answers are correct
d. all of the answers are correct
A minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration, is called _____. a. A felony b. Perjury c. A misdemeanor d. An infraction
d. an infraction
A legal obligation to another person to do, pay, or make good something is known as _____. a. vicarious liability b. criminal liability c. strict liability d. civil liability
d. civil liability
In the context of the elements of probation supervision, _____ means making probationers accountable for their behavior and making sure they understand the consequences of violating the conditions of probation. a. Surveillance b. Case investigation c. Resource mediation d. Enforcement
d. enforcement
A serious criminal offense that is punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year is called a(n) _____. a. Misdeamor b. Infraction c. Summary offense d. Felony
d. felony
In the context of argot in men's prisons, a _____ is a newly arrived inmate. a. seed b. punk c. homeboy d. fish
d. fish
The typical female inmate in the United States _____. a. is married with two to five children b. belongs to a racial majority c. is a college graduate with low skills d. has held mainly low-wage jobs
d. has held mainly low-wage jobs
An interdisciplinary, comfort-oriented care facility that helps seriously ill patients die with dignity and humanity in an environment that facilitates mental and spiritual preparation for the natural process of dying is called a _____. a. coed prison b. hospital c. reentry court d. hospice
d. hospice
The typical adult parolee in the United States _____. a. has been under active parole supervision for more than two years b. is around 45 years old c. has a graduate degree d. is a white, non-Hispanic male on discretionary parole
d. is a white, non-Hispanic male on discretionary parole
A _____ is a locally operated correctional facility that confines people before or after conviction. a. penitentiary b. penal colony c. brig d. Jail
d. jail
The power, right, or authority of a court to interpret and apply the law is called the court's _____. a. forum b. venue c. mandate d. jurisdiction
d. jurisdiction
In the United States, fines are rarely regarded as a tough criminal sanction because: a. judicial and legislative attitudes always allow the use of fines for major felonies. b. judges always have enough reliable information on an offender's personal wealth to impose a just fine. c. in practice, fines are seldom used as punishments for ordinance violations and minor misdemeanors. d. many believe that fines inflict a hardship on the poor while affluent offenders often feel no sting.
d. many believe that fines inflict a hardship on the poor while affluent offenders often feel no sting.
The supervising officers of a second-generation jail are unable to respond quickly to problems or interact effectively with inmates because _____. a. of the podular design of inmate cells that prevents them from looking inside b. inmate housing areas called pods are extremely overcrowded c. razor wires surround the facility in an awkward manner d. of an intervening security control booth
d. of an intervening security control booth
Corrections officials in the United States are reining in expenses for their aging prison populations without sacrificing the quality of care or public safety by: a. insourcing prison health care. b. refraining from using telehealth technologies. c. avoiding collaborations with outside partners. d. paroling older and/or ill inmates.
d. paroling older and/or ill inmates.
The components of the criminal justice system are: a. civil servants and offices of compliance. b. corrections and law clerks. c. cooperatives, police, and social workers. d. police, courts, and corrections.
d. police, courts, and corrections
Many people who are mentally ill are in jails and prisons in the United States because of _____. a. stringent discharge criteria b. lack of enforcement of policies such as three-strikes laws c. lenient commitment laws d. reductions or curtailment of public funding
d. reductions or curtailment of public funding
Which of the following is an example of a misdemeanor? a. Jaywalking b. Robbery c. Arson d. Simple Assault
d. simple assault
The notion of race is generally recognized as an objective biological fact and is not seen as a social construct. (true or false)
false
The model entry test for correctional officers developed by the Professional Education Council of the American Correctional Association was intended to provide a standard criminal justice curriculum. (true or false)
true