Counseling and Psychotherapy

According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to:

all the above

In cognitive therapy, therapy techniques are designed to:

assist individuals in making alternative interpretations of events in their daily living.

The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is:

attaining awareness, and with it greater choice.

According to the Gestalt view:

awareness is by and of itself therapeutic.

B.F. Skinner is associated with which of the following trends in the behavioral approach?

operant conditioning

Skinner's view of controlling behavior is based on the principles of

operant conditioning.

The situation in which behaviors are emitted from an active organism is known as:

operant conditioning.

According to Bandura, which of the following are characteristic of effective models (whether they be live, symbolic or multiple)?

...

All of the following are ways narrative therapy differs from traditional therapy except for

...

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an effective self-management program?

A single strategy is usually more useful than a combination of strategies because it eliminates confusion.

Who has done most of the work in the area of modeling?

Albert Bandura

From the perspective of feminist therapy, the socialization of women inevitably affects their:

All of the above

Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques?

Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

All of the following are characteristics of behavioral approaches except:

Behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular dysfunctional behavior.

Which statement contains the most truth?

Contemporary behavior therapy focuses on how people are determined by their social and cultural environments.

Which is not true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?

DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques

All of the following are reasons many feminist therapists do not use diagnostic labels, or use them reluctantly, except for which one?

Diagnostic labels focus on the social factors that cause dysfunctional behavior.

Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls?

During his childhood, he was a model student.

Which is not true of behavior therapy?

Insight is necessary for behavior change to occur.

Which of the following would not be considered a feature of a good self-contract?

It involves the participation of another person.

Which of the following is not true about role playing in REBT?

It is a way of surfacing unfinished business.

Which of the following is not true of Beck's cognitive therapy?

It is based on the assumption that the way people feel and behave is determined by the way they structure their experience.

Which of the following is true about the relationship between a client and a rational emotive behavior therapist?

It is characterized by full acceptance and tolerance

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Meichenbaum's constructivist approach to cognitive behavior therapy?

It is more structured and more directive than standard cognitive therapy.

Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy?

It is not possible to be both confrontive and gentle with clients.

__________ involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred.

Negative reinforcement

Which of the following is not a key concept of behavior therapy?

Present behavior is stressed over past behavior.

Which of the following is true of narrative therapy and solution-focused therapy?

The client is an expert on his or her own life.

Which of the following is not true regarding behavior therapy?

The client is merely passive while the therapist uses techniques.

Which is not true of Gestalt therapy?

The focus is on the why of behavior.

Which of the following statements about creating alternative stories is not true?

The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story.

Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of behavior therapy?

There is an emphasis on client expression of feelings

Which of the following is not true about how behavior therapists function in the therapeutic setting?

They use techniques such as summarizing, reflection, clarification, and open-ended questioning.

Which of the following is false as it applies to the practice of solution-focused brief therapy?

Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client's capacity to find his or her own way.

According to most behavior therapists, a good working relationship between the client and therapist is:

a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for behavior change to occur.

To a large degree, cognitive therapy is:

a psychoeducational model.

Behavior therapy is based on:

a) applying the experimental method to the therapeutic process. e) both (b) and (c)

A feminist therapy is likely to become an advocate for change in the social structure by arguing for:

all of the above.

According to REBT, it is important to change the way one uses language because:

all of the above

Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT in that Beck's approach emphasizes:

all of the above

Beck's cognitive therapy involves:

all of the above

Behavior therapists tend to:

all of the above

Behavior therapy is characterized by:

all of the above

Behavior therapy is suited for:

all of the above

Behavior therapy techniques:

all of the above

Gestalt therapists say that clients resist contact by means of:

all of the above

Gestalt therapy can best be characterized as:

all of the above

Gestalt therapy encourages clients to:

all of the above

Goals serve the function in behavioral counseling of:

all of the above

Narrative therapists attempt to

all of the above

REBT can best be considered as:

all of the above

Self-management strategies include:

all of the above

Stress inoculation training consists of:

all of the above

The feminist perspectives on the development of personality:

all of the above

The following is (are) example(s) of exposure therapy:

all of the above

What is a limitation (or limitations) of Gestalt therapy as it is applied to working with culturally diverse populations?

all of the above

What is the function of the behavior therapist?

all of the above

Which method is often employed in REBT?

all of the above

Which of the following principles of feminist psychology provides a major vehicle for integrating diversity into feminist therapy?

all of the above

A defining theme in the practice of feminist therapy is:

all of the above.

In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as:

an I/Thou interaction.

Which of the following feminist principles recognizes the importance of working against oppression on the basis of race, class, culture, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, age, and disability?

an integrated analysis of oppression.

The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is:

arbitrary inferences.

Pre-therapy change is a solution-focused therapy technique that

asks clients to address changes that have taken place from the time they made an appointment to the first therapy session.

All of the following strategies are unique to feminist therapy except for:

cognitive restructuring.

Behavior therapy assumes that:

behavior is learned.

In conducting a behavioral assessment, the client's functioning is taken into account in which area(s)?

behavioral dimensions

According to REBT, what is the core of most emotional disturbance?

blame

Effective assertion-training programs:

both (a) and (b)

Gestalt-therapy techniques are designed to help the client:

both (a) and (b)

A feature of REBT that distinguishes it from other cognitive-behavioral therapies is:

both (a) and (d)

According to Meichenbaum, behavioral change:

both (a) and (d)

A limitation of Gestalt therapy is that:

both (b) and (c)

The Gestalt approach to dreams:

both (c) and (d)

What is (are) the contribution(s) of behavior therapy?

both (c) and (d)

The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to:

challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life.

Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of:

classical conditioning.

The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a:

co-therapist.

Cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that:

cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act.

Which of the following is not based on the principles of operant conditioning?

cognitive behavior therapy

Which of the following is not associated with the "third wave" of feminism?

cognitive behavioral feminists

Which of the following REBT techniques helps a client gradually learn to deal with anxiety and challenge basic irrational thinking?

cognitive homework

From a multimodal therapy perspective, enduring change is seen as a function of:

combined techniques, strategies, and modalities.

Which of the following is the correct order of the three phases of Meichenbaum's stress-inoculation program?

conceptual-rehearsal-application

The process of the blurring of awareness of differentiation between the self and the environment is the definition of:

confluence.

In solution-focused therapy, which of the following kind of relationship is characterized by the client and therapist jointly identifying a problem and a solution to work toward?

customer-type relationship

In REBT, what method is taught to clients to help them challenge irrational beliefs?

disputational method

From a social constructionist perspective, change begins with:

deconstructing the power of cultural narratives.

The process of distraction, or fleeting awareness, that makes it difficult to maintain sustained contact is the definition of:

deflection.

Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of:

depression.

In Meichenbaum's self-instructional therapy, focus is on:

detecting and debating irrational thoughts.

When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?

dialogue technique

REBT contends that people:

do not need to be accepted and loved.

The main goal of behavior therapy is:

eliminating unadaptive learning and providing for more effective learning.

Which of the following is not part of the five-step treatment procedure used in a coping-skills program?

evaluating the anxiety level of the client by using both physiological and psychological

Narrative therapists pay attention to "sparkling events." These are

events that contradict problem-saturated narratives.

Gestalt therapy is a form of:

existential therapy

The impasse is the point in therapy at which clients:

experience a sense of "being stuck."

What is not a part of the steps in a self-directed change program?

exploration of one's family constellation

Of the following cognitive techniques, which one would Beck be least likely to employ?

exploring cognitive distortions

An alternative to traditional diagnosis and assessment that is preferred by feminist therapists is:

gender role analysis.

Of the following, what is an interest that social constructionists tend to share?

generating new meaning in the lives of individuals

Feminist therapists, regardless of their philosophical orientation, believe all of the following except that:

human development and interaction are similar across races, cultures, and nations.

All of the following are steps in the use of systematic desensitization except for:

hypnosis.

Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance?

inner speech

Which of the following is not a key concept of Gestalt therapy?

intellectual understanding of one's problems

In vivo flooding consists of:

intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.

All of the following are characteristic of gender-biased theories except for the concept or practice of:

interactionist orientation.

Which of the following techniques would a feminist therapist be least likely to employ?

interpretation of the transference relationship

All of the following are true as they apply to self-instructional therapy, except that:

it is also known as cognitive behavior modification.

The tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs without assimilating or internalizing them is the definition of:

introjection.

Of the following, a major goal of narrative therapy is to

invite clients to describe their experience in new and fresh language, and in doing this opening up new vistas of what is possible.

REBT views emotional disturbances as the result of:

irrational thinking and behaving.

Dialectical behavior therapy

is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques.

A contribution of this therapeutic approach is that:

it stresses doing and experiencing, as opposed to talking about problems.

The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is:

labeling and mislabeling.

The constructs of feminist theory, in contrast to traditional theories, include all of the following except for which characteristic?

life-span oriented

The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms, or in categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as:

magnification and exaggeration.

Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members?

making the rounds

The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is to assist the client to:

move from environmental support to self-support.

A limitation of behavior therapy is:

none of the above

The main therapeutic goal of REBT is:

none of the above

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is:

now established as a part of mainstream behavior therapy.

According to Meichenbaum, the first step in the change process involves:

observing one's behavior and thinking patterns.

According to REBT, we develop emotional disturbances because of:

our belief about certain events.

The process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings is known as:

overgeneralization.

Of the following, which is one of the major contributions that feminists have made to the field of counseling?

paving the way for gender-sensitive practice

The Gestalt therapist:

pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as:

personalization.

REBT is based on the philosophical assumption that human beings are:

potentially able to think rationally but have a tendency toward irrational thinking.

Which of the following interventions is least likely to be used by a narrative therapist?

power analysis and intervention

In terms of ethical accountability, behavior therapy:

provides a basis for responsible practice.

The REBT technique that involves having clients imagine themselves in situations where they feel inappropriate feelings is called:

rational-emotive imagery.

Which of the following interventions involves a shift from "blaming the victim" to consideration of social factors in the environment that contribute to a client's problem?

reframing

All of the following are goals of feminist therapy except for:

resolving intrapsychic conflicts from early childhood.

The process of turning back to ourselves what we would like to do to someone else is the definition of:

retroflection.

A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is:

reversal technique.

In narrative therapy, the process of finding evidence to bolster a new view of the person as competent enough to have stood up to or defeated the dominance or oppression of the problem refers to

search for unique outcome

The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is:

selective abstraction.

If your client wanted to change a behavior, for instance, learning to control smoking, drinking, or eating, which behavioral technique would be most appropriate to employ?

self-management

Which of the following clinical strategies is not necessarily employed during assertion training?

self-monitoring via keeping a behavioral diary

A temporary strategy that is used until people can implement new behaviors in everyday life is known as:

self-reinforcement.

Ellis contends that human beings are:

self-sustaining. all of the above

Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on?

semantics

Which REBT technique involves having the client do the very thing they avoid because of "what people might think?"

shame-attacking exercises

All of the following are cognitive methods of REBT except for:

shame-attacking exercises.

Of the following, which intervention would a feminist therapist probably consider most essential?

social action

Which technique is aimed at teaching the client to emit a response that is inconsistent with anxiety?

systematic desensitization

Cognitive behavioral therapies and feminist therapy have a number of features in common. Of the following, which is not one an assumption shared by both approaches?

taking the position that the therapeutic relationship alone is necessary and sufficient to bring about change

The relational-cultural theory emphasizes the vital role:

that relationships and connectedness with others play in the lives of women.

The therapeutic process in solution-focused brief therapy involves all of the following except for the notion

that therapists are experts in assessment and diagnosis.

Perls's concept of the five layers of neurosis includes all of the following except:

the borderline layer.

In behavior therapy, it is generally agreed that:

the client should decide the treatment goals.

Most of the assertion-training methods are based on principles of:

the cognitive-behavioral therapies.

Which of the feminist principles views the therapist as simply another source of information, rather than as the expert in the therapy process?

the counseling relationship is egalitarian.

An REBT therapist would contend that anxiety stems from:

the internal repetition of irrational sentences.

Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe life without the problem?

the miracle question

The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated primarily with:

the narrative approach.

Which of the following feminist principles implies that what has been typically viewed as individual clients' personal problems are really socially and politically caused?

the person is political.

REBT employs what kind of method to help people resolve their emotional, behavioral problems?

the philosophical method

Behavior therapy is grounded in:

the psychodynamic aspects of a person. the principles of learning.

One of the main ways that Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT is that in Beck's approach, more so than in Ellis's approach:

the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process

Which of the following distinguishes the cognitive trend in behavior therapy from the trends of classical and operant conditioning?

the reference to mediational concepts in understanding behavior

The four feminist philosophies of liberal, cultural, radical, and socialist have in common

the same view of the sources of oppression of women.

Although feminist therapy shares many of the premises of person-centered therapy, feminist therapy does not agree with the notion that:

the therapeutic relationship is, in an of itself, sufficient to produce change.

The constructionist perspective in cognitive therapy holds that:

there are multiple realities and a therapist's task is to help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they author their own stories.

The cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy stresses:

thinking, judging, analyzing, and doing.

Which of the following themes would clients in feminist therapy be least likely to explore?

transference reactions toward their therapist

A major strength of both solution-focused and narrative therapies is the

use of questioning.

All of the following are techniques used in solution-focused therapy except for

using the reflecting team

According to Ellis, we develop emotional and behavioral difficulties because:

we think of simple preferences as dire needs.

According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except

withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis.