CPD 117 Study Set

Abuse

1)Interpersonal 2)Intrapersonal

Primary Prevention- Erikson's and Maslow's sytems- what 6 personal development trends

1)Survival 2) Growth 3)Communication 4)Recognition 5)Mastery 6)Understanding.

Forms of Interpersonal abuse

1. Child abuse 2. Sibling abuse 3. Partner Abuse 4.Older Adult abuse

Traits of Interpersonal Abuse

1. Violence or neglect 2. Emotional abuse 3. Physical abuse

Intelectual Disability

ADHD,ADD PTSD,

Polysubstance abuse

Addicted to more than one substance

ACCA

American College Counseling Association- division of ACA since 1992

ACPA

American College Personnel Association- officially organized in 1924

Preventing and Treating

Anger managment, Marital Therapy,individual ,domestic conflict programs

Best and worst prevention for SUD

Best: education in schools Worst: incarceration

Child abuse offenders

Boys are most likley abused outside the family and least reported (12%-18%) Girls are more likley abused by close family member (1 in every 3 girls. )

Addiction/ SUD

Center of their world= Compulsive Uses=Continued Use Most frequent Mental Health Disorder

Child abuse effects

Children become agressive, delinquent, suicidal Adults become depressed and have low self-esteem

Secondary Prevention

Controling mental health problems that have already surfaced but are not severe.

Tertiary Prevention

Controlling serious mental health problems to keep them from becoming chronic or life threatening.

Social-Ecological Perspective focus on?

a persons' environment. Environments have personalities that can be rigid, flexible, and supportive

Environmental and Functional Model

people carry a label with them

emerging adulthood

phase of life for individuals between ages of 18-29. Tasks include learning to live independently through experimenting with different lifestyles and careers

disabilities

physical disabilities, intellectual disabilities, ADD, PTSD

Spouse/Partner Abuse forms

physical, sexual, psychological, and economic -can cross any of these. -battering is the worst form and includes several physical assault or risk of injury -association b/w alcohol and violence

counseling as global

a 5th model; the counseling center staff work interactively with the other members of the college community to create a mentally healthy environment and use personnel and other resources within the campus

Motivational Interviewing

a brief counseling intervention designed to reduce a client's ambivalence toward change while increasing his or her motivation to engage in the behavior-change process

Interpersonal Abuse

misuse of objects or substances produced for 1 purpose but are exploited excessively to the detriment of the person involved, resulting in addiction

Disabilities

Use the Medical model

Factors of Addiction

Motivation, Denial, Dual Diagnosis, Matching "treatmeant", Control, Relapse

Child abuse traits

Physical, emotinal, sexual, and neglect

Sibling Abuse psychological

constant, intense, or exaggerated teasing, contempt or downgrading.

Bibliotherapeutic Approach

counselors have those who are addicted read books or view/listen to media and discuss ideas related to what they have experienced

Child sexual abuse acts

unwanted touching, sexual remarks, voyeurism, intercourse, oral sex, porn

Domestic Elder Abuse

"Any form of maltreatment by someone who has a special relationship with the elderly." - This is when one stops taking care of an elder (parent or grandparent) economically, support wise, they NEGLECT them. Ex: not taking care of them economically as you want to save that money for when you're older, don't see a point in 'wasting' it on them as they are already old.

Culture

"Any group of people who identify or associate with one another on the basis of some common purpose, need, or similarity of background" - Organizations can have a culture, anything you are part of can have a culture. Ex: beliefs and norms i grew up with.

Burnout

"Burnout is the state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully" - Common amongst counsellors

Racism

"Prejudice displayed in blatant or subtle ways due to recognized or perceived differences in the physical and psychological backgrounds of people" - Projection out of fear and ignorance- you are racist because either you are scared or you un-knowledgable.

Miracle question

"Suppose a miracle happened that solved all the problems that brought you here. How would you know it? What would be different?"

CCPA (Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association

"The skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance, and growth, and the optimal development of personal resources"

in loco parentis

"in place of parents"- change of the role of college faculty from this. Faculty and staff have parental role of teaching moral values

Sanford

"student development in college years can be promoted by challenge and support"

Strategic (Brief) Counseling Founders

(SBC) Founders Joe Weakland Paul Watzlawick Chloe Madanes Jay Haley

Social Justice Advocacy

- "Advocacy can be defined as simply promoting an idea or cause through public relations. It involves networking and education." Three types of Advocacy: 1) Support client/ Systemic Issues 2) Awareness of Social Concerns & Populations in need 3) Political Process - While performing all three above you have to stay clear, precise, follow up, be aggressive or else they will fail as it is a continuous process, it does not just happen overnight. - Being flexible to opposite views is also important

History of Multicultural Counselling

- 1950's focus was on client - 1960's focus was on counsellor - 1970's counselling process begins- focus on both - 1980's multicultural counselling was considered "the hottest topic in the profession"

Excessive Questioning

- A common mistake made by many counsellors - Creates for the client a sense of being interrogated - The client has little chance to take initiative and may become guarded

Acculturation

- A process in which people give up their old ways and adopt new ones - Ex: coming to Canada from Asia and adopting Canadian culture and traditions

Criminal Liability

- Acting in ways that goes against the law (counsellor acting in ways to client) - Failing to report abuse, negligence, violence of a client.

Civil Liability

- Acting wrongly towards another or failing to act when there is recognized duty to do so. - Client vs. counsellor- Professional Malpractice/ Gross Negligence

What are diverse populations?

- Age - Gender- female, male, transgender - Sexual orientation- homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual - Spirituality/Religion

Ageism

- Age-based expectations and prejudices. - Ex: old people are often called absent-minded, or senile or that they have dementia... - Men hold more ageist attitudes than women

Commonalities regarding all interview types

- All clients enter counselling with some anxiety and resistance, counsellors are also a bit frightened and uncertain when conducting their first intervention - Multimodal: visual, auditory, written, spoken, and descriptive- this pays off by creating good counselor-client relationships.

Legalities and Minorities

- Anyone under the age of 18 is a minor Contracting a counselling relationship: - Parental consent - Involuntary at a parents insistence- when a parent insists that counselling occurs then it needs to occur - Order of the court- if the court orders minor then parents consent is not required - Informed consent

The Initial Interview: Verbal and Non-Verbal Behaviour- 5 Nonverbal skills Involved in Initial Interview

- Attentiveness= the amount of verbal and nonverbal behaviour shown to the client 5 nonverbal skills involved in initial interview- SOLER: 1. Face the client Squarely 2. Adopt an Open posture 3. Lean toward the client 4. Appropriate Eye contact 5. Relax and be comfortable - Touch should be appropriately employed, applied briefly and sparingly, and used to communicate concern. Counsellors should use touch cautiously.

Clinical Approaches with Arab Canadians

- Awareness of cultural context - Mindfulness of leadership issues in the past and how that could affect them- 911 - Importance of role that family plays in their lives - Be sensitive to the part culture plays as a co-pariticpant in treatment - Strength-based approach works best- focus on their strengths - Counsellor is not seen as a rescuer or threat in the role they're playing

Social Worker

- Bachelor degree of social work needed to register in provinces - Vary in the way they function

Ethical principles that relate to decision making and choices of a counsellor (Ben Nags Ari Just For Sex)

- Beneficence- doing good, and preventing harm - Non-maleficience- do not inflict harm (identified as the primary ethical field in counselling) - Autonomy- freedom of speech and self-determination - Justice- fair treatment - Fidelity- fail fulness or honouring commitments - Social Interest- maintaining respect and responsibility towards society

Language Patterns

- Can contribute to a misunderstanding in counselling as different cultures have different ways of communicating and one can interpret it differently then what they are trying to project. " Can contribute to overculturalizing, as counsellors outside the client's own culture may misunderstand verbal utterances and nonverbal behaviours of the client". - Ex: in Western society, we look people in the eyes when we're talking to them but in other societies they look down which gives off the impression of timid or scared.

Bullying Crisis in Canada

- Canada ranks 26th and 27th in a survey of 25 countries measuring bullying - Those who are bullied are usually not stable afterwards (depressed) and have lower levels of socio-economic and lower achievement - Most common between grades 5-7

Needs of the Aged- Issues Include

- Changing physical abilities - Social roles - Relationships - Residential relocation-moving to an old age home

Fischer. 4 Conditions Common to any type of Counselling Treatment

- Client and counsellors shared worldview - Therapeutic relationship - Clients positive need for change - Interventions believed both by client and counsellor to be a means of healing

Enlightenment Model (worst one)

- Client caused problem but did not solve it - "Guilty individuals who's lives are out of control" - Counsellor all knowing - Problem: they can become dependent on counsellor for solving their problems and then structure their lives around external sources of authority after they have completed counselling.

Medical Model

- Client not responsible for cause or solution - Counsellor directed

Moral Model

- Client responsible for cause and solution - Counsellor acts as mentor/coach - Opposite of medical model - Drawback: people who are victims of circumstances may be held responsible for their own victimizations

Compensatory Model

- Client responsible for the solution, not the cause - Counsellor acts as teacher who provides skills, education and opportunities for clients - Drawback: client can feel the undue pressure to continually having to solve a problem they did not create

Issues and Theoretical Approaches- Alexithymia

- Condition where one cannot identify and describe their own emotions or others. - You have to move them from the cognitive perspective to the affective realm (area dealing with feelings, attitudes, perceptions, etc)

Conflicts within and among Ethical Codes

- Conflicting Professional codes- being a part of two or more professional organizations whose codes of ethics differ, problem arises when addressing a situation as ethical action is unclear. - Can't always apply ethical codes to certain dilemmas- ex: someone may take a stand on a controversial issue such as homosexuality. What they have to believe and what they really believe can be different - Ethical principles in a code offer conflicting guidelines about what to do in a given situation- Sometimes you have to part/break the code of ethics, if your client tells you that he is going to cause/inflict harm on himself or someone else, then you must tell an outsider. You cannot let them harm themselves.

Aboriginal Canadians

- Consist of Status/non-status Indians, Metis and Inuits - Residential schooling - Made to assimilate into main stream Canadian culture - High rates of suicide, alcoholism and unemployment rates - High levels of domestic and physical violence - High rates of involvement with child welfare and correctional services

South Asian Canadians

- Consists of 4% of population - Largest visible minority (1.3 million people) Consists of: - East Indians (76%) - Pakistans (8%) - Sri Lankens (6%) - Punjabi - 5% - Tamil - 4% -Religious affiliations: hindu, Sikh, Muslim - Not a homogenous group: can't generalize because there are a lot of differences within these groups of people

Social Justice Advocacy- Support Client/Systemic Issues

- Correct injustices and improve conditions for a group or individuals. This can be done by making presentations to clubs, writing articles for newspapers, etc.

Counselling Settings for Potential Ethical Dilemmas

- Counselling elderlies- aging can be associated with cognitive impairments, terminal illness, elderly abuse - Multicultural Problems - Counselling research

Emic Perspective

- Counsellor believes that every culture has a different way of approaching things therefore has different approaches, and skills due to ones culture.

Culturally Encapsulated Counsellor

- Counsellor who disregards cultural differences and works under the mistake assumption that all theories and techniques are applicable to all people - Similar to Etic perspective

Administrative Liability

- Counsellors license has been suspended or under investigation

Counselling Considerations Within Specific Cultural Groups

- Counsellors need to recognize that each individual is unique - *** there are more within group differences than there are between group differences in counselling people from specific cultural traditions - Counsellors of minority culture need to be aware of historical hostility towards members of majority groups. (Historical hostility was experienced by African Americans as they were treated inferior). SO do not judge clients of a majority group as being spoiled, etc. - Counsellors of a majority group need to be aware not to carry attitudes of superiority and privileged.

Needs of the Aged- Developmental Demands Include

- Death - Reduced Physical Vigour- the get up and go has got up and left - Retirement and and Reduction of Income- some people have to go back to work as the retirement income they are receiving is not enough to live their lifestyle - Change of social Roles - Leisure time and new friends - Dealing with Grandchildren - Changing living arrangements

Violence in Canada

- Decline in the numbers of reported crimes in Canada between 2003-2008 - 1 in 5 crimes reported to police is violent, and the homicide rate has been quite stable over the past decade

Approaches with Arab Canadians

- Delineation (very precise) with gender roles - Awareness of Patriarch patterns- men the head of the family, very conservative sexual standards, importance of self-sacrifice - Emphasis on importance of Honour and Shame- seeking help is the last resort - Access to Group for Support- where Arab Canadians can find support and become a member of a larger community (approach counsellor could take)

Healthy Motivators

- Development History- you have experienced a lot in your life and you want to be able to help others as you are able to somewhat relate to their experience - Best/worst qualities- you are a good listener, active listener, understanding, empathetic - Personal goals and objectives - Professional goals and objectives- where do you want to be at the end of the day?

Exceptions of Confidentiality (Reasons why confidentiality would be broken)

- Dispute between counsellor and client - Suggestion of mental condition in court - Harm towards others or themselves - Child abuse, neglect, violence - Involuntarily hospitalization - Court oriented psychological evaluations - Harm to vulnerable adults - When counsellor has knowledge that client is going to commit a crime - When client is victim of a crime

Empathy

- Empathy is also important when conducting the initial interview - This is the counsellors ability to "enter the client's phenomenal world, experience the client's world as if it were your own, without ever losing the clients 'as if' quality' - Culturally sensitive empathy= the ability to perceive the cultural frame of reference from which the client operates - Primary empathy= ability to respond in such a way that it is apparent to both the client and counsellor that the counsellor has understood the clients major themes - Advanced empathy= a process of helping a client explore themes, issues, and emotions new to his/her awareness

Story Telling by the Counsellor

- Few counsellors can use storytelling to benefit their clients - Most counsellors should avoid this because the story usually focuses attention on the counsellor instead of the client, and distracts from problem-solving.

Strength-Based Approach

- Focus on strengths of individual and build upon it - Client solves issues

Functional Aging

- Focuses on ones ability to perform certain tasks. Are they capable of looking after themselves and doing everything on their own? - "Ability to perform desired activities."

Ways to Avoid Malpractice

- Follow Codes of Ethics and Professional Standards - Carry Liability Insurance - Associations

1900-1909

- Frank Parsons founded Vocational Guidance Movement. This emerged as an important field for dealing with problems resulting from the Industrial Revolution - Frank also called "the founder of guidance" focused his work on growth and prevention - He is best known for founding Boston's Vocational Bureau in 1908, which was a major step in the institutionalization of vocational guidance - Clifford Beers- wrote a book about the poor conditions in the mental institution as he experienced them during his time there due to depression. - His book is called "A Mind That Found Itself" - He used this book as a platform to advocate for better mental health facilities and reform in the treatment of people with mental illness by making friends with soliciting funds from influential people. - His work had big influence on fields of psychiatry and clinical psychology.

Nonprofessionals

- Friends, Untrained individuals... - Try to assist you in the ways that they can. Ex: helping a friend out by talking to them about their problems

Paraprofessionals

- Generalist Human Service Workers - These people are not fully qualified but are able to help you to a certain extent. - Work as part of a team, have received some formal training - Often work as mental health technicians, child care workers, etc.. - CCW, CYW, Probation workers..

Techniques used with South Asian Canadians

- Gestalt therapy- emphasizes person responsibility and experiences - Cognitive Behavioural Approaches - Solution focused therapy - Reframing - Parental Education - The speed of counselling may cause termination

Explicit rights

- Having a procedural due process

Implied rights

- Having a substantive (meaningful) due process

Pederson's Triad Model

- Helps counsellors achieve a deeper understanding of cultures in general 1. Articulate the problem from the clients cultural perspective 2. Anticipate resistance from a culturally different client 3. Diminish defensiveness by studying the trainees defensive response 4. Learn recovery skills needed in order to get out of trouble when counselling the culturally different

Approaches with African Canadians

- Identify expectations- as there are a number of within-group differences - Racial identity- how has racism affected them and their lives - Pragmatics- Practical Vs. Emotional- they just want to be educated on what they have to do in order to get better and live a better life, they do not want to talk about their emotions - Establish an equal relationship - Spiritual Resources- resort to the church or spirituality as that has a high importance in African American life - Building trust- this is important as they have had some issues with trust in past due to racial discrimination - Focus on strengths and context of the person in environment.

Guidance

- Identify options/directions- choices - Process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives, such as choosing a preferred lifestyle. - Distinction between guidance and counselling- guidance helps individuals focus on what they value most (guides people) whereas counselling focuses on helping them change - When an unequal helps the less experienced person find direction in life. Ex: a guidance counsellor helping me select my courses, parents guiding their children, etc.

Limits to Confidentiality- Working with Adults

- Imminent Risk of Harm to Self/Others- if they are going to harm themselves you are allowed to tell someone - Report of Child Abuse, Child Neglect, abuse of vulnerable people- if this occurs then you have a duty to report - Subpoenas/Judicial Orders- you are required to surrender/submit your records. This may occur in a serious situation where client is involved with judicial system in some way (criminal, victim of serious accident, etc.)

Statistics

- In 2007 Canada welcomed around 236,800 new immigrants which made the population rise to 33, 873, 400 in 2009 - These immigrants were at the most economical age group 25-44 years. - 50% of minority-clients who start counselling drop out after the first session

History of counselling- Prior to 1900's

- In the US, counselling evolved out of humanitarian concern to improve the lives of those who suffered in the Industrial Revolution - Although counselling started around here, there was no mention of "counselling" in literature until 1931 as the "counsellors" were identified as teachers, pioneers, social reformers or advocates.

Technology and counselling

- In the past technology was only used for record keeping and research. Today, technology has advanced to client interaction. - Testing Populations - Mobility (geographically, mobility)- those who either live far or are handicap and are not able to make it to a counsellors office can do it online - Resistant - Those with the Aptitude for Written Expression- they can write about their feelings in online journals or websites instead of face to face interaction

Leadership

- Increased need for counsellors to develop leadership and planning skills, by doing so they become more positive and potent force in society. They have too: - Influence a group towards reaching "a specific goal" - Coaching- counsellors will help them reach this goal by coaching them in a group by acting as leaders - Strategic Planning- this involves envisioning the future and making preparations to meet anticipated needs. This is usually done in a group of people.

Developmental/Wellness Approach

- Individuals are seen having the resources to solve their own problems in a practical, immediate way. - This is the sequence and process of development- normal part of human growth - Focus on prevention and education- counsellors work best when they are aware of the social, mental, and physical spheres of human life. Through such a process they can focus on minimizing or disruptive forces that are either internal or external in nature. - Solution-focused theory, strength-based approach and stress inoculation training are examples of this.

Limits to Confidentiality- Working with Minors (Anyone below 18)

- Informed consent- you have to have a parent sign, if two parents are their legal guardians then a problem can arise. Except: Emergency- in case of emergency, a counsellor can provide guidance to a minor School counsellors- do not require consent from a parent - Sharing of Information with Guardians- this happens only if they see that there is a moderate risk to their well-being (suicide, depression) - Differing guidelines for professions

Continuing Competencies- Reflective Team Model

- Innovative way of providing group supervision especially when working with families and couples - In this model, graduate students are asked to collaborate, brainstorm, and take their clients' perspectives as they advance hypotheses about their clients behaviours, view situations from the clients' framework and work cooperatively.

Counselling and Spirituality

- Jung, May, Maslow and Frankl have emphasized the importance of spirituality in counselling - Gallup poll- most would prefer a counsellor who holds spiritual values and beliefs similar to theirs

Lecturing

- Known also as preaching: a disguised form of advice-giving - Sets up a power struggle between the counsellor and client, that neither can win!

European Canadians

- Largest percentage of Canadians 21% - They have a worldview that values linear, analytical, imperial and task solution (very pragmatic, hands on, they like to deal with things in a realistic manor) - They are individualistic more than collectivist- In Canada and Europe we are more individualist, we have our space and they have theirs.

Approaches with SouthEAST Asian Canadians

- Less likely to seek out counselling - Psychological distress/disturbances are explained within a religious framework. (If person is in bad spirit they may believe that they have been possessed by a bad spirit or they are suffering due to violating religious or moral principles). - Healing- invoking the help of supernatural power or restoring the sufferer to a state of well-being through prescribing right conduct and belief - Career counselling- their career is dependent upon self-interest and families interest (always need to please family) - Collectivist- need to stick and help out with family - Promotion of self disclosure (Chinese Canadians)- education/career counselling- this sensitivity often enables counsellors to facilitate the counselling process in ways not otherwise possible. Ex: counsellors may have to promote self-disclosure rather than direct, confrontational psychotherapeutic approaches.

Solution-Focused Theory

- Look at ones past, see where it's at -"Whats right" approach..

International Counselling

- Many countries have counselling associations- the international association for counselling holds annual meetings in countries around the world and publishes the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. - Counsellors should educate themselves about the importance family and community life plays on client - International students are unwilling to see counselling services despite the stressors they have in their lives which include "difficulties with linguistics, academic, interpersonal, financial and interpersonal problems". - Support network is absent - Fear of being failure/ sent home

Continuing Competencies- Supervision

- Mentoring practice - Interactive and evaluative process in which someone with more (proficiency) knowledge and skills oversees the work of someone with less knowledge. - Focused on personal growth - STIPS- acronym to organize and mapping out session S- signs and symptoms T- topics discussed I- interventions used P- clients progress and counsellors plan S- special issues noted

Overculturalizing

- Mistaken people's reaction to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern - Overgeneralizing a certain aspect such as poverty to be that persons culture, not just the individual

How to Avoid Burnout

- Modify Stressors and Relaxers - Diversion from Professional Arena- do not work around the clock hours - Work/life Balance - Healthy Associations- associate yourself with people that are positive - Professional Alignment- associate yourself with people that perform similar work as you so you can discuss your work - Personal Therapy - Professional Philosophy (theoretical)- change up the way you handle situations, your theories - Peer consultation -Detached concern- do not become too attached to clients' problems - Re-Evaluate Professional Practice - Self-Awareness - Retaining an Attitude of Hope - Stress Reduction Practices- cooking, meditating - Listen to others around you when they tell you that you are working too much, going beyond what you're capable of doing - To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify the environment as well as the individual and interpersonal factors associated with it. Ex: counsellors need to develop an outside interest other than counselling.

Psychotherapy

- More extensive use- residential treatment, hospitals - Focus on the past - Focuses on serious problems associated with internal, intrapsychic, and personal issues and conflicts - Deals with "recovery of adequacy"

1990's

- Multicultural counseling was now more accepted for people with coloured skin . - This also set discussion for counselling people with disabilities - THUS, discussions occurred throughout the decade about what diversity and counsel with a pluralistic society entails.

Social Justice Advocacy- Political Process

- Must influence the passage of laws when it has an affect on your client or practice. When you need a law to be passed, you will continuously keep up to date with it and stay informed on what bills are being passed.

Approaches with South Asian Canadians

- Non flexible gender roles. Place a high emphasis on the patriarch family (Father being the head of family, the breadwinner) - Women's role of work inside/outside of the house places a lot of anxiety, loneliness, stress, and depression on women - Do not seek help- they do not express their feelings or talk to family members about it. They deal with it internally - Acculturation stress- discusses values/beliefs and behaviours that characterize their culture and their host culture- what fits and doesn't fit and what is in the middle.

Counseling Men

- Not as reluctant to seek counselling - Fewer counselling procedures for men - They are often affected by the socialization of men which stereotypes that they are all "problem solvers" - Men work from a cognitive perspective than an emotive one. They react with a solution to their problems and others rather than being empathetic and saying are you ok, or talking about their problems..

Common procedures used in supervision:

- Observing counselor-client interactions behind one-way mirrors - Monitoring audiotapes of counseling sessions - Critiquing videotapes of counseling sessions

Commonalities within South Asian Communities

- Place a high value on family - Have lots of ties within their ethnic groups - Preserve their language, tradition and customs - Value religion within their distinct culture

Negative motivators to be a counsellor

- Power- you like to seek power over others - Emotional Distress- you have past emotions that are unresolved - Loneliness and Isolation- lack a social network so you seek network through counselling - Love- belief all problems resolved through love and tenderness. - Vicarious Rebellion- unresolved anger, acting out thoughts and feelings through clients' behaviour - Vicarious coping- live life through others rather than making meaningful experiences on your own.

Identity

- Professional Identity and Regulation - Associations- in Canada most psychologists and social workers either belong to the CPA or the CCPA - New Affiliations - Most counsellors in the U.S have held memberships in ACA.

Why have Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice?

- Protects the client - Expectations of practitioners - Professionalizes a group- if your group has a standard of practice then you have to follow this standard - Protects from government- allow profession to function on its own without it having to be controlled by the government - Promotes stability- having a standard of practice promotes stability within practice - Protects YOU from client - Increases public transit

Stress Inoculation Training

- Psychoeducational intervention- where you go for education around a specific issue. Used in schools and with adults - Help understand issue, Acquire coping skills and apply knowledge to present or future events

Acculturation can Lead to the following issues

- Psychological stress - Guilt - Apathy - Disorientation - Depression - Delinquency - Resentment - Poor Self-Esteem

Professionals

- Psychologist, counsellors, social worker, therapist - Trained to provide Prevention and Intervention - Have received all the education needed in order to help people - They have a specialized advanced degree and have had supervised internships to help them prepare to deal with a variety of situations

Issues and Theoretical Approaches- Group work

- Putting men in a group can be valuable to cut through defences and find a sense of community - Goal: increase awareness of sex-role conditioning, practice new behaviours, promote a life-style of wellbeing - Good for male offenders, homeless men, etc..

Rapport

- Rapport is important when conducting the first interview - This is a genuine interest in and accepting of the client 2 important micro-skills for building rapport: 1. Attending behaviour 2. Client-observation skills

Client's Perception of Working Alliance

- Rating scales for strength of working alliance - Counsellors have clients complete a rating scale of the strength of the working alliance after their session. If a positive working alliance has not yet developed early on (within 3-5 sessions), retention of client is low an they are unlikely to benefit from counselling even if they do persist - A client's perspective is more strongly related to the counselling success than the counsellors perspective

The Counselling Relationship

- Real relationhip: relationship between counsellor and client is reality oriented, appropriate, and un-disoriented - Counsellors are real by being genuine, and understanding clients in a realistic manner - Clients contribute to the realness of the relationship by being genuine and perceiving their own situations realistically - Relationship increases and deepens during the counselling process. The counsellors and clients have different expectations and actualizations of what a real relationship is like - Other results of what a counsellor-client relationship is like "the alliance between the client and counsellor is a complex interactional phenomenon"

Group therapies include (don't really need to know)

- Reality- Oriented Groups - Re-Motivation Therapy Groups - Reminiscing Groups - Psychotherapy Groups - Topic- Specific Groups - Member-Specific Groups

African Canadians

- Referred to as the "black" African-Canadian among others - 2% of population and make up the 3rd biggest minority group - Counsellors must understand their history as they have experienced a lot of racial discrimination in the past that shapes how they are present day. - It is important to understand the nature of racism as racial discrimination and self-esteem are inversely related - Collectivist- Clan/Family/Tribe- therapeutic power of the group (village concept where family members look after each other) - Minister- typically solicited as "source of mental and emotional sustenance)

Record Keeping

- Release of Information Forms- you need to have a form signed by your client in order to have information released from other parties about your client - Release of information to third party- exceptions, however, keep clients information locked up and protected and do not release their information without their permission. - Clinical notes should include clients information necessary for treatments- should include a log of your sessions, date, name, notes, conversations had, language (do not write just anything, cannot write clients having 'psychotic events' as you are not able to evaluate that), your credentials, who is in session, etc.

How does History fit?

- Resolved Emotional Life Experience- help people resolve their experiences as you have experience in some fields. - "Wounded Healer"- you have a knowledge based life experience so you can help others. (Something happened in the past where you were wounded but now you are healed so you want to heal others). OR, this can disable you from helping others due to your wounds - Biases - Self Disclosure- this is ok when it is only a value to the client and not to yourself. When you can impart some piece of experience that you've had that will be of value to the client.

Social Workers Values

- Respect for Inherited Dignity and Worth of Person - Service to Humanity - Social Justice - Confidentiality - Competence/ be successful - Integrity of Professional Practice- be honest in your practice

Why is history important?

- Reveals trends and patterns - Provides insight into current practices - Informs/Influences decision making for future - Measurement of Growth

Limitations of Ethical Codes

- Some issues cannot be resolved by a code of ethics - Sometimes ethics arise between ethical and legal codes - They do not discuss cross-cultural issues - What was acceptable in the past, may not be acceptable now - Often difficulty in bringing the interest of all parties involved in an ethical dispute together - They do not address every possible situation - Ethical codes are not proactive documents in helping counsellor decide what to do in new situations - There may be conflict within the standards described by the codes - Enforcing ethical codes is difficult - Counsellors need to be aware that they will not always find all the guidance they want consulting these documents. Nevertheless, whenever an ethical issue arises in counselling, the counsellor should first consult the ethical codes to see whether the situation is addressed

Psychologists

- Some provinces require a doctor degree in order to become a psychologist but others just require a masters degree - Different types- dr. of philosophy= PhD, dr. of education= EdD, dr. of psychology= PsyD - Concentrated in clinical counselling or school related areas

Social Justice Advocacy- Awareness of Social Concerns and Populations in need

- Speaking on behalf of those in need and promoting ways of ensuring that their rights are taken care of and their needs are respected through social action.

Personal Characteristics

- Stability- you have a stable life, you are not undergoing any instability in your life at the moment. If you are, then you will have trouble focusing on others problems as your life has it's own major problems - Harmony- work and life balance - Constance- "beautiful" personality and person - Purposefulness- they have a purpose, an aim, an objective. "The personhood or personality of counsellors is as important, if not more crucial in bringing about client change than their mastery of knowledge, skills, or techniques"

Etic Perspective

- Stating universal qualities exist in counselling that are culturally generalizable. - Counselor comes from a paradigm where they think that their approaches, tools, and skills are generalizable to all groups

Sexism

- The belief that women should be employed based on their gender despite other criteria such as their abilities and interests. Ex: women should be nurses, teachers.. Pink-collar jobs: jobs that primarily employ women.

Multicultural Competence

- The extent to which counsellors possess appropriate levels of self-awareness, knowledge, and skills in working with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. - In order to do this you need to be multiculturally competence by educating yourself by doing research on those cultures, asking your clients questions, being open to different ideas and approaches. - Self-aware yourself on their culture, it's ok to ask questions because how are you supposed to know?

Cultural- Infused Counselling Competence

- The integration of attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, and skills essential for awareness of the impact of culture on personal assumptions, values, and beliefs understanding of the worldview of the client, coming to agreement on goals and tasks in the context of a trusting and culturally sensitive working alliance, and reinforcing that alliance by embracing a social justice

Approaches with Latino Canadians

- They are reluctant to seek help- seek help through cultural tradition (pride) and cultural heritage (reliance on family and extended family) - Accessibility of services- lack of transportation services, lack of health care, not many counsellors are able to speak their language therefore hard to be counselled. - Role of counsellor= active, concrete, and goal-directed - Family focused approach such as filial therapy - Consider the clients spiritual or religious traditions - Counsellors have to learn how to be bilingual as most Latinos rather express themselves in Spanish over English.

European Canadian Counselling Approaches

- They like to work in a rational or logical way to help them understand themselves and others. (Cognitive, cognitive behavioural approaches) - No approach applies to all though, some people are different.

Issues and Theoretical Approaches- Person-environment interaction

- This can be helpful in understanding men - CBT to establish rapport and facilitate counselling

Slippery Slope Effect

- This effect means that a relatively small first event will lead to a chain of other events. Therefore, counsellor must overlook the first step in order to be aware of what they are getting themselves into and to avoid ethical dilemmas. There are three steps to this effect: 1. Step 1: Identify the problem- write down the problem on paper 2. Step 2: counsellor applies the code of ethics or standards of practice that the counsellor belongs too. Clear guideline to a course of action may emerge 3. Step 3: Consider moral principles such as beneficence, justice, autonomy In examining the course of action, the counsellor must evaluate where each potential action might lead: 1. Publicity- if actions of confronting counsellor was in the press 2. Justice 3. Moral trace- lingering feelings of doubt 4. Universality- is this a course i would recommend others to take?

Wellness

- This is a holistic approach to life- an all natural approach - Involves aspects of life including physical, psychological, intellectual, environmental, social, and emotional facets. - Defined as: a way of life oriented towards optimal health and well-being in which BODY, MIND, and SPIRIT are integrated by the individual to live their life more fully within the human and natural community. - It is the optimum state of health and well-being that each individual is capable of achieving.

Importance of Understanding Policies and Principles of Organizations

- This is important before beginning to work for a certain organization as you want to agree and understand their policies, principles and ethics before agreeing to them. - Ethical behaviour can be influenced by the environment in which one is in, by the attitudes in the environment, by their colleagues, by the task one is being asked to perform - Counsellors are usually organized within a hierarchy in which the administrator or executive decides which privileges are administrative and which are professional

Factors that Influence the Counselling Process- Proxemics

- This is the distance between the counsellor and the client, influenced by cultural background, gender, and nature of the relationship - Average range of comfort is between 30-39 inches (in the US), with chairs set at a 90 degree angle. Be conscious of cultural differences! - Don't discount other alternative environments for counselling- clients may prefer to be counselled outside instead of inside an office - Placement of furniture and privacy- some counsellors prefer to sit behind a desk but most don't as desks act as symbolic barriers against developing a closed relationship

Advice-Giving

- This is the most controversial of the 4 non-helpful behaviours, and ultimately disempowers the client - In emergency situations (crisis counselling), advice giving can be appropriate for the client's immediate welfare and safety- the counsellor must observe whether the client is asking for advice or reflecting through self-questioning

Feminist Theory

- This theory in counselling focuses on the development of females as persons with common unique qualities - Approach encourages individuals to become more aware of socialization patterns and personal options in altering traditional gender roles as they make changes, and encourage clients to become more involved in social change activities that stress equality as a way of bringing about change.

Counselling Aged Population

- Those over the age of 65 are considered "seniors" - These "seniors" make up 13.7 percent of the population (this is a lot due to baby boomers getting older) - Gerontological counselling (counselling of elders) is becoming more popular now a day - Health: besides for dementia problems, the mental health of these seniors is just as good as young kids. Although they are getting old, it does mean they are getting handicap. Their levels of satisfaction remain the same.

MacFadden's Model

- Transcultural perspective that focuses on 3 primary dimensions counsellors must master: 1. The Cultural- historical- counsellors must possess knowledge of a client's culture 2. The Psychosocial- counsellors must come to understand the client's ethnic, racial, and social groups performance, speeches and behaviours in order to communicate meaningfully 3. The scientific- ideological- where counsellors must use appropriate counselling approaches to deal with problems related to regional, national, and interventional environments

Transsexual individuals Vs. Transgender persons

- Transsexual individuals are those who believe they are a member of the opposite gender trapped in either a female/male body. They then transition to the opposite sex - Transgender persons are those who do not comply with the gender they were born into. Their identity, expressions or behaviour does not conform with the gender they were born into. (gender= internal sense of being a male or female).

Why Consider the DSM

- Universally Utilized- there is a common language between counsellors and professionals - Classification System for Symptom Recognition and Referral- helps counsellors recognize patterns of mental distressed in clients who need to be referred for other mental health professionals - Establish Credibility, Accountability, Uniform Record keeping- Keeping informed treatment plan, research, and quality assurance

Pressing Issues

- Violence, Trauma and Crises - Wellness - Social Justice and Diversity - Technology - Leadership - Identity

1910-1940

- WWI- counseling became big as soldiers began employing testing and placement practices - During Great Depression, researchers and practitioners emphasized counselling on helping people with strategies and find employment Williamson modified Parsons theory and used it to work with students and the unemployed. Called Trait- factor or directive theories. - He thought the task of a counsellor was to ascertain a deficiency/problem in the client, such as lack of knowledge or skill, and then prescribe a procedure to cure the problem. 1939- CPA was founded by Humphrey, Bott and Liddy 1940's- Vocational Guidance began to replace teachers in the area of testing and counselling

Issues of the Aged- Disregarding them/ loss/lack of support

- When a grandchild or child does not continue to support the elders, they may feel the following: - Lonely, mental illnesses, Idle (no energy to do anything), grief, lose. - MORE SO: depressed, anxious, psychosis - 16.7% of suicide rates are those ages 60+

Multicultural Counselling

- When the counsellor and client differ Two different types: Etic perspective Emic perspective

Gender Based Counselling

- Women and men are biopsychosocial beings- influenced by their biological, psychological and society. - Attention of the uniqueness and shared experiences amongst women and transgender beings is a paradoxical/absurd struggle amongst counsellors - Women and men differ as they face different developmental challenges. Ex: more women face depression as it is more common for women to project their feelings as men hold in their feelings. HOWEVER, this could lead to men being anxious as they are not expressing themselves.

Counselling Women

- Women are the primary consumers of counselling - Issues for some women include: career, life development, and intimacy. - Women's major problems: developmental problems, social media (body image), widowhood, career (women in the workforce), multiple roles women have to take on (mom, worker, wife, etc.), depression, sexual victimization, etc.. - In order to counsel women you need to be understanding, highly empathetic, warm and sufficiently well developed as a person.

Psychiatrist

- Work with people who have major psychological disorders - Prescribe medication and evaluate their results - Take a biopsychological approach in treatment, not as much involved in counselling. - Clients are called patients

The Working Alliance

- Working alliance refers too: "quality and strength of the reciprocal relationship between a client and counsellor and includes both the affective elements and the collaborative working elements of this reciprocal relationship- in other words, the working alliance is about the quality of the relationship formed between the counsellor and client. 3 Components: 1. Agreement on goals- what are the therapeutic goals? 2. Agreement on tasks- how will goals be accomplished? 3. Bond between client and counsellor (the relationship) - The single best indicator of a positive working alliance is the "enthusiastic collaboration", indicating that interpersonal factors are more important than interpersonal ones. ex: personal qualities of counsellor is most important. Such as: warmth, flexibility, etc.

Ability

- a natural tendency to do something well such as carry out tasks in daily life

Successful Aging

- the focus is on the importance of emotional/cognitive health. If one is happy and thinks straight, then they are successfully aging.

Cultural bias

- the tendency to think ones culture is superior to others. This can be present in majority and minority counsellors.

Syncretism

-1st level of eclecticism -Sloppy, unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together.

Traditional

-2nd level of eclecticism -Combines compatible features from diverse sources more thoughtfully than syncretism and in greater depth.

Theoretical integrationism

-3rd level of eclecticism -Requires counselors to master at least two theories before making any combination.

Sibling Abuse stats

-40% of children in US engage in physical aggression against siblings -85% engage in verbal aggression against siblings on the reg.

Technical eclecticism

-4th level of eclecticism -The idea that techniques rather than theories are used to treat clients. -Includes Lazarus's (2008) BASIC ID

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

-5th (final) level of eclecticism -Developmentally based and direction-focused and purposes 5 levels of change.

Counseling from a TTM perspective allows for:

-A macroscopic approach -Person adaptaion

Psychoanalytic Theories

-Among first type of counseling to gain public recognition and acceptance -Freud credited with development

Cognitive & CBT is most successful with clients who:

-Are average to above-average in intelligence -Have moderate to high levels of functional distress -Are able to identify thoughts and feelings -Are not psychotic or disabled by present problems -Are willing and able to complete systematic homework assignments -Possess a repertoire of behavioral skills and responses -Process information on a visual and auditory level

C&TC: Techniques

-Assessment of the client experiencing trauma -Define the problem -Ensure client safety -Provide support -Examine alternatives -Make plans -Obtain commitment

CT Techniques

-Challenges how clients process information -Counter mistaken belief systems -Encourage self-monitoring exercises to stop negative "automatic thoughts" -Improve communication skills -Increase positive self-statements and exercises -Encourage doing homework, including disputing irrational thoughts

Disputing thoughts and beliefs

-Cognitive disputation - use of direct questions, logical reasoning, and persuasion -Imaginal disputation - uses a client's ability to imagine and employs a technique called Rational Emotive Imagery (REI) -Behavioral disputation - behaving in a way that is the opposite of client's usual way

Behaviorists share the following ideas:

-Concentration on behavioral processes - that is, processes closely associated with overt behavior -Focus on the here-and-now -Assumption that all behavior - adaptive and maladaptive - is learned -Belief that learning can change maladaptive behavior -Focus on setting goals in therapy -Rejection of the idea that human personality is composed of traits

Adlerian technique

-Confrontation -Asking "the question" -Encouragement -Acting "as if"

3rd Conceptual model of consultation: Mediation Model:

-Consultants = Coordinators to unify people with a problem

Bloom's configural model of prevention

-Counselors need tow irk to increase individual strengths and decrease weakness -social support through parents and peers -IE: social stress needs to decrease. Environmental variables, and poverty

Existential techniques

-Does not limit counselors to specific techniques -Most powerful technique is the relationship counselors have with their clients -Existential counselors borrow some techniques from other models of counseling such as: 1. awareness exercises 2. imagery 3. paradox 4. deflection 5. goal-setting activities

Average Life Expectancy of Female and Male

-Female- 82.5 - Male- 77.8

Psychoanalysis: Techniques

-Free Association -Dream analysis -Analysis of transference -Analysis of resistance -Interpretation

C&TC: View of Human Nature

-Loss is inevitable to life -4 Common types of crises include: -developmental, situational, existential, and ecosystemic

NC: View of Human Nature

-Meaning or knowledge is constructed through social interaction -There is no absolute reality except as a social product

Supervision: Discrimination Model

-One of the most widely used models -supervisor = teacher, counselor & cons. (depending on need)

Existential: View of Human Nature

-People for their lives by the choices they make -Logotherapy

CT: View of Human Nature

-Perception & experience are active processes that involve inspective and introspective data -How a person views a situation is evident in his/her thoughts and visual images -Dysfunctional behavior is caused by dysfunctional thinking; if beliefs change, behaviors change

Humanistic theories

-Person-centered counseling -Existential counseling -Gestalt therapy

Theories included in Cognitive & CBT

-Rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) -Reality therapy (RT) -Cognitive therapy (CT)

Defense mechanisms (list of)

-Repression -Denial -Regression -Projection -Rationalization -Reaction Formation -Displacement

SFC: View of Human Nature

-Sees people as being constructivist in nature -- reality is a reflection of observation and experience -People want to change and change is inevitable

SBC: View of Human Nature

-Sees problems as occurring within a developmental framework of the family life cycle -Developmentally significant dimensions of family life: -Family rules -Family homeostasis -Quid pro quo -Circular causality

Gestalt: View of Human Nature

-Self-actualization -Antideterministic view -Unfinished business

SBC Techniques

-Strategic family counselors are non-blaming and accept the presenting problems of the family and view symptoms as serving the purpose of communication -Relabeling -Paradoxing -Prescribing the problem -Pretend -Ordeals -Homework

5 Levels of Change in TTM

-Symptom/situation problems -Maladaptive cognitions -Current interpersonal conflicts -Family system conflicts -Intrapersonal conflicts

Bowens ST: View of Human Nature

-There is chronic anxiety in all life, both emotional and physical -Differentation - Distinguishing one's thoughts from one's emotions and oneself from others -When a great deal of friction exists in a marriage, there can occur: Fusion - undifferentiated emotional togetherness Cutoff - physical or psychological avoidance Triangulation - focus on third party

Sibling Abuse sexual

-acts of brother perpetrated on sisters. -may be a 1 time act or continuous

4th Conceptual model of consultation: Process Consultation or Collaboration Model:

-consultants facilitate problem-solving by actively involving consultee to find solution for issues they're having with a client.

1st Conceptual model of consultation: Expert or Provision model:

-consultants provide direct service to consultees who don't have the time, inclination or skills to deal with the issue

2nd Conceptual model of consultation: Doctor-Patient or Prescription Model:

-consultees are advised about what is wrong with third party and what should be done about it.

postitive wellness persectives

-dwelling on positive, life enhancing things the individual can do -altering traditional screening to include more emphasis on health -more research -BASIC ID- highlighting the physical feature dimension

Adlerian theory

-focus on social interest and purposefulness of behavior -importance of developing a healthy style of life -internationally popular

Alfred Adler (Adlerian Theory)

-founder of Individual Psychology -emphasized the holistic and indivisible nature of people

Motivational Interviewing

-grew out of person-centered approach -helps ambivalent clients assess their thought and feelings as they being making changes

What are some common aspects of the consultation process?

-problem-solving focus -tripartite in nature -emphasizes improvement -role-reversal process

child abuse statics

-sexual abuse is significantly underreported (esp. abuse of boys) -perpetrators of boys are not usually in the family -girls are offended by a fam member -1/3 girls are sexually abused by 18. -12-18% of boys are sexually abused during childhood

Differences between consultation and supervision:

-ultimate goal is similar -counseling = formal setting; -consultation = informal -consultation = direct work -supervision = indirect work

Growth Stage

0-14, Fantasy (4-10), Interest (11-12), and Capacity (13-14), self concept develops over this time period

primary prevention models for adolescents

1) Bloom's configural model of prevention focuses on three dimensions 2)Albee's incidence formula

Counselling process- 9 Steps

1) Initial structure established--> 2) Build upon relationship- build trust--> 3) Identify the issue/problem--> 4) Explore of self and assess--> 5) Problem solve- try to solve problem--> 6) Decision making--> 7) Plan of action--> 8) Review and follow up--> 9) Termination

Every counsellor has

1) Personality and history 2) Education 3) Continuing competencies

sibling abuse forms

1) Sexual 2) Physical 3)Psychological

Wellness model created around 5 life tasks:

1) Spirituality 2) Self-directed 3) Work and Leisure 4) Friends 5) Love - Premise of model is that healthy functioning occurs on a developmental continuum, and healthy behaviours at one point in life affect subsequent behaviours and functioning well.

process addiction features

1) individual is unable to control, cut back, or stop the behavior 2)individual continues to use the behavior despite substantial negative consequences.

Child Abuse effects

1)Aggression 2)Delinquency 3)Suicide 4)Cognitive, academic, and psychological impairment 5)Influence on adult behavior 6)Less satisfaction with life as adults and prone to suffer for disorders that are biological, cognitive, and affective 7)A causal r/s b/w abuse and adult symptoms.

Ingersoll's Definition of Spirituality

1. A concept of the divine (g-d) or a greater force 2. A sense of meaning 3. Connection with the divine (g-d) 4. Openness to mystery 5. A sense of playfulness 6. Engagement in spirituality enhancing activities 7. Systemic use of spiritual forces as an integrator of life

Ways to Deal with Clients who Lack Initiative

1. Anticipate resistant behaviour: anticipate their anger, frustration, and defensiveness that clients display. 2. Show acceptance, understanding, non-judgement and patience- this stance promotes trust 3. Persuasion- how counsellor responds to clients, directly or indirectly- this can make a significant difference. - Two direct persuasion techniques= "foot in the door" and "door in the face". 4. Confrontation- counsellor points out to the client what the client is doing. Ex: inconsistencies 5. Metaphors- these can be used to teach and reduce threat levels by providing stories, painting images, challenging rigid thinking. Ex: "hows that working for you?" 6. Mattering- belief that as humans we are important and significant to the world around us and to others in our lives (we matter!) 7. Pragmatic techniques- use of silence, reflection, questioning, describing, assessing, pretending, and sharing. Especially helpful for individuals ho respond with "i don't know"

SCCT central positions

1. Behavior 2. self efficacy 3. genetics 4. goals 5. gender, race, disabilities 6. chance happenings

3 Basic Assumptions of System Theories

1. Causality is interpersonal 2. Psychosocial systems are best understood as repeated patterns of interpersonal reactions 3. Symptomatic behaviors must be understood from an interactional viewpoint

Life Rainbow

1. Child (time with parents) 2. Student (3-20 years) 3. Leisurite (activities of leisure) 4. Citizen (volunteer work) 5. Worker 6. Homemaker (nongender oriented)

5 Requirements of Good Theory

1. Clear, easily understood, and communicable 2. Comprehensive 3. Explicit (you can test it) and heuristic 4. Specific in relating means to desired outcomes 5. Useful to its intended practitioners

The Law and Counselling: Sharing of Information (Caution Privacy Please)

1. Confidentiality - Take steps in order to assure that your clients notes and information is locked away. Ex: keep them with you at all times, locked up. 2. Privacy - Client gets to decide the what, how, when, etc. - They get to choose the time, circumstance, event in which they wish to share personal information 3. Privileged Communication - Confidences originated within a Therapeutic Relationship will be Safeguarded- make sure that they have confidence in you so that you can have a free-flowing relationship where they feel as if they can share everything with you. - Protect clients from having their confidentiality communication disclosed in court without their permission

Five Guidelines for Effectively Counselling Across Cultures

1. Counsellors recognize the values and beliefs they hold in regard to human acceptable and desirable behaviour, and integrate this understanding into appropriate feelings and behaviours- counsellor gets used to and understands the clients behaviour and acts like there is no difference in behaviour 2. Counsellors are aware of the cultural and generic qualities of counselling theories and traditions. No method of counselling is completely culture-free 3. Counsellors understand the sociopolitical environment of minority groups and how they influence them 4. Counsellor does not question the legitimacy of clients culture 5. Counsellor are eclectic in counselling practice. Meaning they have many different ways of counselling according to ones culture and experiences. EX: they have a toolbox with different tools and techniques that they can pull from when they need different ones.

4 Variables that determine the amount of growth and change in any type of counseling

1. Counselor 2. Client 3. Setting 4. Theoretical orientation

Personal Qualities

1. Curiosity and Inquisitiveness- you like asking questions, curious and interested in others lives, dig deeper. 2. Conversation- you are able to carry a conversation 3. Empathetic and understanding 4. Introspective- you are able to feel/see within people. ex: meditation, mindfulness 5. Capacity for Self-denial- you are able to put your problems aside and take care of others' first. 6. Emotional Insightfulness- comfortable with a range of emotions. Being comfortable with someone crying, don't act awkward or laugh hysterically, conflict, learn anger is not bad. 7. Tolerance of intimacy- comfortable with emotional closeness. Ex: having an old man crying in your office. 8. Comfort with power- you have to know the amount of power you have before dealing with others, as you need to know how to use it 9. Humor- you need to have a sense of humour. 10. Listening- easy listener.

Guidelines to Understand the Realities of Men

1. Difficulty with change- emphasis on this 2. Constraints imposed on sex role stereotypes- pressure that males are the breadwinners of the family 3. Importance of asking for assistance and dealing with effective issues 4. Difference between roles and rules in ones personal and work life

Lifestyle factors in career choice

1. Environmental determinants 2. Situational determinants 3. Personal determinants

What are the 5 stages groups go through & describe:

1. Forming- foundation and expectations are laid out; members show anxiety, dependency, & talk about non-problematic issues 2. Storming- turmoil + conflict occur; members seek to establish selves in hierarchy of a group 3. Norming- group generates enthusiasm and cohesion and decided on goals/ways of working together. 4. Performing/working- group is productive; members involved in each other, individual, and collective group goals 5. Mourning/termination- group comes to an end; members say goodbye to each other and group experience; members feel fulfilled or bitter

6 values that Affect the Counsellor, Clients and the Counselling Process.

1. Freedom of Choice 2. Integrity (honesty) 3. Responsibility 4. Commitment 5.Empowerment 6. Right to Grieve

Super's Five Stages of Vocational Development

1. Growth (0-14) 2. Exploration (14-24) 3. Establishment (24-44) 4. Maintenance (44-64) 5. Decline (64+)

Elements of Informed Consent

1. Inform of Potential Benefits and Risks 2. Alternatives 3. Contact- give them your contact information and get theirs 4. Confidentiality- sign to make sure they don't release your information 5. Voluntary Participation/ Withdrawal-unless they are mandated, you let them know that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw at any time

Type other Types of Interviews

1. Information oriented first interview - Includes probes (who, what, where, when..), closed questions (elicit yes/no), open questions (what, how, could...), request for clarification - Avoid the why 2. Relationship-Oriented first interview - Includes restatement, reflection of feelings, summary of feelings (paraphrasing), and acknowledgement of non verbal behaviour

What to Include in a Clients Record (I Am Treating Casey Today Ok)

1. Information- name, address, age, birthday, occupation, phone # 2. Assessment information- psychological problems, family history/problems 3. Treatment plan- presenting problems, plan of action, steps to be taken to targeted behaviour 4. Case Notes- document progress in each session towards final goal 5. Termination- results, final treatment plan, final diagnosis (if any) 6. Other data- clients signed consent for treatment, copies of correspondence, notations about rationale for any unusual client interventions, administrative problems, etc.

Ethics in Research- 4 Main Ethical Issues

1. Informed Consent 2. Coercion and Deception 3. Report of Results 4. Confidentiality and Privacy

Types of Interviews- Initiated by Clients & Counsellors

1. Initiated by clients: first session initiated by clients - Obtain background information on the counsellor. This may create anxiety in counsellor, especially if background information is not gathered before the session - One way counsellors can reduce anxiety is to have clients provide background information before their visit. This consists of clients complete a history questionnaire before their first appointments. 2. Initiated by counsellors: first session initiated by counsellor - Immediately disclose the reason for session - If counsellor does not immediately give a reason for requesting the session, the client is kept guessing and tension is created

Add Knowledge and Skill (Ilana Eats Fruit She Gets Skinny Immediately Causing Illness)

1. Intellectual Competence- desire and ability to learn as well as think fast and creatively 2. Energy- you have are enthusiastic and have a lot of energy to deal with client even if you've been seeing clients all day 3. Flexibility- ability to adapt what one does to meet client's needs 4. Support- capacity to encourage client in making their own decision while helping create hope at the same time 5. Goodwill- desire to work on behalf of clients in a constructive way that ethically promotes independence 6. Self-awareness- knowledge of self, including attitudes, values and feelings and the ability to recognize how and what factors affect oneself. 7. Interpersonal relationships with others 8. Creativity- able to be creative when it comes to the approach you are taking as everyone is different and the same approach does not work for everyone. 9. Importance of Environment- the more aligned counsellors' personalities are to their environments, the more effective and satisfied they will be

Top 5 Themes important to Lesbains

1. Isolation, Safety and Aging 2. Children 3. Political Issues 4. Physical and Mental Health 5. Lesbian relationships and sexuality

Counsellors Must be Sensitive in Three main areas

1. Knowledge about worldview of culturally different clients 2. Awareness of the clients personal worldview, and how one is a product of cultural conditioning 3. Skills needed in order to work with client.

Effects of burnout

1. Negative self-concept: around what is wrong with me, I thought I was a good counsellor but I wasn't able to handle this so what's wrong with me.. 2. Negative Attitude towards job: not being satisfied with work, dreading going to work 3. Loss of concern, Compassion and feelings for others: when you start to lose empathy towards clients, start to be numb.

3 Levels of Helping

1. Nonprofessionals 2. Paraprofessionals 3. Professionals

Guidelines for Acting Ethically

1. Personal and Professional Honesty - You need to make sure that you are professional in the approach that you are taking. Having a supervisor in the room with you can be helpful to make sure that you are staying professional. 2. Best interests of Clients- Personal value vs. Client determination - Putting your self-interest and what you think they should do before theirs. You have to always put their interest first even if you don't think its right. 3. Act without Malice or Personal Gain- challenging clients/engaging clients - You cannot act evil or favour clients. You need to remain the same with all clients even the ones that are challenging to deal with. Some clients have a harder time opening up and dealing with than others. Also, you cannot build a personal relationship with the client. This usually starts when counsellor invests self-interest in client's problems. 4. Justification of actions= continuing competencies - This is the best judgement about what one should do in a situation, in order to know the best move you must keep up with the current trends by continuing competency/ to be knowledgable within the field by attending workshops, etc.

Most Common Forms of Maltreatment

1. Physical Abuse 2. Psychological Abuse 3. Violation of rights (Personal Liberty, Free Speech and privacy)- when it gets to a point where they cannot make their own decisions, usually the child makes it for them. If you violate them in ways they would not want, this is considered maltreatment. 4. Financial Exploitation 5. Alcohol Abuse

Circular Progressive Model (Scott et al.)

1. Preliminary 2.Exploration and goal setting 3. Intervention and implementation stage 4. Outcome stage 5. Termination

Describe 5 different types of groups:

1. Psychodrama- members enact unrehearsed role plays with group leader serving as director, other group members as actors 2. T-groups= training; emphasis on how the group operates and on how the individual functions within the group 3. Encounter- indicated for normally functioning people who wanted to change/grow with primary emphasis on individual expression and reorganizing affect 4. Group marathons- extended, one-session group experience that breaks down defensive barriers individuals may use. Lasts a minimum of 24 hours 5. Self-help/support

6 Personality Types of Trait and Factor Theory

1. Realistic (Doers) 2. Investigative (Thinkers) 3. Artistic (Creators) 4. Social (Helpers) 5. Enterprising (Persuaders) 6. Conventional (Organizers)

Individual Consultation - teaching self-management skills

1. Self-monitoring 2. Self-measurement 3. Self-mediation 4. Self-maintenance

Factors that Influence the Counselling Process- Seriousness

1. Seriousness of the presenting problem - Client's reporting higher initial distress takes more sessions to reach therapeutic improvements - Largest gains in improvement occurs early in treatment, but seriously disturbed individuals benefit from longer term treatment - Clients in better shape at onset of treatment seem to improve the most in the least amount of time and with the best long-term results - Some with mental health/APD are least likely to improve through traditional "talk therapies" - 50% of clients with anxiety/depression had improved by sessions 8-13 - 85% of clients improved after 1 year of weekly treatment

McBride & Martin: Hierarchy of Eclectic Practices

1. Syncretism 2. Traditional 3. Theoretical integrationism

Aboriginal Traditions

1. The Medicine Wheel- every seeker can find a harmonious way of living in their environment 2. The Four Powers- North=Wisdom, South= Warm and Growth, East= Enlightenment, West= Introspection 3. Prayers 4. Elders- older individuals with great gift of wisdom, they are cherished and looked up too 5. Ceremonies- form of religious expression. Nothing is written just passed down orally from generation to generation 6. Pipes and Pipe Ceremonies- used for prayers and sacred ceremonies. Whoever holds pipe speaks 7. Drums-signifies heartbeat of the group and are sacred objects 8. Eagle Whistlers- when the whistle is blown, the group begins drumming and singing 9. Herbs/ Incents- 4 sacred plants are sweetgrass, sage, cedar and tobacco 10. Medicine Pouches- elders may prescribe that plant medicine be carried in pouches 11. Fasting- to quicken spirituality 12. Feasting- eating certain traditional foods 13. Rattles- shake to heal the sick or spiritual problems 14. Sweat lodges- Communal prayers, spiritual healing, purification and fasting

Important aspects of career counseling

1. The need for career counseling is greater than the need for psychotherapy 2. Career counseling can be therapeutic 3. Career counseling is more difficult than psychotherapy

6 Functions of Theory (help counselor in a practical way)

1. Theory helps counselors find unity and relatedness within the diversity of existence 2. Theory compels counselors to examine relationship they would otherwise overlook 3. Theory gives counselors operational guidelines by which to work and helps them evaluate their development as professionals 4. Theory helps counselors focus on relevant data and tells them what to look for 5. Theory helps counselors assist clients in modifying their behavior 6. Theory helps counselors evaluate both old and new approaches to the process of counseling.

Theories of Career Counseling

1. Trait and Factor 2. Developmental Theory 3. Social-Cognitive Theory

3 factors making career decisions difficult

1. lack of readiness 2. lack of information 3. inconsistent information

Supervision: Discrimination Model highlights 3 areas of skill-building:

1. process issues 2.conceptualization issues 3.personalization issues

WHat is the cycle of Abuse

1. tention bulids 2.abuse takes place 3.apologies happen

Exploration Stage

14-24, Occupational exploration, trying new things to see which one fits

What year was the first ever counseling group?

1905

Factors that Influence the Counselling Process- Structure

2. Structure - Seeing counsellors is a last resort for many individuals. They are likely to have sought help from more familiar sources such as friends, family, ministers, etc. Therefore, these clients may enter counselling reluctantly and hesitantly - Structure defined as "a joint understanding between the counsellor and client regarding the characteristics, conditions, procedures, and parameters of counselling" - The structure helps clarify the counsellor-client relationship and helps to ensure the success of counselling - To help clients gain new directions in their lives, counselors provide constructive guidelines: - *Practical Guidelines- time limits, action limits (to prevent destructive behaviour), role limits, and procedural limits(client is given a responsibility to work on specific goals or needs) - Professional Disclosure Statements- include details about the nature of counselling, expectations, responsibilities, methods and ethics of counselling

Establishment Stage

24-44, Effort to secure and establish a career, (25-30) Commitment and stabilization, (31-44) Advancement

percentage of 1st generation college students

27% of all graduating high school seniors

Development of Canadian Society

3 Forces that contribute to the development: - Aboriginals founded Canada - Charter Groups (English/French speaking communities) - Ethnic and Racial minorities who fall outside of the charter groups immigrated to Canada

PCC Techniques

3 Necessary Conditions of Counseling -Empathy -Unconditional Positive Regard -Congruence *The quality of the counseling relationship is much more important that techniques.

Factors that Influence the Counselling Process- Initiative

3. Initiative- this is the motivation to change - Reluctant client- one who has been to counselling by a third party and is frequently unmotivated to seek help. Ex: school children and court-referred clients - Resistant client- a person in counselling who is unwilling, unready, or opposed to change. These clients refuse to make decisions and are superficial in dealing with problems, an refuse to take any action to resolve problems

Which person is MOST likely to remarry after a divorce? A

30-year-old David, who is a physician and has no children 24-year-old Tyree, who is African American and did not graduate from high school 28-year-old Keri, who has three children ages 2, 4 and 7 40-year-old Brian, who is European-American and did not graduate from high school

Non-Helpful Interview Behaviours

4 Major actions that usually block counsellor-client communication and should be generally avoided: 1. Advice-giving 2. Lecturing 3. Excessive questioning 4. Storytelling by the counsellor

Psychologists Principles

4 Principles (Lowest principle has the lowest weighting) - Principle I- Respect for dignity- each client has their own beliefs and worldview, respect that. - Principle II- Responsibility and Caring - Principle III- Integrity in relationship- be honest and objective with client - Principle IV- Responsibility to society- work in ways to help clients become better citizens

Maintenance Stage

44-64, Holding onto establishment with younger competition

In the United States, about how many employees still work on the traditional work schedule of Monday to Friday, 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.?

50 %

Trait and Factor Theory

6 Categories of Personality Type

Decline Stage

64+, letting go of work due to decline of physical and mentally health, other sources of satisfaction need to be identified

standards for multicultural assessment

68 standards across four areas: content and purpose int est selection; norming, reliability, and validity, administration and scoring, interpretation and application.

Theoretical Approach- Model for Counsellors to Increase Knowledge about Women and Decrease Discrimination

7 points: 1) Sociology and history sex-role stereotyping 2) Psychophysiology of women and men- psychological and physiological processes of women and men 3) Theories of personalities and sex-role development 4) Life span development 5) Special populations- those who are disabled, economic problems, one parent 6) Career development 7) Counseling/psychotherapy

Factors that Influence the Counselling Process- Physical Setting

8 Common characteristics of space and their potential impact: 1. Accessories- artwork, objects, plants. Clean offices, textually complex images of natural settings rather than posters of people 2. Color- hue, value, intensity. Bright colours= positive, Dark= negative. 3. Furniture and room design- form, line, texture, scale. More protective furniture layouts 4. Lighting- artificial, natural. Dim/softer lights= more intimate convo, more pleasant, relaxed feelings, favourable impressions of counsellor, and more self-disclosure than bright lighting 5. Smell- plants, ambient, fragrances, general doors. Unpleasant smells= bad memories. Pleasant smells= triggers good happy memories 6. Sound- loudness, frequency. Music may enhance the healing process 7. Texture- floors, walls, ceilings, furniture. Soft textured surfaces absorb the sound 8. Thermal conditions- temperature. Most feel comfortable in room temp. around 69-80 degrees

What is a focus group?

8-12 individuals who discuss a particular topic of interest for 1-2 hours under direction of a group moderator.

General Systems Theory

A family cannot be understood without knowing how the family functions as a whole unit. Each family is also part of a larger system, a neighborhood, and so on..If any part of the system changes the whole system reflects that change.

What is consultation?

A human relationship process that requires personal touch, and professional input if it is to be effective.

Theory

A model that counselors use as a guide to hypothesize about the formation of possible solutions to a problem.

Self-efficacy

A person's beliefs regarding her or his ability to successfully perform a particular task

SIGI & DISCOVER

A program designed to help individuals sort through their values and interests or find job information

Theory-driven evaluation

A program evaluation guided by a theory that specifies the process by which the program has an effect.

Evaluability assessment

A type of evaluation research conducted to determine whether it is feasible to evaluate a programs effects within the available time and resources.

Needs Assessment

A type of evaluation research that attempts to determine the needs of some population that might be met with a social program.

Cost-benefit analysis

A type of evaluation research that compare programs cost with the economic value program benefits.

Cost-effectiveness analysis

A type of evaluation research that compares programs cost with actual program outcomes.

Efficiency analysis

A type of evaluation research that compares programs cost with program effect it can be either a cost-benefit analysis or a cost effectiveness analysis.

REBT's ABC's

A: Activating experience B: the person's thoughts/ Beliefs about the experience C: emotional reaction to B D: Disputing irrational thoughts E: replacing irrational thoughts with effective thoughts

Cognitive Therapy Founder

Aaron Beck - his daughter continues work with CT today

Comorbid

Abuse of or addition to substances with a number of other disorders including depression, anxiety, conduct disorders, and ADD

RT Techniques

Action oriented WDEP System: Wants (what does the client want?) Direction (explore direction of the client's life?) Evaluation (of client's behaviors) Plan (client makes a plan for changing behaviors)

Comorbid Addiction

Addiction + MHD Treat it at the same time

Style of life

Adlerian -an individual's methods of relating to others -viewing the world -governing behavior

Striving for perfection

Adlerian a process in which people strive to become successful

Inferiority complex

Adlerian a tendency for people to feel inferior to others becomes a complex when feelings are not worked through

Superiority complex

Adlerian developed when a person overcompensates for feelings of inferiority

REBT Founder

Albert Ellis

Alignments and Coalitions

Alignments deals with the ways family join or oppose each other in dealing with an activity or crisis. Coalitions refer to alliances between family members against other family members.

What do group members potentially gain from participating in groups?

Allows members to gain and establish social relationships, emotional bonds, & potential for enlightenment

What are therapeutic factors within groups (4)

Altruism Installation of hope Universality Impairing of information

Supervision

An interactive and evaluative process in which someone with more proficiency oversees the work of someone with less knowledge and skill to enhance the professional functioning of the junior member!

Stakeholder approaches ( to evaluation)

An orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to be responsive primarily to the people involved with the program.

Social Science approaches (to evaluation)

An orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to emphasize the importance of researcher expertise and maintenance of autonomy from program stakeholders.

Integrative approaches ( to evaluation)

An orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to respond to the concern of people involved with the program stakeholders, as well to the standard and goals of the social scientific community,

Behavioral Counseling

Approach of choice for clients with problems such as: -eating disorders -substance abuse -psychosexual dysfunction -anxiety -stress -assertiveness -parenting -social interation

Professional Training & Organizations in the field of family therapy

As the field of family therapy has grown, so has the need to set standards for training and practice. The AAMFT serves as a credentialing body for the field fo family therapy.

Specific Behavioral Techniques

Assertiveness training Contingency contracts Implosion and flooding Time-out Overcorrecting Covert sensitization Cognitions

Counselling the Aged- Why Many Counsellors are Uninterested..

Awareness of New Phenomenon - Counsellors would have to develop new ways to counsel the elders and not interested Investment Syndrome - How do they feel about their value to society? - Thinking its a waste of time as these people are old and cannot contribute anything to society anymore anyways. Rather spend time on younger people who can make a difference in society Irrational Fear of Aging - Psychological distancing from aged people Counselling of no value Mistaken Health - Their problems could be mistaken for issues related to aging

1950's-1980's

Before 1950's, 4 main theories influenced practice: 1) Psychoanalysis and insight theory (Freud) 2) Trait-Factor or Directive theories (Williamson) 3) Humanistic approach and client-centerer (Rogers) 4) Behavioral theories (Skinner) - With the coming of these approaches, there was a decline in Vocational Guidance - Counselling shifted from a one-on-one to a group interaction - Founded in 1966 by Walz- ERIC/CAPS has become one of the largest and most used resources on counselling activities and trends in the US and throughout the world. - 1980's huge emphasize on human growth and development- this stressed through increased attention to gender issues and sexual preferences (ex: intro to feminist theory in counselling).

Lazarus's BASIC ID

Behavior Affect Sensations Imagery Cognition Interpersonal relationships Drugs

Differentiation of self

Being able to differentiate ones' intellectual processes from ones's feeling processes represents a clear differentiation of self. A person who is highly differentiated is well aware of her opinions and has a sense of self, able to stand up for themselves, not dominated by emotions. Those who aren't differentiated have thoughts and emotions that are fused

RT's Four Primary Psychological Needs

Belonging - friends, family, love Power - self-esteem, recognition Freedom - need to make choices and decisions Fun - need for play, laughter, learning, and recognition

What are some benefits and drawbacks to participating in a group?

Benefits: Can help individuals with a variety of problems and are beneficial for: elementary + HS students, promoting career development, adult women &/or men, dealing with stressors, adolescent offenders, ect. Drawbacks: Experience group-think mentality*, are stereotypical, defensive, and stale thought processes become the norm. Individuals may also not feel as if their problems are dealt with in depth enough or will try to use group as an escape.

Counsellors are people too!- Ways counsellors use methods in coping with crisis's.

Besides finding meaning in problematic areas, counsellors use these methods in coping with crisis situations: - Maintaining Objectivity- you have to stay realistic and truthful even though it may be hard - Accepting and Confronting Situations- you may not want to discuss certain topics as they are sensitive to you but you have to learn to accept it, get over it and move past it in order to help client. Ex: suicide. - Assertiveness/Confidence- pushing client to open up about a certain topic even though they don't want too. Once they open up about it they will feel relieved. "Go to bad for clients." - Wellness lifestyle- importance of staying happy and healthy - Allow your feelings- do not hold back your feelings, let them out and express yourself through journaling, meditating, counselling.

Boundary Permeability

Both systems and subsystems have rules as to who can participate in interactions and how they can participate. A highly permeable boundary would be found in emeshed families whereas nonpermeable or rigid boundaries would be found in disengaged families.

Sibling Position

Bowen believed that birth order had an impact on the functioning of children within the family. Relying on the work of Toman, eh believe that the sibling position of marriage partners would affect how they perform as parents. (less to do w/ birth order and more on how the child functions in the family - will influence the type of role they'll assume as a parent.

Societal Regression

Bowen extended his model of family systems to societal functioning. Just as families can move toward undifferentiation or toward individuation, so can societies. (examples of stresses on societies that lead to undifferentiation: famine, civil uprisings, etc.

Family Therapy Goals

Bowen was interested in the impact of past generations on present family functioning. He set goals in working with families, he listened to the symptoms and dynamics sought to help families with stress levels and differentiation and meeting individual and family needs.

Theory of Family Systems

Bowen's theory is based on the individual's ability to differentiate his own intellectual functioning from feelings. This concept is applied to family processes and the ways that individuals project their own stresses onto other family members. Families can pass this on over several generations.

Goals of Structural Family Therapy

By making hypotheses about the structure of the family and the nature of the problem, structural family therapists can set goals for change. Therapists try to alter coalitions and alignments to bring about change and establish boundaries within the family that are neither too rigid or flexible. They help the family use power in a way that functions well.

The World of Acronyms

CCPA CPA CASW

Medical/Pathological Model- DSM (Can Danielle GO PG)..?

Can Danielle Gold Please Go (acronym) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - 297 diagnostics 5 Axis Axis 1: Clinical Syndromes- clients presenting problems and principle appearance Axis 2: Diagnostic Information- Personality disorders and Mental limitations Axis 3: General Medical Conditions- do they have chronic pain? Axis 4: Psychosocial and Environmental Conditions- that might affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mental disorders such as lack of friends and inadequate housing Axis 5: General Assessment of Relational Functioning (GARF) score- measures 0 to 100 on a scale, the higher the number indicates the better level of functioning.

CASW

Canadian Association of Social Workers

CCPA

Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association

CPA

Canadian Psychological Association

Qualities that make a good facilitator/group leader?

Caring Meaning attribution Emotional stimulation Executive functioning

Scaling

Client evaluates a problem on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high)

Factors that Influence the Counselling Process- First Impressions

Client qualities: - Counsellors most enjoy working with those that have the perceived higher potential to change- enjoy working with those who want to change!!! - Importance of non-verbal communication and culture- body language, facial expression** can communicate more than their words - YAVIS- young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful= preferred clients - HOUND- homely, old, unintelligent, nonverbal, disadvantaged= non preferred clients - The more attractive the client was, the more willing and likeable they were by the counsellor and the more the counsellor was encouraged to engage with them. Counsellor qualities: - Counsellors should possess: self-awareness, honesty, congruence, ability to communicate and knowledge - Counsellors are initially more influential with the following characteristics: expertness, attractiveness, trustworthiness - Attire- most comfortable when a counsellor is similarly dressed as you. Preferred a counsellor who dresses casually as it is less anxiety provoking. Ex: spot shirt and slacks. Males report no difference regarding a male counsellor's attire.

Strategic Family Therapy Goals

Clients are asked what they want to accomplish but the therapist ultimately decides the goal. The goals are concrete and specific with sufficient information to plan strategies and reach goals.

What was W. Edwards Deming credited with doing?

Conceptualized and implemented quality work groups to improve group process

SouthEAST Asian Canadians

Consists of: - Chinese - Japanese - Filipino - Indochinese - Indians - Koreans (hardworking, very emotionless and turn inwards to deal with some emotions, and hard to be disturbed or bothered people who place a high emphasis on family bond, elders, wisdom) - These people are very hardworking, successful - Not prone to emotional disturbances - Less likely to seek out counselling - Communication more indirect and discrete- don't show a lot of emotion - Exert strong control over emotions- tightly held - Filial piety (ancestors and elders), place a high value on family bonds and unity, and respect for roles and status- place a high respect on wisdom and the people who came before us

Latino Canadians

Consists of: - Venezuela - Mexico - El Salvador - Chile - Columbia - Cuba, Peru, Ecuador, Guatamala, etc... - Makes up 1% of population - Very diverse, a lot of within-group differences - Referred to as Hispanic, Latino- Spanish - Very bicultural- but ethnic history plays key role in worldview, family dynamics and health. (Meaning they have a lot of Canadian in them as well).

Which two group forms may overlap?

Counseling and psychoeducational groups

A group that helps participants resolve unusual yet difficult problems of living through interpersonal support and problem-solving. Within this group, members are taught problem-solving skills to better handle future problems Stresses the effective involvement of participants

Counseling groups; also called interpersonal or problem-solving groups

Counselling and Spirituality- Pluralistic vs. Constructivist

Counsellors who work best with religious issues in counselling, take either a pluralistic or constructivist stance: Pluralistic: recognizing the existence of a spiritual or religious absolute that allow for many different interpretations and paths towards it (pluralistic- plural/multiple paths leading to ones spirituality or religious absolute) Constructivist- recognizing a clients worldview that involves god or spiritual realities. - A counsellors spirituality or religiousness may provide a base for being attuned to clients spiritual and religious issues (Meditation and prayers may be an important aspect of the clients life).

John Holland

Created 6 Categories of Personality Type

Bowen Systems Theory

Created by Murray Bowen - Further advanced by Michael Kerr and Edwin Friedman

Who was Joseph Pratt?

Credited the first counseling group

The midlife crisis was popularized by Gail Sheehy who called it "the age 40 crucible" and by _____ who said men struggled within the self and the external world.

Daniel levenson

Anna Freud

Daughter of Sigmund Freud, elaborated the theory with application to children and the development of defense mechanisms

Social Cognitive Theory

Developed in 1994, and has a tremendous impact on research regarding career choice.

Straightforward Tasks

Easy to accomplish, clearly explained and fit the ability of the children and adults who will complete them. Sometimes metaphorical tasks are prescribed to bring meaning to larger more painful complex issues.

Cognitive Therapy applied to Family Therapy

Education is central in this type of family therapy. Automatic thoughts and cognitive schemas of individuals are attended to so therapists can make interventions. Suggest distorted beliefs. ex. mind-reading.

Unethical Behaviours

Effectiveness of counsellors is tied to their ethical knowledge and behaviour. - Negligent practice- not taking care of your client's problems - Breach of confidentiality - Dependent on client - Sexual relationship with client - Misrepresentation of expertise- claiming an expertise one does not possess. - Causing harm to client - Practicing beyond scope of competency/expertise - Imposing value's on client- don't impose you values and beliefs on clients as they have their own - Conflicts of Interest- ex: dual relationship, where the role of the counsellor is combined with another relationship, either a professional or personal one. - Financial- setting fees too high - Improper Advertising - Plagiarism

Crisis and Trauma Counseling Founders

Erich Lindemann and Gerald Caplan

Definitions

Ethnographic variables: ethnicity, nationality, religion and language Demographic variables: age, gender, place of residence Status variable: social, economical, and education level and a wide range of formal and informal memberships and affiliations

Bowen's Techniques of Family Therapy

Evaluation Interview, followed by therapeutic intervention. In the evaluation: a family history is taken in to consideration, relationships within the family, sibling position. Genograms may be completed to get an accurate picture of family history.

Impact analysis ( impact evaluation or summative evaluation )

Evaluation research that answers these question: Did the program work? Did it have the intended result?

The Iowa Test of Basic Skills and the Stanford Achievement Tests

Examples of survey battery achievement tests. assessment of students ability level, determination of teaching effectiveness, and examination of the general level of students' ability throughout a school or school system.

Gestalt techniques

Exercises - ready-made techniques, i.e. enactment of fantasies, role-playing, psychodrama Experiments - unplanned activities that grow out of the interaction between counselor and client

Counsellors Involvement in Court

Expert Witness (Analise) " Objective and unbiased person with specialized knowledge, skills or info who can assist a jury or judge reach a specific legal decision" - Voluntary participation in court for client - You are protecting client, know their case and trying to defend them - Counsellor serves as expert witness (Analise in How to get away with murder) Court Order - When court orders counsellor to involuntarily participate - Subpoena- to appear in court at a specific time and date for a certain case - Counsellor testifies on behalf of or against client.

Heinz Kohut

Extended the theory to developmental issues, especially attachment, through conceptualization of object-relations theory

NC: Techniques

Externalization of a problem Asking how the problem and person affect each other Raising dilemmas Predicting setbacks Reauthoring Celebrations/letters/certificates

Social Justice and Diversity

Fairness and Equity (equality): - Environmental Limitations as Barriers- the environment has limits which act as barriers to people - Challenging Systemic Forms of Oppression through counselling - Free Clients from Oppressive Social Practices Advocacy: (Due to active involvement counsellors are taking in social justice, it causes advocacy) - Helping clients Challenge Barriers to Success - Client Empowerment - Qualities of an Effective Advocate Diversity Awareness: - Promoting diversity is a fundamental value of counselling psychology in Canada - Current example of promoting diversity is how organizations are trying to make gender dysphonia (people who are transgender or who feel the opposite gender than they are) treated well in society and for people to be accepting towards it.

SFC Techniques

Family Interaction Reframing - helping the family see its problems from a different, more positive perspective Punctuation - the selective description of a transaction Unbalancing - counselor supports an individual or subsystem against the rest of the family Enactment - family demonstrates problematic behaviors Boundary making - creating lines that separate people or subsystems from each other psychologically Intensity - changing maladaptive behaviors by using strong affect, repeated intervention, or prolonged pressure Restructuring - changing the structure of a family by altering existing hierarchies of interaction patterns Adding cognitive constructions - includes advice, information, pragmatic fictions, and paradox

Who is Kurt Lewin?

Field theory concepts made way in the 1930's and 1940's for further group counseling development

SIGI

Five Components to search for values and jobs: 1. Self Assessment 2. Identification of occupational alternatives 3. Review of occupational information 4. Review of information on preparation programs 5. Making tentative occupational choices

RT: View of Human Nature

Focuses on consciousness - humans function on a conscious level rather than unconscious drives Everyone has a health/growth force both physically and psychologically

Family Subsystems

For a family to function well, members must work together to carry out functions. Husband-wife subsystem is the meet the changing needs of the two partners. The parental subsystem is usually a father-mother team. The Sibling subsystem may develop coalitions to meet their own needs as well as deal with parents.

Person-centered counseling

Founded by Carl Rogers and described in his book "Counseling and Psychotherapy"

B.F. Skinner

Founder of Behavioral Counseling -popularized behavioral treatment methods

The midlife crisis was popularized by _____ who called it "the age 40 crucible" and by Daniel Levinson who said men struggled within the self and the external world.

Gail Sheehy

ST Techniques

Genogram - a visual representation of a person's family tree depicted in geometric figures, lines, and words Asking content-based questions - to cognitively understand what happened in one's family without any emotional overlay Go home again - visit with his or her family in order to get to know them better, which promotes: - person-to-person relationships - asking of questions about pivotal events that had an impact on the family - detriangulation - the process of being in contact but emotionally separate - differentiation of self - ability to distinguish between subjective feelings and objective thinking

The empty chair

Gestalt Clients talk to different parts of their personality with the chair as the focus

Dream work

Gestalt Dreams are messages that represent a person's place at a certain time.

Making the rounds

Gestalt Used in group settings; a theme or feeling expressed by a client should be faced by every person in the group

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt means "whole figure" Founded by Frederick "Fritz" Perls

Of the following family members, who is most likely the family kinkeeper?

Gloria, age 33, who is married, has two children, and frequently calls her siblings and regularly plans holiday family events

Relational Emotive Behavior Family Therapy (REBT)

Goal of this therapy is to help family members see that they disturb themselves by their irrational beliefs. By learning about these beliefs, they can give them up. ABCDE Therapeutic approach is used. (Ellis) Each family member is responsible for his or her own actions and assume that responsibility.

7 Specific Criteria for Judging Effective Goals in Counselling

Goals are: 1. Mutually agreed on by the client and counsellor 2 Specific 3. Relevant to self-defeating behaviour 4. Achievement and success oriented 5. Quantifiable and measurable 6. Behavioural and observable 7. Understandable and can be restated clearly

Who is Carl Rodgers?

He devised the basic encounter group in 1960's

Who is Fritz Perls?

He took and applied the Gestalt approach to groups

Multi-generational Transmission Process

In his approach to work with families Bowen looked not just at the immediate family but also previous generations.

Person-Centered Therapy applied to Family Therapy

In this type of Family therapy empathy is central. Therapist tries to understand, at the deepest possible level, the conflict between the family members.

Medicine

Increasing move to see the "root of the problem" as chemical imbalance. The trend for patients to be prescribed medicine for deviance has increased.

Stakeholders

Individuals and groups who have some basis of concern with the program.

What population/individuals would psychotherapy groups not be suitable for?

Individuals with depression, paranoid, schizoid, or sociopathic personalities, who are narcissistic, or suicidal. Also will not work with those who are incessant talkers

Psychoanalysis applied to Family Therapy

Influenced by Nathan Ackerman's work (ego and drive theory combined with an active approach to therapy). This type of family therapy theory, incorporates the use of Object-Relations to make observations about the nurturing or caring that family member provide for each other. Attend to attachment/separation from the parent. Past behavior explains resistance.

Feedback

Information about service delivery system outputs, outcomes, or operations that is available to any programs inputs.

Dynamic

Interaction between people and there environment is...

Who is Jacob Moreno?

Introduced the term "psychotherapy" in 1920's

Intrapersonal area of abuse

Involves the misuse of objects or substances that were produced for one purpose, such as healing (prescriptive medication) or entertainment (video games), but are exploited excessively to the detriment of the person involved.

Other behavioral counseling developers

Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson Mary Cover Jones Albert Bandura John Krumboltz Niel Jacobson Steven Hayes - acceptance and commitment therapy Marsha Linehan - DBT

12 signs of emotional emotional abuse

Jealousy, controlling behavior, unrealistic expectations, isolations, blaming for problems and feelings, hypersensitivity, verbal abuse, rigid sex roles, sudden changes in personality and mood, threats of violence, breaking or striking objects, use of force during arguments

Techniques of Structural Therapy

Join with the family in current and present happenings, sometimes use "maps" that describe boundaries and subsystems, as they have an impact on the family. Therapist can observe interactions and suggest power structure changes and boundaries. They bring about change by increasing the intensity of interventions and reframing the problems.

Family Law

Knowledge of the legal system as it relates to families can be extremely important for family therapists. Confidentiality, child abuse laws and dealing with dangerous clients make family therapists vulnerable to malpractice suits. Sometimes called to give expert testimony in divorce cases or visitation disputes.

Criminal and Civil Liability

Liability (responsibility)= has the counsellor caused harm to the client? Malpractice- harm to the client due to professional negligence (departure from professional standards)

Long Brief Therapy of Milan Associates

MRI Theorists devised this type of Family therapy theory, which is based on Haley's strategic model. Solution-focused and narrative therapy techniques are used. About 10 sessions but meets monthly for a few hours with the family rather than weekly. ci

Narrative Counseling Founders

Michael White, David Epston, Michael Durrant, Gerald Monk

Accommodating and joining

Minuchin believes it is important to "join" the family system to enact change. The therefore tries to "fit in" and mimesis: refers to imitating the style and content of a family's communications. (mimic body language, listen for vocabulary that defines the family relationships, "open book" example.)

Family Mapping in Structural Therapy (Minuchin)

Minuchin uses diagrams to describe current ways that families relate. (example different dashed and solid lines representing types of boundaries.) Helps to see which subsystems contribute most actively to a problem. Maps of family interaction allow therapists to better understand repeated dysfunctional behavior so strategies of modification can be applied.

SFC: Techniques

Miracle Question Scaling Compliments Clues Skeleton Keys

Arab Canadians

Mosaic Group with 22 countries: - Lebanon - Egypt - Morocco - Yemen - Tunisia - Palestine - 1.2 percent of the population - Lebanese largest group - A lot of within group differences- politically, socially, economically, relative consideration of the country of origin, acculturation - Differ significantly from original Canadians- collectivist view where the patriarch is head of family, family oriented, women takes care of kids, educated highly valued

Which statement is true regarding care for elderly parents? D

Most adults are burdened by obligations to care for their elderly parents. People tend to be more responsive with phone calls and visits to the husband's parents than to the wife's parents. More than half of married adults contribute care to their elderly parents. People tend to be more responsive with phone calls and visits to the wife's parents than to the husband's parents

Ethical Dilemmas (Can Robert Come Clean Danielle)

Most common ethical dilemmas most prevalent among the university counsellors: 1. Confidentiality- breaking confidentiality due to safety reasons 2. Role conflict- what hat am i wearing? need to make clear to client what role is in that encounter 3. Counselling competencies- practicing beyond the scope of ones expertise 4. Conflicting with employer/institution- when conflict arises between an institution and employer that one is working for when their guidelines and policies differ. 5. Degree of dangerousness- what are the risks here? - We need to use a combination of ethical reasoning and common sense. - Most counsellors rely on common sense when dealing with dilemmas.

Integrative Approaches to Family Systems Therapy

Most family therapists employ more than one theory of practice. There is a greater emphasis on concepts as opposed to theories.

Aboriginal Canadian Approaches

Need to develop Self-Understanding - White privilege- by which white people have gained societal rewards and other priveleges due to the colour of their skin, not due to merit. - Connect on a spiritual level Understand Aboriginal Realities - Get to know where they live- on reserves - Their history/past - They sometimes speak slower than your average person so be patient - Their collectivist worldview - Non-interference with Aboriginal worldview Be Flexible Structuring Sessions - Where and when they want to meet - Perhaps they would want to meet in a less formal setting such as the park Aboriginal Humor - Have a sense of humour, don't be up tight they may have different styles of jokes than we do Build a Connections with Client - Be willing to self disclose when its in the benefit of the client Venting Anger - Let them vent but to a certain extent Use Creativity/ Talking sticks/ circles - This does not require verbal disclosure but instead using sticks as a way of communicating Be a Learner - Admit to mistakes and learn from client to develop relationship

DISCOVER

Nine modules to evaluate values and job information: 1. Beginning the career journey 2. Learning about the world of work 3. Learning about yourself 4. Finding occupations 5. Learning about occupations 6. Making educational choices 7. Planning next steps 8. Planning your career 9. Making transitions

Multiculturalism

No distinct definition but the foci are distinct group uniqueness and concepts that facilitate attention to individual differences. Ex: Canada has a lot of different cultures that are mixed into one country, meaning they are multicultural.

Trait and Factor Theory

Origins in Frank Parsons, after the Depression, matching traits with jobs

Adlerian theory: View of Human Nature

People are primarily motivated by social interest - a feeling of being connected to society as part of the social whole

Psychoanalysis: View of Human Nature

People have a: -Conscious mind -Preconscious mind -Unconscious mind

REBT View of Human Nature

People have both self-interest and social interest, but are also inherently rational and irrational

PCC: View of Human Nature

Phenomenological perspective Self Theory Positive regard

Partner abuse

Physical, sexual, emotional, signs: jealousy,controling...

Sibling abuse

Physical, verbal, emotinal, sexual- brothers try on little sisters

Violence, Trauma and Crises

Prevalence of Critical Incidences - Critical Incidence and Debriefing/Management - Risk Threat Assessment Canadian Prevalence of Bullying - There are Campaigns for Awareness of bullying - Targeted populations Stress- Exposure to Traumatic Events -When one is exposed to traumatic events, they usually experience: 1) Acute Stress disorder- which lasts for a short period of time. People develop this within a few weeks and resolve them within another few weeks 2) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder- could last for a longer period of time, delay onset. People experience symptoms and then could re-experience them again in the future. - There is specialized training to help these people deal with the stress.

primary prevention

Prevention that occurs "before the fact" and is oriented toward groups. - Success: healthier and better adjusted individuals and communities.

Formative evaluation

Process evaluation that is used to shape and refine program operations

Career Counseling

Process of assisting individuals in the development of a life-career with a focus on the definition of the worker role and how that role interacts with other life roles.

Current trends

Professional Regulations/ rules - Credibility- it is necessary that the counsellor ensures credibility - Counselling is ever changing as certain topics, issues, and concerns of todays society and world are different than those of the past. The changing roles of men and women in the media, technology, poverty, etc. have captured counsellings' attention as the new century began. Due to these changes in society, pressing topics that are being dealt with consist of violence, trauma, crises, and others.... - Jurisdictional Qualifications- provincial psychologists have established a mutual recognition agreement that allows psychologists in one jurisdiction to become registered more easily in another. Over time this will likely result in fewer differences between Canadian jurisdictional registration requirements. (Overtime there will be fewer differences between Canadian jurisdictional registration requirements)

Id

Psychoanalysis - Freud -amoral basic instincs -operates on the pleasure principle

Superego

Psychoanalysis - Freud -conscience of the mind that contains values of parental figures -operates on moral principle

Ego

Psychoanalysis - Freud -conscious -decision-making "executive of the mind" -operates on reality principle

Preventative and instructional group form that's purpose is to teach group participants how to deal with a potential life threat, developmental life event, or immediate life crisis. This group is often used in schools, mental health centers, universities, and social services agencies.

Psychoeducational group; also called guidance or educational group

Group that helps individual members remediate in-depth psychological problems, often taking place in inpatient facilities, psychiatric hospitals, or residential mental health facilities.

Psychotherapy groups; also called personality reconstruction group

Teaching

REBT having clients learn the basic ideas of REBT and understand how thoughts are linked with feelings and behaviors

Irrational thinking/beliefs

REBT may include invention of upsetting or disturbing thoughts

Self-talk

REBT what an individual tells him/herself

General Behavioral Techniques

Reinforcers - events that follow a behavior and increase the probability of the behavior repeating (opposite is punishment) -Schedules of reinforcement - operate according to number of responses (ratio) or length of time (interval) between reinforcers Shaping - behavior learned gradually in steps through successive approximation Generalization - display of behaviors outside where they were originally learned Maintenance - being consistent in performing the actions desired without depending on anyone else for support -Self-monitoring - clients modify their own behaviors -Self-observation - clients notice their particular behaviors -Self-recording - records behaviors notes in self-observation

Intensity

Repeating a message, changing the length of time of a particular interaction or performing another action, change can be facilitated.

Lynn Wynne

Researcher. Found in families with children who have schizophrenia, there was often a conflict between the child's need to develop a separate identity and to maintain intimate relationships with troubled or emotional family members. Thus, the interaction between individuals, not the person's own psychological functioning, seem to have a role in the development of schizophrenia.

Existential Counseling Founders

Rollo May - focused on anxiety with regard to life and death Viktor Frankl - focused on finding meaning in life even under extremely negative conditions

STIPS

S igns and symptoms T opics discussed in counseling I counseling Interventions used P clients' progress and counselors' continuing plan for treatment S Any special issues of importance regarding clients

Family Rules

SBC Overt and covert rules of family use to govern selves

Circular causality (SBC)

SBC events are interconnected with multiple factors behind a behavior

Family homeostasis

SBC tendency of families to remain in their same pattern of functioning unless challenged to do otherwise

Quid pro quo

SBC treating other family members the way they are treated

Ordeals

SBC technique families are asked to make sacrifices during the treatment process

Relabeling

SBC technique giving a new perspective to a behavior

Pretend

SBC technique have clients make changes or complete homework that would not have been done otherwise

Prescribing the problem

SBC technique have the family display voluntarily what was previously manifested involuntary

Paradoxing

SBC technique insisting on the opposite of what one wants

Homework

SBC technique tasks as prescriptions or directives to be completed between sessions

Structural Family Therapy

Salvador (Sal) Minuchin: How families operate as a system and their structure within the system are the focus of his work. Of particular interest: boundaries, organization and rules and guidelines that the family members use to make decisions.

Structural Family Counseling Founder

Salvador Minuchin (with Braulio Montavo and Jay Haley as notable contributors)

Name some practice settings for groups:

Schools, universities, mental health psychiatric facilities, inpatient facilities

What are some issues to consider with groups?

Selection and preparation of groups group size and duration open-ended vs. closed ended groups confidentiality physical structure co-leaders self-disclosure followup and feedback

Treatmeant for SUD

Self Help, Medical Model, Motivatinal Interview, Biopsychosocial(reading), intervention

Eighty-four-year-old Carla is frail and in need of assistance. Her daughter, Jennifer has tried to provide help and has even offered to have Carla move in with her, but Carla has refused. According to your text, which is NOT a reason she is unwilling to accept help B

She wants to maintain her independence. She no longer wants to maintain her independence and wants to be institutionalized. She will feel like a failure if she moves in with her daughter. She is afraid she will be a burden.

Process addictions

Shopping, gambeling, tech Kids are more prevelent

Psychoanalysis: Founders and Developers

Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Heinz Kohut

Brief Counseling Approaches

Skills are applicable for counseling settings where counselors are expected to do more in less time (i.e. managed care settings, schools, public settings) Theories include: Solution Focused Counseling and Narrative Counseling

Continuing Competencies

Stay current with evidence-based practices - Information is always changing, new theories coming out as time goes by. You have to stay updated on the current trends so you can incorporate it into your session if necessary

Social Cognitive Theory

Stems from the work of Albert Bandura: attributes, the environment, and overt behavior contribute together to help determine career choice

Solution Focused Counseling (SFC) Originators

Steve de Shazer, Bill Hanlon, Michele Weiner-Davis, Insoo Kim Berg

Structural Family Counseling (SFC): View of Human Nature

Structure: the informal way in which a family organizes itself and interacts Coalitions: alliances between specific members against a third member Cross-generational alliances - alliances between family members of two different generations

Wiggins and Westlanders study

Studied 320 counsellors personality traits and effectiveness of counselling in the U.S - Found that effective counselling was high amongst those counsellors who are social and artistic - Found ineffective counselling was high amongst those counsellors who were realistic and conventional (organized, practical) - This research and other research shows that the personality of the counsellors is related to their effectiveness in the profession.

Group helps members apply the principles and processes of group dynamics to improve practices and accomplish identified work goals. These groups run best when the purpose is clear to all participants, process and content are balanced, and time is taken for culture building and learning about each other.

Task/work groups

Techniques in Strategic Family Therapy

Tasks to alleviate presenting problem is central. Having family members complete tasks is important. Straight forward tasks: simple advice for ways members interact.

Complementary relationships

Term used in MRI Family Therapy to mean one person is superior whiel the other is inferior or submissive.

Symmetrical Relationships

Term used in MRI Family Therapy to mean that there is equality between partners.

Nathan Ackerman

The Initiator of family therapy. Trained in psychoanalysis. Aware of conscious as well as unconscious issues within the individual and the family. Facial expression, posture and seating arrangements were used as ways to assess family problems.

Program process

The complete treatment or service delivered by the program.

Outcomes

The impact of the program process on the cases processed.

Eclectic

The majority of counselors (60-70%) identify themselves as this. They use various techniques and theories to match their clients' needs.

Outputs

The services delivered or new products produced by the program process

Reframing

The therapist may wish to give a different explanation so that constructive change can occur in a family situation. (example anorexia as stubbornness not illness...)

Social workers vs. Psychologists

The two are similar with different origins: Social workers: - Promotes human right and social justice from an advocacy perspective - Definition according to the CASW: Social work is a profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups, and communities to enhance their individual and collective well-being. It aims to help people develop their own skills and their ability to use their own resources and those of the community to resolve their problems. (Use what you have to solve your problems with your own skills and the resources you have). Psychologists: - They are trained extensively in the psychology field therefore are more likely to administer and interpret psychological tests. However, they do not usually cover the more "clinical" variety as much as clinical and school psychologists do.

Developmental Theory

Theory that is inclusive and concerned with longitudal expression. Super's five stages of vocational development

Enactment

Therapist instructs family to act out an argument to observe how they deal with problems as they appear.

Paradoxical Tasks

Therapist is suggesting the family continue the behavior they are seeking help for, used if the family resists straightforward suggestions.

Technology and Counselling- Ethical/Legal Implications

There are risks of online counselling: - Confidentiality - Crises - Not being able to fully build a relationship and trust without seeing the other person - Jurisdictional issues - Lack of evidence for best practice - Technology failures - Non-verbal communication

Psychoeducational Approach to Family Therapy

This approach to family therapy was created by Anderson, Reiss and Hogarty and takes what would appear to be a more traditional approach to support and educate the family to deal with a schizophrenic patient, by doing a one day workshop with the family. Programs that teach coping skills and communication skills have been developed to teach families how to communicate, solve problems or negotiate conflicts more effectively. Used in minority communities, increasingly.

Gestalt as applied to Family Therapy

This theory of Family thearpy observes individuals in the family and how they cause boundary disturbances for each other. The focus is very much on the present. Therapists help the individuals in the family to become aware of patterns of interactions, their own needs and those of family member. Focus on sensations, listening, watching or touching to achieve awareness of boundaries so that appropriate separation and integration can be achieved.

Behavior Therapy applied to Family Therapy

This theory of Family thereapy focuses on behavior and experimental methods are used to change behavior. Baseline established of child's behavior they wish to change. Then parents try behavioral techniques taught by the therapist.

Brief Family Systems Therapy

This theory of family therapy attempts to make interventions in a short period of time. The approach is practical, clear method and related to the presenting problem. Immediate and Lasting change is a goal in the family system, second order change.

Existential Therapy applied to Family Therapy

This type of Family Thearpy/Theory focuses not only on the relationship between individuals, but also on the awareness that individuals have of themselves and their own being in the world.

Feminist Therapy applied to Family Therapy

This type of family therapy helps take a look at political and social factors that provide insight into how family members react to each other. Focus is on how gender and power issues affect clients. Cultural and racial identity also considered.

Adlerian Therapy applied to Family Therapy

This type of family therapy theory takes an educational point-of-view. Families are taught to resolve conflicts by developing mutual respect for each other. Practical approach.

Mental Research Institute Brief Family Therapy (MRI)

This type of family therapy was based on the work of Gregory Bateson, Don Jackson, Jay Haley, Milton Erickson and emphasizes resolving problems and relieving symptoms as well as working on the relationships within the family. Fewer than 10 sessions, structured approach to problem resolution. (doesn't use Minuchin's concepts of power and hierarchy) Use of complementary relationships and symmetrical relationships.

Humanistic Family Therapy Approach (Satire)

This type or Family Therapy focused on developing a sense of strength and self-worth and bringing flexibility into family situations to initiate change. Effective communication was key. Five styles of relating within the family: The placater, (weak an tenative, always agreeing), the blamer, finding fault with others, the superreasonable, detached, calm and unemotional, the irrelevant, distracting other and not relating, and the congruent communicator: geniuinely expressive, real and open.Based on Intuitive reactions and then interventions that lead to healthier family functioning.

Issues with Counselling in Various Settings: Computers

Transmission of Information: - Possibility of information to be breached over the internet as there are hundreds of websites that can hack systems and get a hold of information Webcounseling: - Hard to counsel clients miles away as ethical dilemmas can arise Social Media

Approaches/Ways to Counsel the Aged

Treat them like adults, not elders.. - Utilize normal counselling skills- identifying feelings, recognizing patterns, asking open-ended questions - Spirituality - Resilience- capacity to recover quickly from difficulties - Rogerian, Existential and Short term CBT- look at past and find positive ways of viewing it as you cannot go back and change it. - Structure Life-Review Process- helps integrate the past and prepare them for the future

Issues with Counselling in Various Settings: Marriage and Family

Treating a System vs. Individual - Unlikely that all members have the same goals - To overcome potential problems, a dynamic framework for counsellors has been developed to work with families, individuals, etc.

Which worker would experience the MOST negative consequences from the increase in job changes in today's workplace? D

Trent, who is 41-years-old Bennett, who is 25-years-old Brendan, who is 34-years-old Albert, who is 64-years-old

What is the description of a group?

Two or more people interacting together to achieve a goal for their mutual benefit

In class video- Blonde Speaker

Video from blonde speaker- - Sense of worthiness= sense of love and belonging - People with a sense of love and belonging, have it because they think they are worthy of it. Those who do not have a sense of it, don't have it because they don't believe they are worthy of it. When in reality, everyone is worthy of it. - Courage- original definition comes from the French word Coeur, which means heart. To tell your story with your whole heart. People who have the courage to be imperfect are willing to let go of what they think they should be, to who they actually are in order to be connected and love oneself. - Vulnerability- embrace it. What makes one vulnerable is what makes one beautiful. Be willing to invest in something where there is no guaranteed. Ex: say I love you first in a relationship. - Speaker went through a "spiritual awakening" where she had to see a therapist. In this awakening she learnt that "we numb" vulnerability. This means that when you numb bad, you numb good at the same time. You cannot selectively numb emotions, so when you're trying to numb emotions like shame, disappointment, you are also numbing positive feelings such as joy and gratitude.

Sigmund Freud

Viennese psychiatrist primarily associated with psychoanalysis.

Systems of Counselling

Wellness: Strength- based approach Solution- focused Theory Stress Inoculation Training

Attribution

What does the counsellor attribute the problem cause? Internal/External. Four main attribution models that counsellors use on either a conscious or unconscious level.. 1. Medical Model 2. Moral Model 3. Compensatory Model 4. Enlightenment Model

Asking "the question"

What would be different if you were well?

Canadian Core Competencies

What you need to have when working with diverse clients: 1. Cultural Self-Awarness 2. Awareness of Client Cultural Identities 3. Culturally Sensitive Working Alliance

Emotional Cutoff

When children receive too much stress because of over-involvement in the family, they may try to separate themselves from the family through emotional cutoff. example: child going to their room to get away from family conflict

Detriangulation

When possible Bowen tried to separate parts of a triangle directly. Goals to decrease anxiety and resolve symptoms, usually worked with the strongest most differentiated person in the family to help initiate change.

Family Projection Process

When there are relatively low levels of differentiation in the marriage, partners may project their stress onto one child. The child most emotionally attached to the parents may have the least differentiation between feelings and intellect.

Triangulation

When there is stress between two people in a family, they may bring another member in to dilute the anxiety or tension. Usually the least differentiated person is likely to be drawn in to the the conflict.

Fusion/Pseudoself

When thoughts and feelings are not distinct, fusion occurs. A person whose feelings and thoughts are fused may express a pseudoself rather than their true values or opinions.

Issues with Counselling in Various Settings: School Setting

Who is your client? - Problems arise with helping the client, along with helping the school, teachers and parents - Importance of collaboration with other colleagues- can be helpful allowing consultation with other Canadian school counsellors

Interest, skills, traits, pairing Worker role interacting with life role Assisting with career choice Emotional issues can arise out of work issues Viable for high school students Career assessments Provides information about education, occupation, and psychosocial

Why is career counseling important?

Reality Therapy Founder

William Glasser and further Robert Wubbolding

Reality Therapy applied to Family Therapy

William Glasser's approach to family therapy observed the choice systems of different family members and how they interact and connect with each other. Shared feelings, wants and values of each family member are considered. Suggestions are made to focus on doing things together to promote family harmony, but also on individual needs being met.

Bowen's Intergenerational approach

Worked with parents of children with schizophrenia and their families. His approach emphasized the family's emotional system and the history of this system as it may be traced through the family dynmaics of the parents' families and even grand parents' families. He was interested in how families projected their own emotionality onto a particular person.

Old Age Classification Scheme

Young-old= 55-65 Old Old= 75+

semi-structured interview

a cross between the structured and unstructured.

Systems Theories

a generic term for conceptualizing a group of related elements (people) that interact as a whole entity (a family or a group)

counselors should engage in a cycle of formulating

a hypothesis about a client, gathering information from the client, and reformulating the hypothesis.

Genogram (Bowen)

a method of diagramming families; includes significant information about families: sex, age, marriage dates, deaths and geographical locations. Can show patterns of differentiation.

Fixation

a person's development is arrested at a particular stage

What is an ecological niche? C

a supposed period of unusual anxiety and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout the lifespan lifestyle and social context that are chosen for their compatibility with one's personality collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and strangers who move through life with an individual

Focus of Counselling

a) Development of issue b) Overcoming certain problems c) Coping better with a crisis situation d) Improving relationships with others e) Overcoming feelings associated with inner conflicts Ex: my friends are bullying me, i need to then overcoming these problems and cope better with the situation. I have to then improve my relationship with my friends and overcome the feelings i have associated with them bullying me.

Polysubstance abuse/addiction

abuse of or addiction to two or more substances simultaneously.

ability testing

achievement/aptitude testing (readiness, survey battery, diagnostic); intellectual and cognitive functioning (cognitive ability, special aptitude, multiple aptitude)

Child Abuse

acts of commission involving physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, neglect and abandonment -families who engage in abuse are usually chaotic in nature and have r/s deficits

Process Addiction

addiction to behaviors including sexuality, gambling, intent use, gaming behavior moves from normal to addictive when it both produces pleasure and reduces negative moodes

standardized assessment procedures

administered in the same manner and under the same conditions each time they are given

The Big Five scores differ for people living in different states. North Dakotans are highest in extroversion and _____.

agreeableness

4 most needed services on college campuses deal with these issues

alcohol consumption, sexual abuse and violence, eating disorders and depression

rating scales

allow an individual to give a subjective rating of a behavior on a scale to obtain a quantity or characteristics.

norm group comparisons

allow individuals to compare themselves with their peer group. allow test takers who took the same test but are in different norm groups to compare their results. allow an individual to compare his or her results on two different test.

clinical interview

allows the counselor to obtain in-depth understanding of the client through an unstructured or structured interview process.

structured interview

allows the examinee to respond to a set of pre-established items verbally or in wirgiht. allows for a broad assessment of client issues but sometimes does not allow for in-depth follow-up in one area.

split-half reliability

also called odd-even, eliminates the problem of having to create a second form of the test. the instrument is plit in half in some rational manner that assumes that scores on the first half of the test should be equivalent to scores on the second half. problem: the fact that two halves of a test are generally not perfectly equivalent to one another, so it does not assess as accurately for error within the test.

alternative forms reliability

also called parallel forms or equivalent forms measures accuracy in a test by correlating one form of a test with a second form that is considered to be a close mirror of the first form. given at the same time, the possibility that the correlation is a result of changes in the individual between the first and second is eliminated. problem;the difficulty of making a second form that is a true mirror of the first.

performance based assessments

alternative to traditional standardized testing, and is often used when individuals from non-dominant groups have performed lower on traditional tests and when other procedures can be shown to predict as well as traditional test.

Disability

an inability or a limitation that prevents a person from performing some or all of the tasks of daily life Affect 4.4 million people

Analysis of Transference

analyst encourages transference and interprets positive or negative feelings expressed

classification methods

assess a quantity of specific attributes or characteristics, provides information about whether an individual has or does not have certain attributes or charactertistics.

Informal assessment techniques

assess a wide range of a person's behaviors

Ability tests

assess learning and cognitive functioning

projective technique

assess personality characteristics by having an individual respond to unstructured stimuli (inkblot). responses represent conscious and unconscious needs, desire, likes, drives, and personal struggles. ex. Rorschach uses inkblots. other types include sentence completion tests, drawings and techniques in which the person is asked to develop stories from pictures that are presented.

Personality tests

assess temperament, affect, and habits

Critical part of a school counselors job

assessment testing

peer counselor Model

assumes that people with direct experience with disabilities are best able to help those who have recently acquired disabilities

Sociopoltical model/minority model

assumes that persons with disabilities are a minority group rather than people with pathologies

Conscious mind

attuned to awareness of outside world

Which statement about adult friendships is true?

become better with age

common classification methods

behavior or feeling word checklists - - classification methods that can be created are limitless.

Implosion and flooding

both involve desensitizing the client to a situation by imagining the anxiety-producing scene

Changing boundaries

boundary marking to note boundaries in the family. To change boundaries, therapists may rearrange the seating of the family members and change the distance between them. They may unbalance the structure so power within a subsystem changes. (ex. powerless parents, therapist may side with them against the overly powerful child).

Analysis of Resistance

can help clients gain insight in their resisting and other behaviors

Phallic stage

chief zone of pleasure is in sex organs; individuals must work through sexual desires

Reauthoring

client changes life and relationship stories and creates possibilities for change

Raising dilemmas

client examines possible aspects of a problem before the need arises

Time-out

client is separated from positive reinforcement

Overcorrecting

client restores the environment to its natural state and then makes it better than normal

Predicting setbacks

client thinks about what to do in the face of adversity

Exaggeration

clients accentuate unwitting movements or gestures

Acting "as if"

clients act as if they are the person they want to be

Dream analysis

clients are encouraged to dream and remember dreams and the analyst helps interpret

Push button

clients encouraged to realize they have choices about what stimuli in their lives they pay attention to

Catching oneself

clients learn to become aware of self-destructive behaviors or thoughts

Task setting

clients set short range, attainable goals and eventually work up to long-term, realistic objectives

five major kinds of aptitude tests

cognitive ability tests, individual intelligence tests, neuropsychological assessments, special aptitude tests, and multiple aptitude tests.

Child Physical abuse - cognitive

cognitive impairment, poor school performance, and later substance abuse

environmental assessment

collecting information from a client's home, school, or workplace through observation or self-reports. systems oriented and naturalistic and can be eye-opening because even when clients do not intentionally mislead their therapists, they will often present a distorted view based on their own inaccurate perceptions or because they are embarrassed about revealing some aspect of their lives.

What is the developmental task of Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage?

combining values and traditions from childhood with current social context

People seek _____ partnerships to raise children, to share resources, and to provide care.

committed

marital satisfaction

compatibility of a persons typologies -people seek interaction in environment that meet their psychological needs.

Existential counselors

concentrate on being authentic with their clients and entering deep personal relationships with them

Isaiah, an accountant, is organized and deliberate. He likes to plan, works long hours, and is self-disciplined. Isaiah's personality clusters high in:

conciensousness

What is the major developmental task in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage?

connecting individual journeys with the cultural and historical purpose of human society

In terms of the Big Five personality traits, openness is to creative as _____ is to self-disciplined.

conscientiousness

New Mexicans were found to be the highest in the Big Five personality trait of _____.

conscientiousness

Sam's neighbor is not a person he considers a close friend, but they say hello to each other each morning as they leave for work, share gardening tips, and sometimes help each other with home repairs. Sam's neighbor is an example of a:

consequential stranger

People who are not in a person's closest friendship circle but nonetheless have an impact.

consequential strangers

norm groups

consist of a national representative sample of individuals. ex. tests sold by national publishing companies.

Alaskans were found to be the lowest in the Big Five personality trait of _____.

contentiousness

A 2001 study of midlife found that _____ increased and _____ decreased over the years.

contiensiouness; extroversion

May I feed you a sentence?

counselor asks whether or not client will certain sentence that makes the client's thoughts explicit

Spitting in the client's soup

counselor points out behaviors to a client and ruins the payoff for the behavior

Assertiveness training

counselor teaches client about assertiveness and self-expression

nonstandardized, criterion-referenced assessment procedure

counselor-made assessment procedure that has targeted learning goals for students.

Clues

counselors alert clients that some behaviors are likely to continue and they should not worry about them

Encouragement

counselors encourage clients to feel good about selves and others

Compliments

counselors praise clients for their strengths

Celebrations/letters/certificates

counselors recognize client's progress and accomplishments through letters and certificates, and celebrate termination and treatment

student development

creates research-based environments that helps students learn and develop

The MIDUS study of midlife found that openness, extroversion, and neuroticism _____ over the years.

decreased

Anal stage

delight is in withholding or eliminating feces

Some social scientists believe that _____ on others should be added to the Big Five.

dependence

Some social scientists believe that __________ should be added to the Big Five.

dependence on others

Psychological effects of addiction

dependency issues, health issues, cognitive issues

Grade equivalent scores

derived score generally used with achievement tests to determine an individual's position relative to his or her grade level. the grade level of the student represents the mean of the grade equivalent.

deviation IQ

derived score having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 and generally used with intelligence tests.

ACT Scores

derived score having a mean of 21 and standard deviation of 5. used with ACT, the most widely used college entrance exam.

Sten scores

derived score having a mean of 5.5 and standard deviation of 2. used with personality inventories and questionnaires. ranges from 1 to 10.

Normal Cure Equivalents (NCE) scores

derived score having a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 21.06. often used with education testing. ranges from 1 to 99.

SAT/GRE-type scores

derived score having a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. used mostly to report SAT and GRE scores.

Stanines

derived score having amean of 5 and standard deviation of 2. used with achievement tests. ranges from 1 to 9.

percentile rank

derived score that describes the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score.

Seventy-three-year-old Arturo was a surgeon for 45 years. Now that he is retired, he mentors young physicians on ethical judgments on medical issues. Arturo is in Erikson's integrity versus _____ stage of development.

despair

sibling abuse

direct participation of parents, guardian, children, and others. Supervision of children, appropriate sexual education, and violin proofing the home are stressed.

Younger people are more likely to be at an advantage in functioning effectively and happily in a(n) _____ working environment.

diverse

The workplace is changing. New features include: D

diversity among employees. flexible work hours. frequent job changes. All of these answers are correct.

When health impairs a husband's ability to work, _____ is more likely.

divorce

_____ ends an abusive, destructive relationship about one-third of the time.

divorce

unstructured interview

does nt have a preestablished list of items or questions, and client responses to examiner inquires establish the direction for follow-up questioning.

Antideterministic view

each person is able to change and become responsible

Unfinished business

earlier thoughts, feelings, and reactions that still affect a person's functioning and ability to live life in the present

O'Donnell emphasize

eating natural foods, taking vitamins, going to health spa, meditating, participating in regular exercise, exploring a variety of humanistic and transpersonal approaches to helping

The particular lifestyle and social context that adults settle into because it is compatible with their individual personality needs and interests

ecological niche

The particular lifestyle and social context that an adult settles into because it is compatible with their personality needs and interests is known as _____.

ecological niche

Solution Focused Approach

emphasis is to get the client to think about what an improved life would look like and what changes would be needed to live such a life

English residential liberal arts tradition

emphasis on education of the whole person

German University Tradition

emphasis on research and scholarship

U.S. Paradigm

emphasis on vocational or professional preparation

counseling as traditionally defined

emphasizes a broad range of counseling services including short and long term relationships and those that deal with personal, academic, and career concerns

counseling as vocational guidance

emphasizes helping students productively relate academic and career matters

counseling model

emphasizes social and emotional growth in interpersonal and vocational decisions

Albee's incidence formula

emphasizes that counselors must decrease negative effects of biology and stress and increase the coping skills, self-esteem, and supportive systems of adolescents.

counseling as consultation

emphasizes working with the various organizations and personnel who have a direct impact on student mental health

The time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives

empty nest

Latency

energy focused on peer activities and personal mastery of cognitive learning and physical skills

Clinical interview

establish overall functioning of a person

Process evaluation

evaluation research that investigates the process of services delivery.

Tests

evaluative procedures that yield information about a person. A subset of a broad pool of assessment techniques and yield scores based on the gathering of collective data.

Circular causality

events are related through a series of interactive feedback loops Theories include: Bowen ST Structural Family Counseling Strategic (Brief) Counseling

Ellis' belief

everyone is a fallible human being

reliability

examines the accuracy of test scores, measuring the amount of error in a test. types of reliability; test-retest, alternative forms, split-half, and internal consistency.

The tangible benefits, usually in the form of compensation (e.g., salary, health insurance, pension), that one receives for doing a job.

extrinsic rewards

James, a computer salesman, is happily married, coaches youth soccer, coordinates a neighborhood watch group, and cycles with his bike club. His personality clusters high in:

extroversion

Which is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits? C

extroversion openness independence agreeableness

In terms of the Big Five personality traits, _____ is to outgoing as _____ is to curiosity.

extroversion; openness

Child Physical Abuse consequences

fearfulness, distrust of others, delinquency, depression, post traumatic stress responses, difficulty forming close, lasting r/s with peers

Carlos is from Mexico, but lives in the United States and rarely sees his family. He has become very close to his roommate's family. This family includes him in all of their family events. Carlos and this family would be considered _____.

fictive kin

Someone who becomes accepted as part of a family to which he or she has no blood relation

fictive kin

An arrangement in which work schedules are flexible so that employees can balance personal and occupational responsibilities.

flextime

_____ is an arrangement in which work schedules are adaptable so that employees can balance personal and occupational responsibilities.

flextime

cognitive-structural

focus on how individuals develop a sense of meaning in the world

typology

focus on individual differences, such as temperament, personality type, and patterns of socialization

special aptitude tests

focus on measuring specific segments of ability, ex. eye-hand coordination, are used to predict the potential for success at specific jobs or training programs.

According to Erikson, the chief expression of adult _____ is parenting.

generativity

Dr. Sahib, a 69-year-old psychology professor, has been teaching at a university for more than thirty years. He is not ready to retire because he loves teaching young adults and helping them prepare for their careers. He is demonstrating _____ through employment.

generativity

Sasha is happily married with 3 children. She is involved in her children's sports teams and music classes and tutors other children from their school. Sasha is in Erikson's _____ stage of development.

generativity versus isolaton

In which of Erikson's stages do adults need to care for the next generation?

generativity versus stagnation

Tamika is happily married with 3 children. She is involved in her children's sports teams and music classes and tutors other children from their school. Tamika is in Erikson's _____ stage of development.

generativity versus stagnation

The seventh of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek to be productive in a caring way, perhaps through art, caregiving, and employment.

generativity versus stagnation

internal consistency

gives an estimate of consistency based on a single administration of a test. reflects the average of all split-half reliabilities. popular. ext. Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha and Kuder-Richardson

_____ means that each nation exports what it does best and imports what it needs.

globalization

in agency and higher education settings testing

has become a core component of the counselor's work.

Thirty-six-year-old Jason lost his job due to outsourcing. This would be his 5th job change. Studies show that Jason's frequent job changes make him three times more likely to have _____ by age 42.

health problems

Jane is currently struggling with her teenage son's drug addiction, and she is worried about her deteriorating relationship with her husband. Who is she most likely to turn to for support?

her close friends

Preconscious mind

hidden memories or forgotten experiences that can be remembered

Maslow developed the

hierarchy of needs

Most successful people have....

high self efficacy and high abilities

Medical Model

historically, how professionals were first involved with persons with disabilities

Sibling Abuse physical

hitting, kicking, biting, scrating, throwing

In which of Erikson's stages do many adults reassess the four types of identity: sexual/gender, vocational, spiritual and political?

identity versus role confusion

Which of Erikson's stages concerns a person's lifelong process of combining values and traditions from childhood with the current social context?

identity versus role confusion

Genital stage

if previous stages have gone well, each gender takes more interest in the other and normal heterosexual patterns of interaction appear

student affairs

includes student-life services, student development, and counseling

Research on telecommuting indicates that the demands of family life can _____ the worker's stress.

increase

to increase accuracy of results of hypothesis

increase the number of assessment procedures given.

In the United States, the number of declared homosexual couples between 2000 and 2006 has _____ by 31 percent.

increased

In the United States, the number of declared homosexual couples has _____ probably because of homosexuals' greater willingness to declare themselves in official U.S. statistics.

increased

Shifts in personality during adulthood often reflect _____ agreeableness and conscientiousness.

increased

standardized, normreferenced test

individual intelligence test

Merrill Land Grant Act of 1862

influenced establishment of state universities

In which of Erikson's stages do adults seek to connect their personal journeys with the cultural and historical purpose of human society

integrity versus dispair

In which of Erikson's stages do adults seek to connect their personal journeys with the cultural and historical purpose of human society?

integrity versus dispair

Seventy-year-old Carl was a physician for 45 years. Now that he is retired, he volunteers at a free clinic for children. Carl is in Erikson's _____ stage of development.

integrity versus dispair

During Erikson's _____ versus isolation stage, adults seek a reciprocal connection with another human being.

intimacy

Maslow's stage of love and belonging is similar to Erikson's stage of _____ versus isolation.

intimacy

The sixth of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation.

intimacy versus isolation

Thirty-two-year-old John and Katherine were happily married for 5 years until Katherine was killed in an automobile accident. Since he lost his wife, John has refused to date, maintain his friendships, and has thrown all his energy into his job. John was in Erikson's _____ stage, which was disrupted by the loss of Katherine.

intimacy versus isolation

Thirty-two-year-old William and Sierra were happily married for 5 years until Sierra was killed in an automobile accident. Since he lost his wife, William has refused to date, maintain his friendships, and has thrown all his energy into his job. William was in Erikson's _____ stage, which was disrupted by the loss of Sierra.

intimacy versus isolation

The intangible gratifications (e.g., job satisfaction, self-esteem, pride) that come from within oneself as a result of doing a job.

intrinsic rewards

Experiential Therapy of Carl Whitaker

intuitive approach to therapy. interpersonal growth is the goal. His approach used countertransference (his own reactions to clients). For Intuitive approaches to family therapy, listened for impulses and symbols of unconscious behavior.

Interpersonal area of abuse

involves violent or neglectful actions against others, especially those within one's family. Forms of interpersonal abuse include emotional abuse and physical abuse.

Macroscopic approach

involving a broad and comprehensive theoretical framework

Personal adaptation

involving an increase in critical, logical, accurate, and scientific-like thinking

Self-actualization

is centered in the present

cross-cultural fairness of tests

is critical in determining whether an assessment instrument is fair for all individuals who may be taking a test or assessment instrument. there will always be some bias but it should be small enough to allow for justifiable interpretations of any individual's responses.

According to Erikson, the failure to achieve intimacy during early adulthood is most likely to result in:

isolation

Since his divorce 3 years ago, 37-year-old Matthew lives alone, has few friends, and spends his time working in his office and at home. He hasn't made new friends and does not seem to be motivated to do so. According to Erikson, Matthew has developed _____.

isolation

A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members.

kin keeper

According to a study by Byers et al., older adults were _____ likely to be depressed if they were providing support for their adult children than when they are distant from them

less

competence in the use of tests

level A tests given by nonpsychologists (educational achievement tests - teachers) level B tests require technical knowledge of test construction and use and advanced coursework in psychology and related courses ( master's level counseling) level C tests require an advanced degree in psychology or licensure as a psychologist

Nuclear family emotional systems

likely to be unstable if the members aren't each well differentiated.

Child sexual abuse effects

long term effects are the same regardless of the perpetrator's gender or sexual preference -Distress -Acute trauma -PTST

counseling as psychotherapy

long-term counseling with a small percentage of students

addiction 3 C's

loss of CONTROL COMPULSIVE use CONTINUED use *Any object can become an addiction

Chan has been happily married to Mei Lin for the last 5 years and is very secure in their relationship. Over the last year, he has worked very hard to try to get a bonus and recognition from his job. According to Maslow, Chan has achieved the _____ level and is attempting to reach the success and esteem level.

love and belonging

Erikson's stage of intimacy versus isolation is similar to Maslow's stage of:

love and belonging

Positive regard

love, warmth, care, respect are needed for a healthy self to emerge

I take responsibility

make statements about perceptions and close with the phrase "I take responsibility for it."

spouse/partner abuse treatments

marital therapy, anger management training, individual therapy, and domestic conflict containment programs

Which therapist developed the hierarchy of needs?

maslow

Which therapist explained development as a sequence not linked to chronological age?

maslow

_____ developed the hierarchy of needs.

maslow

Ben and Nancy have been married for 20 years. Although they are very happy, Nancy worries that this happiness will decrease with time. Research would suggest that Nancy's fear: B

may or may not be reasonable, depending on whether she and her husband are experiencing a midlife crisis. is unfounded, because after 10 or 20 years of declining satisfaction, partnerships improve as time goes on. is reasonable, because marital discord is most common in couples who have been married 10 years or more. is probably a sign of neuroticism.

Logotherapy

meaning goes beyond self-actualization and exists at 3 levels -Ultimate meanings -Meaning of the moment -Common day-to-day meaning

neuropsychological assessment

measures a broad range of behaviors related to brain functioning. used to identify brain damage, to measure change in one's overall cognitive functioning, to compare changes in cognitive functioning to one's norm group, to provide rehabilitation treatment and planning guidelines and to provide specific guidelines for educational planning in the schools.

multiple aptitude tests

measures a series of specific segments of ability, used to understand an individuals aptitude on a broad range of abilities. used in occupational decision making. ex. differential aptitude test (DAT) used by high school counselors, and Armed services vocational aptitude batters used by the military.

interquartile range

measures how 50% of the scores vary around the median.

personality assessment

measuring one's temperament, attitudes, values, likes, dislikes, emotions, motivation, interpersonal skills, and/or level of adjustment.

Regarding the concept of the sandwich generation, most developmentalists agree that: B

middle-aged adults are often burdened by caring for adult children and aging parents. it is not necessarily true. women are more likely than men to feel "sandwiched." men are more likely than women to feel "sandwiched."

A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had more to do with developmental history than with chronological age.

midlife crisis

Due to a lack of empirical support, few contemporary developmentalists believe that a(n) _____ is a common experience.

midlife crisis

three measures of central tendency

mode, median, and mean

rest-retest reliability

most common, examines the relationship between scores on one administration of a test with scores on a second administration of the same test to the same group of people. a test poorly made will result in many people having large deviations between the first and second administrations of the test. problem: is in sorting out whether deviations between the first and second administration of a test are the result of changes in individuals or because of error in the test.

About one-third of all working couples who have young children and nonstandard schedules choose to have the _____ spend time at home when the care of the children, meals and other household needs can be met.

mothers

interpersonal abuses and addictions factors/ treatments

motivation-internal desire to change denial-minimizing effects of substance abuse on self -Dual Diagnosis- more than 1 aspect of personality matching- right amount of a disorder -control-regulation of behavior relapse

Oral stage

mouth is the chief pleasure zone

standardized, criterion-referenced assessment procedures

nationally made individual achievement tests, which are often given to students with learning disabilities.

In terms of the Big Five personality traits, agreeableness is to easygoing as _____ is to moody.

neuroticism

Tasha, a jail guard, is critical of everyone she meets and does not like to travel because of anxiety. She often blames herself for the problems she experiences. Tasha's personality clusters high in _____.

neuroticism

The Big Five scores differ for people living in different states. People in Utah are lowest in _____.

neuroticism

Midlife crisis begins:

no particular age

informal assessment procedures

nonstandardized.

bell-shaped curve

normal curve, it's a product of the natural laws of the universe and is explained through the laws of probablity. when we measure most traits and abilities of people, the scores often approximate a bell-shaped distribution. allows us to understand the most important measure of variability, standard deviation.

derived scores

not actual raw sores, enables to compare scores on different tests because their units of measurement are made comparable. percentile rank, t-scores, deviation IQ, SAT/GRE-type scores, ACT scores, normal curve equivalents, stanines, Sten scores, grade equivalent scores.

nonstandardized assessment procedure

not necessarily given under the same conditions and in the same manner at each administration.

Rudy and Maggie have been married for three years. They report that their happiness increases every year they are married. Rudy and Maggie's feelings are:

not typical, as most couples experience a dip in happiness for the first five years of marriage.

three types of personality tests

objective tests, projective techniques, and interest inventories.

personality testing

objective tests, projective tests, interest inventories

informal assessment

observation, rating scales, classification methods, environmental assessment, records & personal documents, performance-based assessment

informal assessment procedures

observation, rating scales, classification methods, environmental assessment. usually developed by the individual who is going to be giving the procedure. less valid than other kinds of instruments, they offer important and relatively easy method of examining a slice of behavior of an individual.

observation

observing the individual in natural settings, in counseling the client is asked to observe specific targeted behaviors he or she is working on changing. when observing, the observer conducts an event sample or a time sample.

concurrent validity

occurs when a test shows sizable correlation to a criterion in the present. a high correlation should show criterion-related validity; a low correlation would mean the test's validity is questionable.

An "empty nest" is:

often improves a relationship

Individual intelligence tests

one-to-one to measure general intellectual ability. broad range of uses helping to identify individuals who are learning disabled, developmentally delayed, intellectually disabled, or gifted and can be used as an indicator of personality characteristics.

In terms of the Big Five personality traits, _____ is to creative as conscientiousness is to self-disciplined.

openness

In the United States, the Big Five scores differ for people living in different states. New Yorkers are highest in __________, whereas North Dakotans are highest in ___________.

openness; extroversion

An individual's social convoy is most likely to be made up of:

people about the same age

Social-cognitive form of learning (Bandura)

people gain new knowledge and behavior by observing people and events without engaging in the behavior themselves and without direct consequences to themselves

When a person's lifestyle dramatically changes, such as after a divorce, finding a new career, or recovering from a disease, his or her _____ traits remain essentially the same.

personality

positive wellness

preventative+remedial health related activities

Skeleton keys

procedures that have worked before and have universal applications to unlocking a variety of problems

friendsickness

psychological pain because of the disruption in established friendship networks

4 developmental theories that guide student development

psychosocial, cognitive-structural, person-environment interaction, typology

where to find tests and assessment techniques

publisher resource catalogs journals in the field source books and on-line source information on testing and assessment procedures books on testing and assessment experts (school psychologists) the internet

objective personality tests

questionnaires or inventories that require true/false, yes/no, multiple choice or related responses in an effort to measure some aspect of personality. these test might measure anxiety, depression, psychosis, suicidal tendencies, eating disorders, extroversion-introversion tendiences, marital satisfaction etc. ex. minnesota multiphasic personality inventory.

Asking how the problem and person affect each other

raises objectivity and awareness

three measures of variability

range, interquartile range, standard deviation

face validity

real type of validity; has to do with how the test superficially looks. some test can have face validity but not be valid or not have face validity and be valid.

Ecosystem Thinking

recognizes the indivisible interconnectedness of individual, family, and sociocultural. -cultural contexts in which people communicate impacts of mental health -Marriage= importance of personal, environmental, and well being -

person-environment interaction

refers to various conceptualizations of the college student and the college environment and the degree of congruence that occurs when they interact

Inputs

resources, raw material, clients and staff that go into a program.

According to research by Gilbert, personality trumps experience. People who win the lottery are initially overjoyed and then:

revert back to previous level of happiness

Many seniors on Medicare are very protective of the program, and do not want to extend this benefit to younger workers. This characteristic is called:

risk aversion

Erikson's identity versus _____ stage concerns a p erson's lifelong process of combining values and traditions from childhood with the current social context.

role confusion

Carmen helps take care of her elderly mother and helps her daughter, who is newly divorced. It could be best said that she represents the _____.

sandwich generation

The generation of middle-aged people who are supposedly "squeezed" by the needs of the younger and older members of their families. In reality, some adults do feel pressured by these obligations, but most are not burdened by them, either because they enjoy fulfilling them or because they choose to take on only some of them or none of them.

sandwich generation

Externalization of a problem

separates the person from the problem

clinical interview serves several purposes

sets a tone for the types of information that will be covered during the assessment process. allows the client to become desensitized to information than can be very intimate and personal. allows the examiner to assess the nonverbal signals of the client. allows the examiner to learn firsthand the problem areas of the client and place them in perspective. gives the client and examiner the opportunity to study each other's personality style to ensure that they can work together.

assessment reports

should not be longer than a few pages, use language that professionals can understand. problems: overuse of jargon, focusing on assessment procedures, downplaying the person, focusing on the person and de-emphasizing the assessment results, poor organization, poor writing skills, and failing to take a position about the person who was assessed.

good tests

show evidence for the establishment of four qualities that are important

correlation coefficient

show the relationship between two sets of scores, range from +1 to -1. assess some aspects of the worthiness of a test.

positive correlation

shows a tendency for two sets of scores to be related in the same direction.

negative correlation

shows an inverse relationship between two sets of scores.

Child Physical Abuse

skin injuries physical traumas- broken bones, soft tissue swelling, and bleeding death

A group of people who provide encouragement and guidance and meet one's social needs throughout life is called a:

social convoy

Collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and even strangers who move through life with an individual.

social convoy

Contingency contracts

spell out behaviors to be performed, changed, or stopped, the rewards to each goal and conditions to each reward

Seniors are abused by

spouses, adult children and caregivers 1% have been physically assaulted in Canada 7% experienced either financial or emotional abuse.

Erikson would describe an adult who is unsuccessful at achieving generativity as _____.

stagnant

Erikson theorized that if generativity is not attained, the adult is likely to experience:

stagnation

Biomedical Model

states that disabilities are objective conditions that exist in and of themselves

developmental model

stresses education

student services model

students are consumers and services must facilitate development

administrative model

students services profession is an administrative, service oriented unit in higher education that provides many facilitating and development activities and programs for students

idiosyncratic publisher-derived scores

survey battery acievement test, publshiers create a derived score called a scaled score for that thest.

predictive validity

takes place when a test is shown to be predictive of a future criterion. high correlation would show that the ACT can predict college grades. low correlation would leave us questioning the ability of the test to predict college grades.

criterion-referenced assessment

techniques are designed to assess specific learning goals of an individual. achievement of these goals measured by a criterion-referenced procedure.

Working at home and keeping in touch with the office via computer, telephone, and scanner

telecommuting

measures of variablity

tell us how much scores vary in a distribution.

measures of central tendency

tell us what is occurring in the midrange of a group of scores.

achievement tests

tests that measure all of what one has learned, usually given in school to assess progress, survey battery tests measuring content areas and given in large groups of students.

aptitude tests

tests that measure all that one is capable of learning, includes cognitive ability tests, individual intelligence tests, neuropsychological testing, special aptitude tests and multiple aptitude tests.

reliability

the ability of a test to accurately measure a trait or ability.

mean

the average score

The five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout adulthood: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

the big five

Free Association

the client says whatever comes to mind

Confrontation

the counselor challenges the client to consider their own private logic

Interpretation

the counselor helps the client understand meaning of past and present personal events

practicality

the ease of administration and interpretation of the test. examines whether or not the test is realistic to give. it includes issues related to the cost of testing, the time it takes to administer the test, the ease of administration, the format of the test, the readability of the test, the ease of interpretation.

the greater the number of procedures used

the greater likelihood that they will yield a clearer snapshot of the client

norm referenced assessment

the individual can compare his or her score to the conglomerate scores of a peer or norm group.

Unconscious mind

the instinctual, repressed, and powerful forces

standard deviation

the manner in which scores deviate around the mean in a standard fashion. (most important). distributes itself in a consistent manner.

median

the middle score

Abused client

the misuse or maltreatment of people, places, or things

Emotional Interpersonal abuse

the most common it is not restricted to age, stage, or gender.

mode

the most frequent score

range

the number of scores between the highest and lowest scores on a distribution.

Self-theory

the self is an outgrowth of the person's experience

learning disability

the student's ability is much lower in one or more specified areas than his or her average ability in other areas.

Which statement is NOT true about Levinson's research on the midlife crisis?

the study was a longitudinal and multimethod study

psychosocial

there are 7 specific developmental tasks of college students: competence, autonomy, managing emotions, identity, purpose, integrity, and relationships. There are 3 key issues: career development, intimacy, and formulation of an adult philosophy of life

As adults age from adolescence into older adulthood, their relationships with their siblings:

they become closer

Cognitions

thoughts, belief, and internal images that people have about events in their lives

cognitive ability tests

true/false or multiple choice responses to measure the cognitive skills necessary to be successful in school. given in groups, frequently used to determine a student's overall potential in school. ex. ACT, SAT.

convergent validity

type of construct validity examines if my test is related to an already existing valid test.

discriminant validity

type of construct validity shows that a test is not related another test.

factor analysis validity

type of construct validity supports the notion that subscales on a test are separate and unique, although they all might be related to the larger construct.

experimental validity

type of construct validity uses validation of a research hypothesis to support the construct

interest inventories

type of objective personality test, are classified separately because of their very specific focus. used to determine the likes and dislikes of a person toward the world of work. used in career counseling process.

Covert sensitization

undesired behavior is eliminated by associating it with unpleasantness

readiness tests

used to assess an individuals ability to move on to the next educational level.

diagnostic achievement tests

used to delve more deeply into areas where there are suspected learning problems. done one-to-one by an experienced examiner, school psychologist. this is recommended following the results of a survey battery achievement test and when in consultation with parents and teachers, it seems probable that a student may have a learning disability.

records and personal documents

used to inquire about the client, asking the client to write an autobiography, collecting anecdotal information, completing a biographical inventory, examining cumulative records, completing a genogram, having client keep diaries or write journals

construct validity

used to support a theoretical assumption that the construct being measured by a test exists. important for such as depression, empathy, or intelligence and less important for geometry, etc.

criterion-referenced procedure

used with individuals who are learning disabled because goals can be individualized for the student based on his or her specific learning problem.

t-scores

used with personality assessment test. derived score having a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

nonstandardized and norm-referenced test

using a checklist to measure self-concept while observing a child in a class and then comparing the child's scores to those of a local norm group.

common environmental assessments includes

using direct observation, applying sociometric procedures to identify the relative position of an individual within a group, conducting a situational assessment where a persons responses to a contrived but natural situation is assessed.

test worthiness

validity, reliability, cross-cultural fairness, practicality

Defense mechanisms

ways of coping with anxiety on unconscious level by denying or distorting reality.

Divorce results in: B

weakened family ties. All of these answers are correct. severed relationships with friends. the loss of financial benefits

Phenomenological perspective

what is important in the person's view of reality rather than the event itself

event sample

when a specific event is observed without regard for time.

criterion-related validity

when an assessment instrument is shown to be related to some external criterion or reference. two types, concurrent validity and predictive validity.

time sample

when observation occurs over a specific amount of time without zeroing in on an event.

What is conspicuous consumption?

when people buy things to show them off to others

validity

whether or not a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

cross-cultural fairness

whether or not the test measures what it is supposed to measure in a consistent manner for all subgroups to whom the test is given

content validity

whether test items are constructed in a manner that show they represent the defined body of knowledge being tested. most important in ability testing.

writing assessment reports

will include demographic information, reason for referral, family background, behavioral observations of the client, mental status, test results, a diagnosis, recommendations, and summary.

What does STIPS do?

• Supervisors can help supervisees develop their case note conceptual skills. • One consideration is to use Prieto and Scheel's (2002) format for organizing and structuring thinking about a case using the acronym STIPS.