CPE CLASS Unit 7 - Unit 12

insular

(adj.) separated and narrow-minded; tight-knit, closed off (Because of the sensitive nature of their jobs, those who work for the CIA must remain insular and generally only spend time with each other.) ˈɪn.sjə.lər/ US ​ /ˈɪn.sə.lɚ/ disapproving ​ interested only in your own country or group and not willing to accept different or foreign ideas

leak

(of a liquid or gas) to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container; (of a container) to allow liquid or gas to escape: Water was leaking from the pipe. Oil leaked out of the car. The car leaked oil all over the drive.

in diameter

(the length of) a straight line that reaches from one point on the edge of a round shape or object, through its centre, to a point on the opposite edge: The diameter measures twice the radius. The pond is six feet in diameter.

allocate

(v.) to set apart or designate for a special purpose; to distribute

debris

/ˈdeb.riː/ /ˈdeɪ.briː/ US ​ /dəˈbriː/ ​ broken or torn pieces of something larger: Debris from the aircraft was scattered over a large area.

supermassive

A black hole millions or billions of times the mass of our Sun found at the centre of a galaxy

damaging

Detrimental

unravel

If a piece of knitted or woven cloth, a knot, or a mass of thread unravels, it separates into a single thread, and if you unravel it, you separate it into a single thread: You'd better mend that hole before the whole sweater starts to unravel. I had to unravel one of the sleeves because I realized I'd knitted it too small. If you unravel a mysterious, unknown, or complicated subject, you make it known or understood, and if it unravels, it becomes known or understood: We have a long way to go before we unravel the secrets of genetics.

loom

If an unwanted or unpleasant event looms, it seems likely to happen soon and causes worry: Her final exams are looming. Here, too, the threat of unemployment has been looming on the horizon. The threat of closure looms over the workforce.

head for

If you are heading for a bad situation, you are likely to experience it soon, because of your own actions or behaviour: They're heading for disaster if they're not careful. The country is heading for recession.

light pollution

Light that trespasses onto property that is bothersome, waste energy, and obscures the night sky.

indigenous

Native to a certain area

reading facial expressions

Nonverbal Learning Disorder (NVLD)

at a speed

When driving at 55 mph, you will require __________ to pass another vehicle.

differentiation

] the act of differentiating: a differentiation between mental illness and mental disability ​ [ U ] the process of becoming or making something different: Product differentiation is essential to the future of the company.

observatory

a building from which scientists can watch the planets, the stars, the weather, etc.

matrix

a group of numbers or other symbols arranged in a rectangle that can be used together as a single unit to solve particular mathematical problems

quest for (n i v)

a long search for something that is difficult to find, or an attempt to achieve something difficult: Nothing will stop them in their quest for truth. they were questing for...

consideration

a particular subject or fact that needs to be thought about when judging something: Comfort/Safety is an important consideration.

digital immigrant

a person born or brought up before the widespread use of digital technology. "chances are many digital immigrants will find managing online privacy a daunting prospect"

digital native

a person born or brought up during the age of digital technology and so familiar with computers and the Internet from an early age. "the digital tools that are reshaping our economy make more sense to young digital natives than to members of older generations"

taxpayers

a person who pays a tax to national, state, county, city/town governments

mindset

a person's way of thinking and their opinions: to have a different/the same mindset It's extraordinary how hard it is to change the mindset of the public and the press.

formula

a standard or accepted way of doing or making something : We have changed the formula of the washing powder. There's no magic formula for success. ​ [ C ] a mathematical rule expressed in a set of numbers and letters: He developed a formula for calculating the area of a triangle.

realization

a sudden awareness of something

pathway

a track that a person can walk along: New pedestrian pathways are being built alongside the road. ​ a path (= set of actions that you take in life): Working your way up through a company is a difficult pathway. ​ formal a set of connected chemical reactions in biology

tonnes

a unit of weight in the metric system, equal to 1,000 kilograms: Oil deliveries will fall 2.5 million tonnes short this year.

response to

an answer or reaction: Responses to our advertisement have been disappointing. Her proposals met with an enthusiastic response. I looked in her face for some response, but she just stared at me blankly. Management have granted a ten percent pay rise in response to union pressure.

interference

an occasion when someone tries to interfere in a situation: She seems to regard any advice or help from me as interference. The government's interference in the strike has been widely criticized.

outer

at a greater distance from the centre: outer London the outer lane of the motorway

fundamental social skills

basic social skills

pose a danger

be dangerous

with .... consequences

causing that and that

unsettling

causing worry or anxiety: One of the documentary's many unsettling images is of a child playing with her father's gun.

alarming

causing worry or fear: alarming news There has been an alarming rise in the rate of inflation.

alter

change

during the course of the evening

during the evening

have high expactations of sb

expect a lot of sb

threatening

expressing a threat of something unpleasant or violent: threatening behaviour

P: prevent

from

auxiliaries

giving help or support, especially to a more important person or thing: auxiliary staff/nurses

steep

having a sharp inclination

realistically

historical fiction portrays characters _______, meaning though they are fictional, they could be real

unavoidably

impossible to avoid

murderous

inclined to murder sb

disrespectful

insolent

undertaking

l a formal promise: [ + that ] formal The manager gave a written undertaking that no one would lose their job.

gradually

little by little

simplistic

making something complicated seem simple by ignoring important parts of it: They have a simplistic point of view about the war.

abundant

more than enough: an abundant supply of food There is abundant evidence that cars have a harmful effect on the environment. Cheap consumer goods are abundant (= exist in large amounts) in this part of the world.

figure

number

reallocate

o change the way that something is allocated (= given or shared between people, groups, or organizations): The existing funds have been reallocated to a new project.

hook up with

o meet or begin to work with another person or organization: a conference where startup companies can hook up with investors

celestial

of or from the sky or outside this world: The moon is a celestial body.

exposure

risk, particularly of being exposed to disease or to the elements; unmasking; act of laying something open; Ex. exposure of governmental corruption What classical conditioning therapy or modification is described as • Forcing patients to confront their fears by being exposed to them until they are extinguished?

forefathers

someone's relatives who lived a long time ago

misrepresentation

something that misrepresents an idea, situation, or opinion, or the fact of something being misrepresented: The documentary was a misrepresentation of the truth and bore little resemblance to actual events. The MP laughed off the remarks as media misrepresentation.

competence

the ability to do something well: Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable. He reached a reasonable level of competence in his English.

inspection

the act of looking at something carefully, or an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is correct and legal: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered. She arrived to carry out/make a health and safety inspection of the building.

attempt to

the act of trying to do something, especially something difficult: [ + to infinitive ] She made a few half-hearted attempts to join in their conversation. He made no attempt to be sociable. This is my second attempt at the exam.

world-leading

the best in the world

hulk

the body of an old ship, car, or very large piece of equipment that is broken and no longer used: Here and there the rusted hulk of an abandoned car dots the landscape.

base

the bottom part of an object, on which it rests, or the lowest part of something: a crystal glass with a heavy base At the base of the cliff was a rocky beach. This cream provides an excellent base for your make-up (= a good bottom layer on which other layers can be put).

nonconformity

the condition of not acting or not thinking like other people, esp. in relation to religion: William Penn was expelled from Oxford for nonconformity.

impact (site)

the force or action of one object hitting another: The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length. The bullet explodes on impact (= when it hits another object).

cloud cover

the fraction or percent of the total sky at a location that is covered by clouds; usually expressed in tenths

composition (of)

the nature of something's ingredients or constituents; the way in which a whole or mixture is made up.

calculations

the process of using information you already have and adding, taking away, multiplying, or dividing numbers to judge the number or amount of something: The calculations that you did/made contained a few inaccuracies.

crater

the round hole at the top of a volcano, or a hole in the ground similar to this: the huge crater of Vesuvius

capacity (to)

the total amount that can be contained or produced, or (especially of a person or organization) the ability to do a particular thing: The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000. The game was watched by a capacity crowd/audience of 50,000 (= the place was completely full). She has a great capacity for hard work. The purchase of 500 tanks is part of a strategy to increase military capacity by 25 percent over the next five years. [ + to infinitive ] It seems to be beyond his capacity to (= he seems to be unable to) follow simple instructions.

it puts them light years ahead of their competitors

they are far better than their competitors

shift sth towards

to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly: She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow. ​ C1 [ I ] (of an idea, opinion, etc.) to change: Society's attitudes towards women have shifted enormously over the last century. Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues. ​ [ T ] mainly us uk usually change to move the gears of a vehicle into different positions in order to make it go faster or slower: In cars that are automatics, you don't have to bother with shifting gears.

stand tall

to act in a proud and confident way: As she walked up to the podium to speak, she reminded herself to stand tall.

indulge in

to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you: The soccer fans indulged their patriotism, waving flags and singing songs. I love champagne but I don't often indulge myself. We took a deliberate decision to indulge in a little nostalgia. ​ [ T ] to give someone anything they want and not to mind if they behave badly: My aunt indulges the children dreadfully.

come alive

to become real, alive

take on another look

to begin to have, use, or do something: A chameleon takes on the color of its surroundings. Her voice took on a troubled tone.

import a virus

to copy information from one computer or computer program to another: I need to import data from the database into this spreadsheet. imported files

miss sth by

to fail to hit something, or to avoid hitting something: The bullet missed his heart by a couple of centimetres.

assign

to give a particular job or piece of work to someone: [ + two objects ] UN troops were assigned the task of rebuilding the hospital. The case has been assigned to our most senior officer. If you assign a time for a job or activity, you decide it will be done during that time: Have you assigned a day for the interviews yet? ​ If you assign a characteristic or value to something, you say that it has it: Each visitor to the site chooses an online alter ego, which is assigned a name.

hand over

to give something to someone else: We were ordered to hand over our passports.

run through

to look at, examine, or deal with a set of things, especially quickly: We ran through the list, but none of the machines seemed any good. I'd like to run through these points/questions with you, if that's okay, because you've made several mistakes.

bring to mind

to make you remember something: That music brings to mind our first date.

drift away

to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction: No one noticed that the boat had begun to drift out to sea. A mist drifted in from the marshes. After the band stopped playing, people drifted away in twos and threes.

require

to need or demand

follow

to obey or to act as ordered by someone: Follow the instructions on the back of the packet carefully. I decided to follow her advice and go to bed early. Muslims follow the teachings of the Koran.

screened

to protect or hide: She raised her hand to screen her eyes from the bright light. the windows were screened

realign

to put something into a new or correct position: She realigned the books along the edge of the shelf.

plying

to sell or to work regularly at something, especially at a job that involves selling things: Fishermen in small boats ply their trade up and down the coast. Dealers are openly plying drugs in school playgrounds. The market traders were loudly plying their wares. ply for business, trade, etc. ​ to try to get customers for your business in a public place, for example, as a taxi driver, by driving around or waiting in a regular place: uk There are never any taxis plying for trade/hire in our area. I noticed a couple of prostitutes plying for business on the corner.

disentangle

to separate things that have become joined or confused: It's difficult to disentangle hard fact from myth, or truth from lies. I tried to disentangle the wires under my desk.

cut off from

to stop people from continuing a phone conversation by breaking the phone connection: We got cut off before she could give me directions.

grasp

to understand something, especially something difficult: I think I managed to grasp the main points of the lecture. The government has acknowledged that homelessness is a problem but it has failed to grasp the scale of the problem. o quickly take something in your hand(s) and hold it firmly: Rosie suddenly grasped my hand. ​ If you grasp an opportunity, you take it eagerly: We must grasp every opportunity to strengthen economic ties with other countries.

make sense out of

try to understand

not-for-profit

type of business organization that typically uses revenue for charitable or religious purposes

joint

united

drive

used in the names of some roads, especially roads containing houses: 12 Maple Drive ​ [ C ] mainly uk also driveway a short private road that leads from a public road to a house or garage: I parked in the drive. it is a two hour drive

proportionately

when considering an amount of something as a part of a whole: proportionally less/more/fewer Germany has proportionally more long-term unemployed than rival big economies.

uncoordinated

with different parts failing to work or move well together: The marketing campaign was an uncoordinated effort by several different departments. She was clumsy and uncoordinated as a girl.

uninterrupted

without any pauses or interruptions : Most people do not get eight hours of uninterrupted sleep every night. Through all this time, his business continued uninterrupted.

nigh

​ near: She must have written nigh on (= nearly but not quite) 50 books. The time is nigh (= it is nearly time) for us to make a decision.

operate

작동하다, run, function, work