cpr

Finger dislocation causes

• Direct blow to the end of the finger • Forceful crushing or pinching of finger between two objects

Finger sprain causes

• Direct blow to the end of the finger • Twisting or torsion of finger joint

Finger or thumb Fracture causes

• Direct blow to the end of the finger or thumb • Forceful crushing or pinching of finger or thumb between two objects

Clavicle fracture(shoulder) cause

• Direct blow to the front or side of the shoulder

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint sprain (shoulder separation) causes

• Direct blow to the top or side of the shoulder • Fall on outstretched arm

Wrist sprain prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason arm and forearm strengthening and flexibility training • Instruct athletes to avoid falling on out-stretched hand.

Elbow sprain prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason arm and forearm strengthening and flexibility training.

Hip dislocation and Subluxation prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason core and hip strengthening exercises.

Hip Flexor Strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason core, hip, and thigh strengthening and stretching exercises. • Instruct athletes to perform an adequate aerobic or cardiovascular warm-up before activity.

Abdominal Strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason exercises to strengthen and stretch the abdominal, lower back, and hip muscles.

Low Back Strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason exercises to strengthen and stretch the lower back, abdominal, and hip muscles

spine injury symptoms

No responsiveness or not fully alert assume head or neck injury inadequate breathing Profuse bleeding Blood or fluid leaking from mouth, nose, or ears Spine deformity (if another trained rescuer can check without moving the athlete. Paralysis (Ask athlete to move fingers or toes.

Clavicle fracture(shoulder) symptoms

Pain in front of the shoulder along the collarbone • Pain when raising the arm • Grating sensation

spine injury signs

Pain over or near the spine Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands

Frostbite symptoms

Painful, itchy, burning, or tingling areas that may become numb as the frostbite worsens. These symptoms may recur when the affected areas are rewarmed

Heat exhaustion signs

Pale, cool, and clammy skin • Rapid, weak pulse • Loss of coordination • Dilated pupils • Profuse sweating

Heatstroke

life-threatening condition in which the body temperature rises dangerously high.

lightning injury

lightning can cause a gamut of injuries, from burns to fractures to cardiac arrest.

rib Fracture or Contusion causes

• Direct blow to rib cage

deltoid strain causes

• Weak and inflexible shoulder muscles • Throwing sidearm

Heatstroke causes

A malfunction in the brain's temperature control center, caused by severe dehydra-tion, fever, or inadequate balance of the body's temperature regulation

first aid for head injury

(Headache or ringing in the ears) do as follows: 1. monitor them and contact 911 if symptom/signs have worsened 2. contact parent or guardian and tell them to take them to a physician. 3.check to parents of sign and symptoms (With any other signs and symptoms) do as follows: 1.call 911 immediately 2. stabilize the head and neck until 911 shows up, Leave the helmet on, leave shoulder pads on also 3. monitor breathing, give CPR if needed. 4. control bleeding but no excess pressure over head wound 5.monitor for shock treat if needed 6. immobilize any fractures or unstable. only if you know it won't lead to more damages or hurt them even more

Clavicle fracture(shoulder) first aid

1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Send for emergency medical assistance if bones are grossly displaced or protruding through the skin, or if the athlete is suffering from shock. 3. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if not suffering from shock).

Side Stitch first aid

1. Instruct the athlete to bend over and push fingertips into the painful side. 2. Have the athlete take a deep breath and blow it out through tight lips. 3. Instruct the athlete to stretch the muscles by placing the arm overhead and bending at the waist over to the opposite side

lightning injury first aid

1. Quickly move (being mindful of other injuries) the athlete to a safe area, away from lightning. 2. Send for emergency medical assistance. 3. Monitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 4. Monitor and treat for shock as needed. 5. Remove smoldering clothing, shoes, and belt to prevent burns. 6. If breathing is present and no fractures are suspected, place an unresponsive or incoherent athlete in recovery position to allow fluids and vomit to drain from the mouth

Heat exhaustion first aid

1. Quickly move the athlete to a cool, shaded area. Allow athlete to rest on his or her back with feet elevated. 2. Take a rectal temperature. If it is approaching 104 degrees, skip to first aid step 9. 3. Apply ice or cold, wet towels to the athlete's neck, back, or stomach to help cool the body. 4. Give the athlete cool water or sports beverage to drink (if responsive and able to ingest fluid). 5. Monitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 6. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 7. Send for emergency medical assistance if the athlete does not recover, the athlete's condition worsens, or the athlete becomes unresponsive 8. If the athlete recovers, call the parents or guardian to take the athlete home. 9. If the athlete is exhibiting signs or symptoms of life-threatening heat illness, vomiting, altered responsiveness, disorientation, stag-gering, fainting, belligerence, and so on, then do the following: a. Immediately remove excess clothing and equipment and immerse athlete in cold water (wading pool or tub). b. Send for emergency medical assistance. c. Monitor breathing and provide CPR if needed.

Elbow Bursitis first aid

1. Rest the elbow from all activities. 2. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

Heatstroke first aid

1. Send for emergency medical assistance. 2. Immediately remove excess clothing and equipment and immerse athlete in cold water (wading pool or tub). 3. Position the athlete in a semireclining position. If unresponsive, raise the athlete's head or roll him on his side as necessary to allow fluids and vomit to drain from the mouth. 4. Monitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 5. Monitor and treat for shock as needed (do not cover the athlete with blankets). 6. Give the athlete cool water or sports bever-age to drink (if responsive and able to ingest fluid)

Humerus Fracture first aid

1. Send for emergency medical assistance. 2. Monitor breathing and provide CPR as needed. 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed. 4. Prevent the athlete from moving the arm. 5. Apply ice for 15 minutes.

(Burner or stinger) Nerve injury signs

Arm or hand numbness on one side Arm or hand weakness on one side (have athlete squeeze your finger with each hand) difference in strength of the injured arm compared to the uninjured arm means that the nerve has been stretched and possibly injured.

Head injury playing status

Athlete can't return until examined and released by physician.

Wrist Fracture

Break in one or more of the little wrist bones

Hand Fracture

Break in the bone(s) of the hand

Elbow Epiphyseal (Growth Plate) stress Fracture

Break in the growth plate of the humerus (upper arm bone) at the elbow

Forearm Fracture

Break in the radius, ulna, or both

Elbow Fracture

Break of any or all of the three elbow bones: bottom of the humerus (upper arm) radius (forearm), and ulna (forearm).

Finger or thumb Fracture

Break of one or more of the finger or thumb bones

Ulnar Nerve Contusion

Bruise of the ulnar nerve on the back of the elbow joint Sometimes called "hitting the funny bone."

Hip Contusion (Hip Pointer)

Bruise to the front, top of the hipbone

playing status spine injury

Cannot return to play until examined and released by a physician.

Golfer's Elbow

Chronic strain or inflammation where the wrist muscles attach to inside of the elbow joint

tennis Elbow

Chronic strain or inflammation where the wrist muscles attach to outside of the elbow joint

Clavicle fracture (shoulder)

Crack or break in clavicle(collarbone)

Humerus Fracture

Crack or break in the humerus

Side Stitch

Cramping or spasm felt in either the right or left side. It's most often experienced by runners or athletes who lack cardiovascular endurance.

Heat cramps causes

Dehydration Electrolytes (sodium and Potassium) loss Decreased blood flow to the muscles fatigue

Heat exhaustion cause

Dehydration, which occurs when the body's water and electrolyte supplies are depleted through sweating

spine injury causes

Direct blow Compression Torsion or twisting

what causes a head injury?

Direct blow to the head sudden or forceful jarring or whipping of the head.

Ulnar Nerve Contusion causes

Direct blow to the inside back of the elbow

head injury prevention

Educate yourself about concussions During physicals prescreen for any history of head, spine, or nerve injuries Cleared by a physician Use preseason brain testing neck strengthening exercises into preseason

Elbow dislocation or subluxation prevention

Encourage athletes to perform preseason exercises that strengthen and stretch the biceps, triceps, and forearm muscles

Pectoral Muscle strain prevention

Encourage athletes to perform preseason shoulder strengthening and stretching exercises. • At the beginning of the season, instruct athletes to gradually begin throwing, starting with slow speed and short distance throws, and gradually increasing the speed and distance. • Instruct athletes to throw from an overhead position and to use the body and legs as well as the arms.

Biceps Muscle strain prevention

Encourage athletes to perform preseason upper arm strengthening and stretching exercises

Head cramp Prevention

Ensure that athletes stay well hydrated. • Rest an athlete who is showing signs of dehydration.

Frostbite cause

Exposure of body parts to cold, causing tis-sues to freeze and blood vessels to constrict

Heatstroke symptoms

Feels extremely hot • Nausea • Irritability • Fatigue

Finger sprain

Finger joint ligaments are stretched or torn

Frostbite signs

First-Degree Frostbite (superficial) • Red or flushed skin that may turn white or gray second-Degree Frostbite • Firm, white, and waxy skin • Blisters and purple tint to skin may appear when the area is rewarmed third-Degree Frostbite (Deep) • Blisters • Bluish skin • Frostbitten area feels very cold and stiff

Frostbite First aid

First-and second-Degree Frostbite 1. Move the athlete to a warm area. 2. Remove wet and cold clothing. 3. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary and call for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Rewarm the area by soaking it in clean, warm water (100 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit). Do not rewarm if the area might refreeze or the athlete is close to a medical facility. 5. Call the athlete's parents or guardian to take the athlete to a physician third-Degree Frostbite 1. Send for emergency medical assistance. 2. Move the athlete to a warm area. 3. Remove wet and cold clothing. 4. Monitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 5. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary.

Hypothermia signs

From 90 to 95 Degrees (Mild to Moderate hypothermia) • Loss of coordination • Loss of sensation • Shivering • Pale and hard skin • Numbness • Irritability • Mild confusion • Depression • Withdrawn behavior • Slow, irregular pulse • Slowed breathing • Sluggish movements • Inability to walk • Difficulty speaking From 86 to 90 Degrees (severe hypothermia) • Hallucinations • Dilated pupils • Decreasing pulse rate • Decreasing breathing rate • Confusion • Partial responsiveness • Shivering stops • Muscle rigidity • Exposed skin blue and puffy 85 Degrees and Below (also severe hypothermia) • Unresponsiveness • Respiratory arrest • Erratic to no pulse

Abdominal Strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. . Send for emergency medical assistance if a. the athlete has symptoms and signs of a constricted muscle hernia—bulge in the abdominal wall, accompanied by nausea or vomiting; or b. the injury was caused by a direct blow and the athlete has symptoms and signs of internal injury—shock, vomiting, bloody urine, or referred pain. 4. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if emergency medical assistance is not sent for).

Pectoral Muscle strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

Upper trapezius (trap) Muscle strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

deltoid strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

Elbow sprain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Rest the arm from all activities. 2. Immobilize the arm with a sling, if tolerated. 3. Monitor and treat for shock if needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand) and send the athlete to a physician

Low Back Strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Send for emergency medical assistance if a. the injury was caused by a direct blow and resulted in spine deformity or tenderness directly over the spine, or b. the athlete has signs and symptoms of nerve damage—sharp shooting pain, numbness or tingling down one leg, leg weakness, lower extremity paralysis, or incontinence. 4. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if emergency medical assistance is not sent for).

triceps Muscle strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain along back of upper arm • Mild pain with extending upper arm backward past body • Mild pain with straightening the elbow against resistance (triceps extension) • Mild pain when the elbow is bent, and the up-per arm is stretched forward and up toward head • Tightness along back of upper arm Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain along back of upper arm • Moderate to severe pain with extending upper arm backward past body • Moderate to severe pain with straightening the elbow against resistance (triceps extension) • Moderate to severe pain when the elbow is bent, and the upper arm is stretched forward and up toward head

Biceps Muscle strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain along front of upper arm • Mild pain with bending elbow • Mild pain when elbow is straight, and arm is extended back past body • Tightness along front of upper arm • Mild pain when raising upper arm forward Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain along front of upper arm • Moderate to severe pain with bending elbow • Moderate to severe pain when elbow is straight, and arm is extended back past body • Moderate to severe pain when raising upper arm forward

Elbow sprain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain along sides, back, or front of elbow • Mild pain with bending and straightening elbow Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain along sides, back, or front of elbow • Moderate to severe pain with bending and straightening elbow • Elbow feels loose or unstable

Abdominal Strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain when abdominal muscles contracted • Mild pain with rising to sitting position from lying down • Mild pain with abdominal crunches Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain when abdominal muscles contracted • Moderate to severe pain with rising to sitting position from lying down • Moderate to severe pain with abdominal crunches

Low Back Strain signs

Grade I • Mild tenderness over site of injury (toward either side from the spine) Grades II and III • Moderate to severe tenderness over site of injury (toward either side from the spine) • Lump or indentation where the muscle is torn • Back weakness • Bruising (appears a day or two after initial injury)

triceps Muscle strain signs

Grade I • Slight muscle tightness along back of upper arm • Mild point tenderness Grades II and III • Indentation or lump where muscle or tendon is torn • Inability to fully straighten or bend elbow • Moderate to severe point tenderness • Swelling • Discoloration—occurs several days after a partial or complete tear of the muscle • Muscle spasm

Elbow sprain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if pain sub-sides and the athlete has full range of motion in the elbow and full strength and flexibility in the elbow and wrist. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the elbow and wrist.

Finger sprain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if pain sub-sides and the athlete has full strength and range of motion in the finger. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. • When the athlete returns to activity, protective taping should be applied to the finger. This is not applicable to thumb sprains. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the finger is pain free; and the athlete has full strength and range of motion in the finger. • When returning to activity, the athlete may need protective taping

Wrist sprain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if pain sub-sides and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the wrist, and equal grip strength • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the wrist is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the wrist, and equal grip strength

Biceps Muscle strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the biceps are pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the shoulder and elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the biceps. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the biceps are pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the shoulder and elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the biceps.

Hip Flexor Strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the hip is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the hip. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. • When returning to activity, the athlete may benefit from wearing an elastic wrap to support the hip and thigh. • When returning to activity, the athlete should stretch the upper hip and quadriceps muscles daily. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the hip is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the hip. • When returning to activity, the athlete may benefit from wearing an elastic wrap to support the hip and thigh. • When returning to activity, the athlete should stretch the upper hip and quadriceps muscles daily.

deltoid strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder.

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint sprain (shoulder separation) playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. • When returning to activity, the athlete may benefit from wearing a special protective pad over the injury. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • When returning to activity, the athlete may benefit from wearing a special protective pad over the injury.

rotator Cuff strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

Biceps Muscle strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling . 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

inner thigh Strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain along inside of the thigh • Mild pain when trying to move thigh inward toward other leg • Mild pain when running • Mild pain with cutting and pivoting maneuvers • Mild pain when moving sideways

sternoclavicular (sC) sprain (shoulder separation) symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain at the attachment of the clavicle to the sternum • Mild pain when moving arm across chest, reaching arm backward while raised to shoul-der level, and when shrugging shoulders Grades II and III • Dizziness (If the clavicle is pushed backward at the SC joint, it can potentially damage major blood vessels to the brain.) • Moderate to severe pain at the attachment of the collarbone to the breastbone • Moderate to severe pain when moving arm across chest, reaching arm backward while raised to shoulder level, and when shrugging shoulders

deltoid strain signs

Grade I • Mild point tenderness over the front, side, or back of the shoulder below the clavicle or spine of the scapula Grades II and III • Indentation or lump where muscle or tendon is torn • Inability to throw, spike, or serve with a normal motion • Moderate to severe point tenderness over the front, side, or back of the shoulder below the clavicle or spine of the scapula • Arm weakness • Swelling • Muscle spasm

Elbow sprain signs

Grade I • Mild point tenderness over the sides, back, or front of elbow Grades II and III • Moderate to severe point tenderness over the sides, back, or front of elbow • Inability to fully bend or straighten elbow • Swelling

Wrist sprain signs

Grade I • Mild point tenderness over the sides, back, or front of wrist Grades II and III • Moderate to severe point tenderness over the sides, back, or front of wrist • Decreased grip strength • Swelling • Deformity if sprain results in wrist bone shifting out of position

sternoclavicular (sC) sprain (shoulder separation) signs

Grade I • Slight deformity at the attachment of the clavicle to the sternum Grades II and III • Moderate to severe deformity at the attachment of the clavicle to the sternum Possible unresponsiveness (if clavicle is displaced backward toward neck) • Respiratory or cardiac arrest (if clavicle is displaced backward toward neck)

Biceps Muscle strain signs

Grade I • Slight muscle tightness along front of upper arm • Mild point tenderness Grades II and III • Indentation or lump where muscle or tendon is torn • Inability to lift objects while bending elbow (arm curl) • Inability to bend elbow or to fully straighten elbow • Inability to raise upper arm forward • Moderate to severe point tenderness • Swelling • Discoloration—occurs several days after a partial or complete tear of the muscle • Muscle spasm

rhomboid Muscle strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

Wrist sprain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Rest the arm from all activities. 2. Splint the wrist and hand and secure to the body with a sling. 3. Monitor and treat for shock if needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint sprain (shoulder separation) first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

triceps Muscle strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days Grades II and III 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling, if tolerated. 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

Finger sprain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Rest the hand from all activities. 2. Splint the finger. 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice, instruct athlete to elevate the injury, and send the athlete to a physician.

Hip Flexor Strain first aid

Grade I 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Grades II and III 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Send for emergency medical assistance if the muscle is completely torn (rolled up). 4. Prevent the athlete from walking on the injured leg. 5. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if emergency medical assistance is not sent for).

rhomboid Muscle strain signs

Grade I • Mild muscle tightness between the shoulder blade and spine • Mild point tenderness between the shoulder blade and spine Grades II and III • Indentation or lump where muscle or tendon is torn • Inability to swim or hit a backhand with a normal motion • Moderate to severe point tenderness between the shoulder blade and spine • Weakness in squeezing shoulder blades together and reaching upper arm backward (while raised out to the side at shoulder level) • Swelling • Muscle spasm

Wrist sprain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain along sides, back, or front of wrist • Mild pain with bending wrist to extremes • Mild pain with rotating palm up or down Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain along sides, back, or front of wrist • Moderate to severe pain with bending wrist to extremes • Moderate to severe pain with rotating palm up or down • Wrist feels loose or unstable

Hip Flexor Strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain high on the front of the thigh • Mild pain when trying to raise thigh forward • Mild pain when running Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain high on the front of the thigh • Moderate to severe pain when trying to raise thigh forward • Moderate to severe pain when running • Heard or felt a pop

Finger sprain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain when bending or straightening injured joint • Mild pain along sides, back, or front of finger joint Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain when bending or straightening injured joint • Moderate to severe pain along sides, back, or front of finger joint • Feeling of looseness or instability at the joint • Grating sensation • Heard or felt a pop

Low Back Strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain when low back muscles contracted • Mild pain with rising from lying down to sitting • Mild pain when bending forward • Mild pain when arching back • Mild pain when twisting at the waist Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain when low back muscles contracted • Moderate to severe pain with rising from lying down to sitting • Moderate to severe pain when bending forward • Moderate to severe pain when arching back • Moderate to severe pain when twisting at the waist

rhomboid Muscle strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain with shrugging the shoulders and squeezing the shoulder blades together • Mild pain with stretching arm across chest • Mild pain between the shoulder blades and spine • Muscle tightness between the shoulder blade and spine Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain with shrugging the shoulders and squeezing the shoulder blades together • Moderate to severe pain with stretching arm across chest • Moderate to severe pain between the shoulder blades and spine

Upper trapezius (trap) Muscle strain symptoms

Grade I • Mild pain with shrugging the shoulders, extending the head backward, and squeezing the shoulder blades together • Mild pain with stretching arm across chest • Tightness in neck and upper and mid back Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain with shrugging the shoulders, extending the head backward, and squeezing the shoulder blades together • Moderate to severe pain with stretching arm across chest

Finger sprain signs

Grade I • Mild point tenderness over the sides, back, or front of finger joint Grades II and III • Moderate to severe point tenderness over the sides, back, or front of finger joint • Inability to bend or straighten injured finger joint • Decreased grip strength • Swelling

Abdominal Strain signs

Grade I • Mild tenderness Grades II and III • Moderate to severe tenderness • Lump or indentation where the muscle is torn Abdominal weakness • Bruising (appears a day or two after initial injury)

Hip Flexor Strain signs

Grade I • Mild tenderness over the front of the hip Grades II and III • Moderate to severe tenderness over the front of the hip Lump or indentation where the muscle is torn • Hip and thigh weakness • Bruising (appears a day or two after initial injury) • Inability to raise thigh forward or up • Swelling • Limping

rotator Cuff strain signs

Grade I • Mild tenderness over the front of the shoulder, just below the outer edge of the collarbone, along the shoulder blade, or the outside of the shoulder • Muscle tightness Grades II and III • Indentation or lump where muscle or tendon is torn • Inability to throw, spike, serve, or hit a forehand or backhand with a normal motion • Moderate to severe tenderness over the front of the shoulder, just below the outer edge of the collarbone, along the shoulder blade, or the outside of the shoulder • Arm weakness • Swelling • Muscle spasm

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint sprain (shoulder separation) signs

Grade I • Slight elevation of the end of the clavicle • Mild point tenderness over outer edge of the clavicle Grades II and III • Moderate to severe elevation of the outer edge of the clavicle • Moderate to severe point tenderness over outer edge of the clavicle

Abdominal Strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the abdomen is pain free; and the athlete has full abdominal muscle flexibility and strength. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the abdomen is pain free; and the athlete has full abdominal and hip muscle flexibility and strength, and full trunk and hip range of motion.

Low Back Strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the back is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the trunk and hip, and full flexibility and strength in the back muscles. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the back is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the trunk and hip, and full flexibility and strength in the back, hip, and abdominal muscles.

rhomboid Muscle strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the muscle is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder

Pectoral Muscle strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder.

rotator Cuff strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder.

triceps Muscle strain playing status

Grade I • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the triceps is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the shoulder and elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the triceps. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the triceps is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the shoulder and elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the triceps.

sternoclavicular (sC) sprain (shoulder separation) first aid

Grade I For forward displacement of clavicle, do the following: 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. For backward displacement of clavicle, do the following: 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician. Grades II and III For forward displacement of clavicle, do the following 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur). For backward displacement of clavicle, do the following: 1. Send for emergency medical assistance 2. Monitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 3. Monitor and treat for shock if needed. 4. Keep athlete from moving the arm.

Pectoral Muscle strain signs

Grade I • Mild point tenderness Grades II and III • Indentation or lump where muscle or tendon is torn • Inability to throw, spike, serve, or hit a forehand with a normal motion • Arm weakness • Moderate to severe point tenderness • Swelling • Muscle spasm

Upper trapezius (trap) Muscle strain signs

Grade I • Slight muscle tightness at the back of the neck, just above the shoulder blade, or down the upper and mid back • Mild point tenderness at the neck, just above the shoulder blades, or down the upper and mid back Grades II and III • Indentation or lump where muscle or tendon is torn • Inability to throw, spike, serve, or hit a forehand with a normal motion • Moderate to severe point tenderness at the neck, just above the shoulder blades, or down the upper and mid back • Weakness in extending upper arm backward or pushing head backward • Swelling • Muscle spasm

symptoms of a head injury

Headache Dizziness Ringing in the ears Grogginess nausea blurred or double vision

lightning injury symptoms

If responsive, • headache • dizziness

Finger dislocation

In a dislocation, finger bones move out of position

Elbow dislocation or subluxation

In a dislocation, the bones of the elbow joint move out of place. In a subluxation, the bones of the elbow joint move out of place and then spontaneously shift back into position

Hip dislocation and Subluxation

In a dislocation, the head of the thighbone pops out of the socket on the pelvis. In a subluxation, the head of the thighbone pops out of the socket on the pelvis and spontaneously shifts back into the socket.

shoulder dislocation or subluxation

In a dislocation, the humerus (upper arm bone) pops out of the shoulder socket. In a subluxation, the humerus pops out of the shoulder socket and then spontaneously shifts back into the socket

Elbow Bursitis

Irritation of the elbow bursa.

Biceps tendinitis

Irritation to biceps tendon

triceps tendinitis

Irritation to the triceps tendon

(Burner or stinger) nerve injury prevention

Neck strengthens exercises into preseason Prevent players from using helmet as a point of contact when tackling or checking. Recommend they wear neck rolls if they had neck injuries no diving into water under 6 feet Require spotters for athletes practicing skills or routines.

Ulnar Nerve Contusion first aid

Mild 1. Rest the athlete from activity until numbness and tingling are gone, and until the athlete has full elbow range of motion and full hand strength. Moderate to severe 1. Rest the athlete from all activity. 2. Immobilize the arm with a sling, if tolerated. 3. Treat for shock if necessary and send for emergency medical assistance if such occurs. 4. Send the athlete to a physician

triceps tendinitis first aid

Mild 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Moderate to severe 1. Rest the arm from all activities. 2. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

Biceps tendinitis symptoms

Mild • Mild pain along front of upper arm near shoulder or elbow • Mild pain with raising upper arm forward • Mild pain when elbow is straight, and arm is extended back past body Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe pain along front of upper arm near shoulder or elbow • Moderate to severe pain with raising upper arm forward • Moderate to severe pain when elbow is straight, and arm is extended back past body

Hip Contusion (Hip Pointer) signs

Mild • Slight point tenderness over front of hip bone Moderate to severe • Inability to raise the thigh forward •Swelling • Bruising (appears one to two days after initial injury) • Moderate to severe point tenderness over front of hip bone • Moderate to severe pain when walking • Limping or inability to walk

tennis Elbow playing status

Mild • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the elbow and wrist. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Moderate to severe • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician, the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the elbow and wrist.

Biceps tendinitis playing status

Mild • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the tendon is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the shoulder and elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the biceps. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Moderate to severe • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the tendon is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the shoulder and elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the biceps

triceps tendinitis symptoms

Mild • Mild pain along back of the upper arm near shoulder or elbow • Mild pain with straightening the elbow • Mild pain when the elbow is bent, and the upper arm is stretched forward and up toward head • Mild pain when extending upper arm back-ward Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe pain along back of the upper arm near shoulder or elbow • Moderate to severe pain with straightening the elbow • Moderate to severe pain when the elbow is bent and the upper arm is stretched forward and up toward head • Moderate to severe pain when extending up-per arm backward

triceps tendinitis signs

Mild • Slight point tenderness along back of the elbow Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe point tenderness along back of elbow • Decreased ability or inability to straighten the elbow against resistance (triceps extension) • Decreased ability or inability to extend the upper arm backward • Swelling

Ulnar Nerve Contusion symptoms

Mild • Tingling down the forearm and hand (if injury bruises nerve) that lasts a few minutes • Mild pain shooting from elbow down to forearm Moderate to severe • Tingling down the forearm and hand (if injury bruises nerve) that lasts more than five minutes • Moderate to severe pain shooting from elbow down to forearm

Elbow Epiphyseal (Growth Plate) stress Fracture first aid

Mild 1. Rest the arm from all activities. 2. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand) and send the athlete to a physician. Moderate to severe 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. Immobilize the arm with a sling (if tolerated). 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand) and send the athlete to a physician

Golfer's Elbow first aid

Mild 1. Rest the arm from painful activities. 2. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand) 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside. Moderate to severe 1. Rest the arm from all activities. 2. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand) and send the athlete to a physician

tennis Elbow first aid

Mild 1. Rest the arm from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3.Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside. Moderate to severe 1. Rest the arm from all activities. 2. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

Hip Contusion (Hip Pointer) first aid

Mild 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Moderate to severe 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. Prevent the athlete from walking on the injured leg. 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur).

Biceps tendinitis first aid

Mild 1. Rest the athlete from painful activities. 2. Apply ice. 3. Refer the athlete to a physician if symptoms and signs worsen (occur more often, especially with daily activities) or do not subside within a few days. Moderate to severe 1. Rest the arm from all activities. 2. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician.

Ulnar Nerve Contusion playing status

Mild • If numbness and tingling disappear within a few minutes and grip strength is equal to the other side, the athlete can return to activity. Moderate to severe • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full elbow range of motion and hand strength.

tennis Elbow symptoms

Mild • Mild pain typically with backhand strokes in racquet sports • Mild pain when gripping or making a fist • Mild pain when lifting objects when the palm is facing down Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe pain typically with back-hand strokes in racquet sports • Moderate to severe pain when gripping or making a fist • Moderate to severe pain when lifting objects when the palm is facing down

Golfer's Elbow symptoms

Mild • Mild pain typically with forehand strokes in racquet sports • Mild pain when gripping or making a fist • Mild pain when lifting objects with the wrist when palm is facing up Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe pain typically with fore-hand strokes in racquet sports • Moderate to severe pain when gripping or making a fist • Moderate to severe pain when lifting objects with the wrist when palm is facing up

Hip Contusion (Hip Pointer) symptoms

Mild • Mild pain with raising thigh forward • Mild pain with arching back Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe pain with raising thigh forward • Moderate to severe pain with arching back

Ulnar Nerve Contusion signs

Mild • Mild point tenderness Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe point tenderness Loss of grip strength • Swelling • Discoloration • Hand weakness •Loss of sensation in ring and little fingers

Golfer's Elbow signs

Mild • Slight point tenderness over inside of elbow Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe point tenderness over inside of elbow • Inability to lift objects when the palm is facing up • Swelling over inside of elbow

tennis Elbow signs

Mild • Slight point tenderness over outside of elbow Moderate to severe • Moderate to severe point tenderness over outside of elbow • Inability to lift objects when the palm is facing down • Swelling over outside of elbow

Biceps tendinitis signs

Mild • Slight tenderness along front of upper arm near shoulder or elbow Moderate to severe • Decreased ability or inability to lift objects while bending elbow and raising upper arm • Swelling • Moderate to severe point tenderness along front of upper arm near shoulder or elbow

Golfer's Elbow playing status

Mild • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the elbow and wrist. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. Moderate to severe • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician, the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the elbow and wrist.

Hip Contusion (Hip Pointer) playing status

Mild • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the hip is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the hip and full strength and flexibility in the hip and thigh muscle. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released. • When returning to activity, the athlete should wear a protective pad over the hip. Moderate to severe • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the hip is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the hip, and full flexibility and strength in the hip and thigh muscle When returning to activity, the athlete should wear a protective pad over the hip.

triceps tendinitis playing status

Mild • The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the tendon is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the triceps. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released Moderate to severe • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the elbow and triceps are pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the triceps.

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint sprain (shoulder separation) symptoms

Mild pain along the outer edge of the clavicle (collarbone) • Mild pain with raising the arm overhead • Mild pain with reaching the arm across the body Grades II and III • Moderate to severe pain along the outer edge of the clavicle (collarbone) • Moderate to severe pain with raising the arm overhead • Moderate to severe pain with reaching the arm across the body

Hypothermia first aid

Mild to Moderate hypothermia 1. Move the athlete to a warm area. 2. Send for emergency medical assistance. 3. Gently remove cold and wet clothes. 4. Wrap the athlete in blankets. 5. Monitor and treat for shock as needed. severe hypothermia 1. Send for emergency medical assistance. 2. Cover the athlete with blankets. 3. Handle the athlete very carefully. Excessive movements or jarring may cause cold blood to recirculate from the limbs to the heart and cause it to stop. 4. Monitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 5. Monitor and treat for shock as needed.

spine injury prevention

Neck Strengthening exercises into preseasons Prevent players from using helmet as a point of tackling or checking Head or neck injuries wear neck rolls Prohibit diving into water less than 6 feet deep Require spotters for athletes when practicing skills or routines

spine injury first aid

Red flag signs!!! Do as follows: 1. Send for emergency medical assistance 2. Check for breathing without moving the athlete 3. (Not breathing) have someone hold the neck and head still while performing CPR 4. (Breathing) Stabilize head and neck until EMs arrives. Leave helmet and shoulder pads on 5. control bleeding but avoid excess pressure over a head wound 6. monitor and treat for shock if needed 7. Let Ems handle the rest

sternoclavicular (sC) sprain (shoulder separation) prevention

Require athletes to wear shoulder pads if part of standard equipment.

Heat cramp first aid

Rest the athlete Assist the athlete with stretching the affected muscles Give the athlete a sports beverage (containing sodium) to drink if the spasms do not stop with stretching or after a few minutes of rest, look for other possible causes if spasms continue inform parents or guardians and send athlete to a physician.

Head cramp playing status

Return to activity once spasm stops and the athlete can run, jump, and cut without limping or pain send athlete to physician if it worsens if referred to a physician can't return until releases by physician.

Elbow Fracture first aid

Send for emergency medical assistance if bones are grossly displaced (deformity)or sticking through the skin, if there are signs of nerve damage or disrupted circulation, or if the athlete is suffering from shock. If none of the above, do the following: 1. Splint the arm in the position in which you found it. 2. Secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap. 3. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand see and send the athlete to a physician

Wrist Fracture first aid

Send for emergency medical assistance if bones are grossly displaced or sticking through the skin, if there are signs of nerve damage or disrupted circulation, or if the athlete is suffering from shock. If none of the above, do the following: 1. Splint the forearm and hand in the position in which you found them. 2. Apply a sling (if tolerated). 3. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

Biceps Muscle strain causes

Sudden forceful contraction or stretch of the biceps muscle

Hand Fracture first aid

Send for emergency medical assistance if bones are grossly displaced or sticking through the skin, if there are signs of nerve damage or disrupted circulation, or if the athlete is suffering from shock. If none of the above, do the following: 1. Immobilize the hand and fingers 2. Secure the hand to the body by applying an arm sling. 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

Forearm Fracture first aid

Send for emergency medical assistance if bones are grossly displaced or sticking through the skin, if there are signs of nerve damage or disrupted circulation, or if the athlete is suffering from shock. If none of the above, do the following: 1. Splint the arm in the position in which you found it. 2. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand) and send the athlete to a physician.

Finger or thumb Fracture first aid

Send for emergency medical assistance if bones are sticking through the skin, if there are signs of nerve damage or disrupted circulation, or if the athlete is suffering from shock. If none of the above, do the following: 1. Immobilize the hand and fingers 2. Secure the hand to the body by applying an arm sling. 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

elbow sprain

Stretch or tear of the ligaments holding the elbow bones together

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint sprain (shoulder separation)

Stretch or tear of the ligaments that connect the clavicle to the shoulder blade—the acromioclavicular joint

sternoclavicular (sC) sprain (shoulder separation)

Stretch or tear of the ligaments that connect the clavicle to the sternum (breastbone) as shown in figure

Wrist sprain

Stretch or tear of the ligaments that hold the wrist bones together

rhomboid Muscle strain

Stretch or tear of the muscle between the scapula (shoulder blade) and spine. These muscles pull the shoulder blades toward the spine.

deltoid strain

Stretch or tear of the muscles around the front, back, and side of the shoulder

Pectoral Muscle strain

Stretch or tear of the muscles used in bringing arm across chest

rotator Cuff strain

Stretch or tear of the muscles used in throwing, swimming, and hitting motions and essential to holding the humerus in the socket

Upper trapezius (trap) Muscle strain

Stretch or tear of the trapezius muscle. This muscle extends from the base of the skull to the outer tips of the shoulder and down to just above the low back. Different portions of the muscle shrug the shoulders, extend the head backward, and squeeze the shoulder blades together

triceps Muscle strain

Stretch or tear of the triceps muscle. This muscle straightens the elbow and extends the upper arm backward

Biceps Muscle strain

Stretch or tear to biceps

Hypothermia playing status

The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician.

sternoclavicular (sC) sprain (shoulder separation) playing status

The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • When returning to contact sports, the athlete should wear a protective pad over the injury.

(Burner or stinger) Nerve injury causes

The head is Flexed or extended and forced quickly to one side and tilted down.

(Burner or stinger) Nerve injury symptoms

Tingling and burning in the neck, Shoulder, or arm Electrical shock Sensation in the neck or shoulder Arm feeling dead or heavy

Hypothermia symptoms

When the body temperature drops below 95 degrees, • Irritability • Drowsiness • Lethargy

Frostbite

a condition in which tissues freeze and blood vessels constrict. Superficial frostbite involves localized freezing of the skin and the superficial tissues below it. The nose, ears, toes, and fingers are especially prone to superficial frostbite. Deep frostbite begins superficially but advances to deep tissues such as muscles and tendons.

rotator Cuff strain symptoms

all Grades • Pain with swimming, throwing, spiking, serving, and forehand and backhand motions • Pain with lifting arm overhead

Conduction

body loses or gains heat is by coming in contact with warmer or cold object

Metabolism

body's cell work and use energy. heat is produced. (Body temperatures rises due to a metabolic rate.

signs of a head injury

confusion unsteadiness inability to multitask short term memory lost bleeding or wound at the point of the blow blood from the mouth, nose, or ears abnormalities in the pupils neck pain with the decrease in motion irregular breathing

rib Fracture or Contusion first aid

contusion 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician. Fracture 1. Rest the athlete from all activities. 2. If the athlete has breathing difficulties, an open chest wound, or a backward displaced (toward internal organs) rib, or the athlete is suffering from shock, call for emergency medical assistance. 3. If none of the above, apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

rib Fracture or Contusion symptoms

contusion • Mild pain with breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing Fracture • Moderate to severe pain with breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing

rib Fracture or Contusion signs

contusion • Swelling • Bruising • Mild point tenderness Fracture • Deformity • Pain when rib cage is gently compressed on either side of injury • Moderate to severe point tenderness over the site of the injury • Swelling • Breathing difficulties (if fractured rib punctures lung)

Radiation

heat is gained through contact with electromagnetic waves the sun. Heat can be lost through radiation from the body to the environment. Heat can be lost through radiation from the body to the environment whenever the environmental temperature is less than body temperature.

Convection

heat is lost or gained via air(wind) circulating around. air temperature is warmer than the body. The body will gain heat. if the air temperature is cooler, the body will lose heat.

(Burner or stinger) First aid Nerve Injury

if sensation and strengthen don't return within 5 minutes/ deformity in the spine. Do as following 1. Send for emergency medical assistance 2. Stabilize the head and spine 3. Monitor breathing and give CPR if needed 4. Monitor and treat for shock if needed 5. Stabilize any other injuries. 6. If the sensation returns within a few minutes. Call the athlete parents or guardians and have them take the athlete to a physician.

Elbow sprain causes

• Direct blow or torsion (twisting) injury that forces the elbow sideways or backward

Heat cramp symptoms

pain fatigue

rib Fracture or Contusion

rib bruise or break

Finger dislocation first aid

send for emergency medical assistance if 1. the athlete is suffering from shock, or 2. there are signs of nerve damage or disrupted circulation If none of the above, do the following: 1. Immobilize the hand and finger (in position in which you found it). 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed. 3. Apply ice and send the athlete to a physician.

Heat cramp signs

severe muscle spasms, often in the quadriceps, hamstring or calves

Heat exhaustion

shocklike condition caused by dehydration.

Abdominal Strain

stretch or tear of abdominal muscle fibers.

Low Back Strain

stretch or tear of back muscle fibers.

inner thigh Strain

stretch or tear of the adductor (inner thigh) muscles

Hip Flexor Strain

stretch or tear of the muscles located high on the front of the thigh or pelvis

shoulder dislocation or subluxation first aid

subluxation 1. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician (if shock does not occur). Dislocation 1. Send for emergency medical assistance. 2. If emergency medical assistance is delayed more than 20 minutes, stabilize the arm in the position in which you found it. 3. Do not try to put the humerus back into the socket. 4. Monitor and treat for shock as needed. 5. Apply ice

shoulder dislocation or subluxation signs

subluxation • Lack of sensation in the arm or hand (caused by the displaced bone pinching nerves) • Bluish arm or hand (caused by the displaced bone disrupting blood supply) Dislocation • Inability to move the arm • Shoulder appears flat instead of rounded • Arm is held slightly out to the side of the body • Lack of sensation in the arm or hand (caused by the displaced bone pinching nerves and arteries) • Bluish arm or hand (caused by the displaced bone disrupting blood supply)

Hip dislocation and Subluxation first aid

subluxation 1. Prevent the athlete from walking on the injured leg. 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. Send for emergency medical assistance if the athlete has extreme pain, limited hip motion, or signs and symptoms of nerve damage or disrupted blood supply 4. Apply ice to the injury and send the athlete to a physician. Dislocation 1. Call for emergency medical assistance. 2. Prevent the athlete from moving entire leg. 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed. 4. Apply ice.

Elbow dislocation or subluxation first aid

subluxation 1. Rest the athlete from all activity. 2. Immobilize the arm with a sling and secure the arm to the body with an elastic wrap. 3. Monitor and treat for shock as needed and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 4. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand) and send the athlete to a physician. Dislocation 1. Send for emergency medical assistance. 2. Monitor and treat for shock as needed. 3. Keep the athlete from moving the elbow. 4. Apply ice (avoid the nerve that runs to the hand

Hip dislocation and Subluxation signs

subluxation • Lack of sensation in the leg, foot, or toes (if displaced bone pinches nerves) • Bluish leg, foot, or toes (if displaced bone disrupts blood supply) • Limping Dislocation • Inability to walk • Inability to move thigh • Injured leg may appear shorter (backward dislocation) • Lack of sensation in the leg, foot, or toes (if displaced bone pinches nerves) • Bluish leg, foot, or toes (if displaced bone disrupts blood supply)

Elbow dislocation or subluxation symptoms

subluxation • Tingling down the forearm and hand (if sub-luxated bone pinches nerves) • Felt or heard a pop • Sense of looseness or giving away Dislocation • Intense pain • Tingling down the forearm and hand (if dis-located bone pinches nerve Felt or heard a pop • Sense of looseness or giving away

(Burner or stinger) Nerve Injury Playing Status

wait until athlete has been evaluated and released by a physician

Hip dislocation and Subluxation causes

• 70 to 80 percent of all hip dislocations are caused by the head of the femur (thighbone) dislocating backward out of the socket. Typically, these occur when an athlete lands on a bent knee while the thigh is rotated inward and positioned close to the midline of the body. An example is a running football player who is tackled and falls forward on a bent knee.

Heat exhaustion playing status

• An athlete must absolutely not return to activity on the same day that the athlete suffered heat exhaustion. If the athlete is sent to a physician or does not quickly recover, do not allow the athlete to return to activity until released by a physician. • The athlete cannot return to activity until the weight lost through sweat is regained.

shoulder dislocation or subluxation causes

• Backward blow to upper arm while it is raised to the side • Forceful contraction of the shoulder muscles • Fall on outstretched arm

lightning injury signs

• Burns at point of entrance and exit • If responsive disorientation • Unresponsiveness

Hip Contusion (Hip Pointer) causes

• Compression

Elbow Fracture signs

• Deformity • Swelling • Severe point tenderness at the site of injury • Inability to bend or straighten elbow • Bluish skin on forearm, wrist, hand, or fingers (if fracture injures blood vessels) • Loss of sensation and tingling in forearm, wrist, hand, or fingers (if fracture injures nerves)

Clavicle fracture(shoulder) signs

• Deformity • Swelling • Point tenderness

Humerus Fracture signs

• Deformity • Swelling • Severe point tenderness • Inability to move arm • Bluish skin on forearm, wrist, hand, or fingers (if fracture injures blood vessels) • Loss of sensation and tingling in forearm, wrist, hand, or fingers (if fracture injures nerves)

lightning injury prevention

• Develop a lightning injury prevention plan • Stop activities when thunder occurs, even without lightning, or use the 30 to 30 rules for suspending recreational or sporting activities: If thunder occurs within 30 seconds of distant lightning, seek shelter. Do not leave the shelter until 30 minutes after the last lightning strike or clap of thunder.

Elbow Fracture causes

• Direct blow

Forearm Fracture causes

• Direct blow • Falling on an outstretched hand

Wrist Fracture causes

• Direct blow • Falling on an outstretched hand

Humerus Fracture causes

• Direct blow • Torsion injury • Compression injury

Hand Fracture causes

• Direct blow • Falling on an outstretched hand

Elbow dislocation or subluxation causes

• Direct blow • Falling on an outstretched hand • Severe elbow sprain • Elbow forcefully extended backward

Finger sprain prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason forearm and hand strengthening exercises. • Instruct athletes to avoid falling on out-stretched hand. • Recommend athletes tape previously injured fingers before practices and games

Elbow Epiphyseal (Growth Plate) stress Fracture prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason upper arm and forearm strengthening and flexibility training. • Follow league guidelines for limiting forceful throwing by growing athletes

tennis Elbow prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason upper arm and forearm strengthening and flexibility training. • Instruct athletes to use the shoulder and body for power when performing a backhand stroke.

Golfer's Elbow prevention

• Encourage athletes to do preseason upper arm and forearm strengthening and flexibility training. • Instruct athletes to use the shoulder and body for power when performing a forehand stroke

Upper trapezius (trap) Muscle strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason exercises that strengthen the neck and upper back and stretch the pectoral (pec or chest) and latissimus dorsi (lat) muscles.

rhomboid Muscle strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason exercises that strengthen the upper back and stretch the pectoral (pec or chest) and latissimus dorsi (lat) muscles.

rotator Cuff strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason shoulder strengthening and stretching exercises. • At the beginning of the season, instruct athletes to gradually begin throwing, starting with slow speed and short distance throws, and gradually increasing the speed and distance. • Instruct athletes to throw from an overhead position and to use the body and legs as well as the arms

deltoid strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason shoulder strengthening and stretching exercises. • Instruct athletes to throw from an overhead position and to use the body and legs as well as the arms.

shoulder dislocation or subluxation prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason shoulder strengthening exercises.

Biceps tendinitis prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason upper arm strengthening and stretching exercises.

triceps Muscle strain prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason upper arm strengthening and stretching exercises.

triceps tendinitis prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason upper arm strengthening and stretching exercises.

Finger dislocation prevention

• Encourage athletes to perform preseason wrist and hand muscle strengthening and stretching exercises. • Recommend athletes tape previously injured fingers before practices and games.

Elbow Fracture prevention

• Encourage athletes to wear protective elbow pads during high impact sports such as football, ice hockey, lacrosse, and basketball.

Ulnar Nerve Contusion prevention

• Encourage athletes to wear protective elbow pads during high-impact sports such as football, ice hockey, lacrosse, and basketball

Elbow Bursitis prevention

• Encourage athletes to wear protective elbow pads during high-impact sports such as football, ice hockey, lacrosse, wrestling, and basketball.

Forearm Fracture prevention

• Encourage athletes to wear protective forearm pads in football and ice hockey

Hand Fracture prevention

• Encourage athletes to wear protective hand pads in football, lacrosse, and ice hockey.

Hip Contusion (Hip Pointer) prevention

• Encourage athletes to wear protective hip pads during football, volleyball, ice hockey, baseball, and softball.

Heatstroke prevention

• Ensure that athletes stay well hydrated. • Rest an athlete who is showing signs of de-hydration • After an athlete suffers from heat exhaustion, do not allow the athlete to return to practice or competition until the athlete has fully re-hydrated. • Educate parents and athletes about dehydration and heat illnesses.

Heat exhaustion prevention

• Ensure that athletes stay well hydrated. • Rest an athlete who is showing signs of de-hydration. • Educate parents and athletes about dehydration and heat illnesses

sternoclavicular (sC) sprain (shoulder separation) causes

• Falling on an outstretched hand • Direct blow that pushes the clavicle forward or backward

Finger dislocation signs

• Finger in a bent position • Swelling • Deformity • Inability to bend or straighten finger • Lack of sensation in finger (if dislocated bone pinches nerves) • Extreme tenderness around finger joint

inner thigh Strain causes

• Forceful contraction or stretch (tension injury) of the inner thigh muscles • Weak or inflexible inner thigh muscles • Twisting the upper body while the foot is planted

Hip Flexor Strain causes

• Forceful contraction or stretch (tension injury) of the muscles • Weak or inflexible hip and thigh muscles

Elbow Bursitis signs

• Gradual or sudden localized swelling on the back of elbow • Noticeable bump on the back of the elbow • Warmth over the area (indicates possible infection)

Heat exhaustion symptoms

• Headache • Nausea • Dizziness • Chills • Fatigue • Thirst

Heatstroke signs

• Hot and flushed or red skin Very high body temperature—rectal tempera-ture 104 degrees or more • Rapid pulse • Rapid breathing • Constricted pupils • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Confusion • Possible seizures • Possible unresponsiveness • Possible respiratory or cardiac arrest

lightning injury causes

• Indirect or direct hit by lightning

Wrist Fracture prevention

• Instruct athletes to avoid falling on outstretched hand

Side Stitch prevention

• Instruct athletes to perform an adequate aerobic or cardiovascular warm-up before activity. • Instruct athletes to not eat within two hours before strenuous activity.

Humerus Fracture prevention

• Instruct athletes to tuck arm to side if falling.

Finger dislocation symptoms

• Intense pain • Tingling in finger (if dislocated bone pinches nerves) • Felt or heard a pop • Sense of looseness or giving away

shoulder dislocation or subluxation symptoms

• Intense pain where the upper arm bone connects to the shoulder blade • Sense of looseness or giving away • Tingling in arm or hand (caused by the displaced bone pinching nerves) • Felt or heard a pop

Elbow dislocation or subluxation signs

• Lack of sensation in hand (if subluxated bone pinches nerves) • Extreme tenderness around the elbow • Swelling Dislocation • Elbow in a slightly bent position • Swelling or other deformity around the elbow area • Inability to bend or straighten elbow • Lack of sensation in hand (if dislocated bone pinches nerves) • Extreme tenderness around the elbow

Side Stitch signs

• None

Elbow Fracture symptoms

• Numbness around the area or down the forearm and hand (if fracture injures nerves) • Severe pain • Grating sensation at the site of injury

Golfer's Elbow causes

• Overuse of weak or inflexible wrist muscles • Throwing sidearm • Using only the forearm and wrist for power in forehand racquet stroke

Forearm Fracture symptoms

• Pain

Elbow Bursitis symptoms

• Pain along the back of elbow

Hand Fracture symptoms

• Pain localized around the injured area • Grating sensation • Pain with gripping or making a fist

Elbow Epiphyseal (Growth Plate) stress Fracture symptoms

• Pain over the inside edge of the elbow that gradually worsens with activity • Achiness when at rest

Wrist Fracture symptoms

• Pain when rotating wrist • Pain when bending wrist • Pain when tilting wrist from side to side

Finger or thumb Fracture symptoms

• Pain with bending or straightening the finger or thumb • Pain when the end of the finger is tapped

Pectoral Muscle strain symptoms

• Pain with swimming, spiking, serving, side-arm throwing, forehand motions, push-ups, and bench and incline presses • Pain with reaching arm across chest • Pain when arm is stretched straight out to the side • Pain over the front of the shoulder or chest, below the clavicle • Slight muscle tightness

deltoid strain symptoms

• Pain with throwing, spiking, serving, and swimming • Pain when raising arm forward, to the side, or backward • Slight muscle tightness

Hand Fracture signs

• Point tenderness • Swelling • Deformity • Loss of function • Grip weakness

Hypothermia causes

• Prolonged exposure to a wet, windy, and cold environment • Extreme fatigue, such as that suffered after competition in a marathon or triathlon • Dehydration

Finger or thumb Fracture prevention

• Recommend athletes tape previously injured fingers before practices and games.

Biceps tendinitis causes

• Repeated forceful contraction or stretch of the biceps • Weak or inflexible biceps

triceps Muscle strain causes

• Repeated forceful contraction or stretch of the triceps • Weak or inflexible triceps

triceps tendinitis causes

• Repeated forceful contraction or stretch of the triceps • Weak or inflexible triceps

Elbow Epiphyseal (Growth Plate) stress Fracture causes

• Repetitive and forceful throwing weakens the growth plate until it breaks

Clavicle fracture(shoulder) Prevention

• Require athletes to wear properly fitted shoulder pads if part of standard equipment

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint sprain (shoulder separation) prevention

• Require athletes to wear properly fitted shoulder pads if part of standard equipment.

rib Fracture or Contusion prevention

• Require athletes to wear rib pads if appropriate for the sport (football and ice hockey).

Humerus Fracture symptoms

• Severe pain

Hip dislocation and Subluxation symptoms

• Severe pain in hip and thigh • Tingling in leg and foot (if displaced bone pinches nerves) • Sense of looseness or instability • Felt or heard a pop • Knee, lower leg, or even back pain

Side Stitch symptoms

• Sharp pain in the side during activity • Pain usually disappears after the athlete rests

Elbow Bursitis causes

• Single blow or repetitive blows to the elbow • Infection

Abdominal Strain causes

• Sudden stretch or contraction of the abdominal muscles • Weak or inflexible abdominal muscles

Low Back Strain causes

• Sudden stretch or contraction of the low back muscles • Weak abdominal muscles • Tight low back muscles and hip muscles

Forearm Fracture signs

• Swelling • Deformity • Severe point tenderness • Inability to rotate or twist forearm to turn palm up or down • Inability to bend or straighten wrist or elbow (depending on the site of the injury along the forearm) • Bluish skin on hand or fingers (if fracture injures blood vessels) • Loss of sensation and tingling in hand and fingers (if fracture injures nerves)

Finger or thumb Fracture signs

• Swelling • Deformity • Inability to bend or straighten finger

Wrist Fracture signs

• Swelling • Deformity • Point tenderness • Inability to rotate or twist forearm and wrist • Inability to bend wrist • Bluish skin on hand and fingers (if fracture injures blood vessels) • Loss of sensation and tingling in hand and fingers (if fracture injures nerves)

Elbow Epiphyseal (Growth Plate) stress Fracture signs

• Swelling over the inside of elbow • Point tenderness over the inside of elbow

Upper trapezius (trap) Muscle strain playing status

• The athlete can return to activity if signs and symptoms subside; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder. • If sent to a physician, the athlete cannot re-turn to activity until examined and released. Grades II and III • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the neck, shoulder, or back is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the neck and shoulder.

Side Stitch playing status

• The athlete can return to activity once the pain subsides and breathing and heart rates are normal. • If the pain does not subside, the athlete must be examined and released by a physician to rule out other problems

Heatstroke playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician, and then should return to activity gradually.

Elbow Epiphyseal (Growth Plate) stress Fracture playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician.

Frostbite playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician.

lightning injury playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician.

rib Fracture or Contusion playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician. • If the athlete returns to contact sports, the injured area should be padded.

Elbow dislocation or subluxation playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the elbow, and full strength and flexibility in the elbow, wrist, and hand. When returning to activity, the athlete may need to use protective taping or bracing.

Elbow Fracture playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the elbow.

Elbow Bursitis playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the elbow is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the elbow. • When returning to activity, the athlete should wear a protective elbow pad

Finger or thumb Fracture playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the finger is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the wrist, hand, and finger. • When returning to activity, the athlete may need protective taping

Finger dislocation playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the finger is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the wrist, hand, and finger. • When returning to activity, the athlete may need protective taping for the finger. Buddy tape the finger to an adjacent finger toward the midline of the hand

Forearm Fracture playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the forearm is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the elbow and wrist, and equal handgrip strength.

Hand Fracture playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the hand is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the wrist, and full strength and flexibility in the wrist and hand.

Hip dislocation and Subluxation playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the hip is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the hip, and full strength and flexibility in the hip and thigh

Humerus Fracture playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder and elbow are pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder and elbow.

Clavicle fracture(shoulder) playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder

shoulder dislocation or subluxation playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the shoulder is pain free; and the athlete has full strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder.

Wrist Fracture playing status

• The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician; the wrist is pain free; and the athlete has full range of motion in the wrist, and full strength and flexibility in the hand and forearm

rotator Cuff strain causes

• Throwing sidearm • Swinging a racquet or throwing with just the arm and not the body • Weak and tight shoulder muscles

Pectoral Muscle strain causes

• Throwing sidearm • Swinging a racquet or throwing with the arm only • Weak and inflexible chest and shoulder muscles • Lifting weights that are too heavy or using incorrect technique such as lowering the elbows too far in the bench press

Wrist sprain causes

• Torsion (twisting) injury • Falling on an outstretched hand

Side Stitch causes

• Unknown

tennis Elbow causes

• Weak or inflexible wrist muscles • Incorrect stroke technique (particularly backhand) in racquet sports—using the wrist for all the force of the swing instead of the shoulder and body • Racquet strung too tight

rhomboid Muscle strain causes

• Weak upper back muscles and tight chest muscles

Upper trapezius (trap) Muscle strain causes

• Weak upper back or neck muscles • Tight chest muscles • Lifting weights that are too heavy or doing shoulder shrugs incorrectly