CPUSH exam
Haymarket Riot
People protesting police brutality toward union workers Chicago police try to disperse. A Bomb explodes, killing 7 police. Eight anarchists were tried and convicted (4 were executed). Businesses now try to crush unions Hurt unionization in mainstream America--linked to anarchy
Gilded Age population trends
Population grew rapidly (especially in cities).
J.P. Morgan
Powerful investment banker, and considered one of the "Robber Barons". He would invest in businesses and make a profit when the businesses did.
10th Amendment
Powers Reserved to the States
reserved powers
Powers given to the state government alone
National: Head of Executive Branch
President
Executive Branch checks Legislative Branch
President decides to veto a law that Congress has passed
Woodrow Wilson
President of the United States during WWI. He wanted peace & democracy.
Election of 1912
Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win.
5 P's of Expansion
Profit, Protection, Piety, Politicians, and Patriotism
De Lome Letter
Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms.
Who is in charge of the House of Representatives
Speaker of the House: Nancy Pelosi
Fourteen Points
Speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson as a plan for peace at the end of the war. He named the main causes of the war (militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism) and proposed the league of nations.
15th Amendment
States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.
National: Head of Judicial Branch
Supreme Court/federal courts
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
Jones Act
Promised independence to the Philippines as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946.
conservation
Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment. Roosevelt established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, ect.
Countries under U.S. control/influence
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Pullman Strike
Pullman required workers to live in a company town. 1893: Pullman cuts wages by 1/3, laid-off workers and did not cut rents and prices and demanded increased output. Pullman union leader was Eugene V. Debs. Major strikes and sympathy strikes happened as a result. Pullman Co. and Railroad companies asked the federal government to get a court injunction to end the strike. Grover Cleveland sent in troops to enforce the injunction. Violence burning of cars and $340,000 in damage, and many deaths. Strike collapses and several leaders were arrested. Debs was thrown in jail and workers were fired and blacklisted
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Raised the taxes on US imports by 60%, the highest in history, in order to protect US businesses from foreign competition. But, this made it impossible to France and Britain to pay back war debts because they couldn't sell enough goods in the US.
Boxer Rebellion
Rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners and missionaries. The rebellion was ended by international troops.
Robber Barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
The Three R's of Great Depression
Relief, Recovery, Reform
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition
6th Amendment
Right to a speedy trial
2nd amendment
Right to bear arms
7th amendment
Right to jury in civil trials.
Standard Oil
Rockefeller's oil company which later became a monopoly because it produced and controlled most of the oil in the US.
U.S. Forest Service
Roosevelt set aside millions of acres of national forests and created the nation's first wildlife sanctuaries (conservation)
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
Voltaire
Separation of church and state.
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Dejure - segregation by law (Jim Crow), defacto - segregation by choice
Montesquieu
Separation of powers, checks and balances.
Red Scare
Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas. Russia had a communist revolution and the Americans feared that foreigners would bring communism to the US.
"Big Four"
Italy, U.S., Great Britain, France
Who is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
John Roberts
Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the early 20th century - exposed John D. Rockefeller
Susan B. Anthony
Key leader of woman suffrage movement (lead NAWSA)
Extermination of the Buffalo
Killing the buffalo (the American bison) takes away the Native American way of life and food - one way that the colonists settled the "Indian Problem"
people associated with the Harlem Renaissance
Langston Huges (poet) James Weldon Johnson (author) Louis Armstrong (musician - trumpet) Duke Ellington (musician - composer/pianist) Bessie Smith (musician - singer)
Espionage Act
Law passed to make it illegal to interfere with the draft, encourage soldiers to be disobedient, or sent anti war mail.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement.
Industrialization
Shift from an economy based on agriculture to manufacturing
Niagara Movement
Led by W.E.B Dubois to promote liberal arts education for black men
Factors that limited success of labor unions
Less focused unions were less successful.
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathon, best ruler is absolute monarch.
New technology in World War I
Machines, poison gas, automatic weapons, air planes, and u-boats
Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States. To get it the US helped Panama's rebellion against Columbia and payed $10 million plus a yearly rent.
Pancho Villa
Mexican revolutionary leader. The US sent troops to Mexico to capture him, but then returned home.
Factors that led to success for labor unions
More focused unions were more successful (ex. only skilled workers)
Great Migration
Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.
NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association: to help women win the right to vote (Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady)
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - led by James Weldon Johnson
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: aimed for full equality between the races
Ft. Laramie Treaty
Sioux agreed to live in a reservation along the Mississippi River Sitting Bull refused to sign
Great Railroad Strike
Nationwide railroad strike over reduced wages. Workers destroyed railroad property, causing federal troops sent in by President Hayes. 100 people die. Business leaders saw this as the beginning of a revolution of angry workers
The Roaring Twenties
Nickname for the 1920s becasue of the booming economy and fast pace of life during that era
8th amendment
No cruel or unusual punishment
3rd amendment
No quartering of soldiers
Roosevelt's view of trusts
Not all trusts were wrong, just the ones that got in the way of the good of the public
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.
State: Who is in charge of the Legislative Branch
Ohio General Assembly
Zimmerman Note
On this note, Germany had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. They tempted Mexico with the idea of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted Great Brittian and published. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the Constituion that provides protections for individual liberties and limits on government power.
National Labor Union
The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers. Called for an 8-hour workday. Killed by disagreements and depression of 1873
bank holiday
The first major action of President Roosevelt during the depression was to declare a bank holiday and have all banks inspected.
Seneca Falls Convention
The first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written (Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott): All men and women are created equal, equal opportunities before the law (suffrage), and birth of modern women's rights movement
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution; wanted by the Anti-Federalists. They wouldn't agree to the new constitution without a bill of rights.
evolution
The gradual change and development in a species over time
Great Plains
The grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States
Urbanization
The growth of cities
Hawley-Smoot Act
The highest tariff in US history on imported goods
Angel Island
The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants were processed at San Francisco Bay. (harsher than Ellis Island)
quota
restricted the amount of immigrants allowed in the US - Emergency Quota Act of 1921: limited Eastern European immigrants and prohibited Japanese immigration - National Origins Act of 1924: immigrants were totally free to enter from the Western Hemisphere as well as Western Europe
Second Amendment
right to bear arms
Sixth Amendment
right to speedy trial by impartial jury. Right to attorney. Must be told of charges and Miranda rights.
Seventh Amendment
right to trial by jury in civil case
4th-8th Amendments
rights of the accused
Fourth Amendment
search and seizure; officer needs probable cause and a warrant.
Hull House
settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams. Focused on immigrant families and women and provided education, healthcare, and daycare.
D, R, or S: Establish courts
shared
D, R, or S: Make and enforce laws
shared
D, R, or S: Taxes
shared
Row houses
single family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar houses
First Amendment freedoms
speech, press, peaceful assembly, petition, and religion
State: Who is in charge of the Judicial Branch
state Supreme Court
Shared Powers
state and national powers shared
Reserved powers
state powers; reserved for the states in 10th amendment.
Wabash Case
states could not regulate interstate commerce - it was the federal governments responsibility
Munn v. Illinois
states won the right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers
Alice Paul and Lucy Burns
suffragettes who started the New Woman's Party and the Congressional Union
creationism
the belief that God created the world and everything in it, usually in the way described in the Bible
Electoral College
the body that elects the President
executive branch
the branch of government that carries out laws
Legislative branch
the branch of government that makes the laws
Federal Reserve System
the central bank of the United States put in place by Wilson
Free exercise clause
the government cannot prohibit a person from worshipping freely
impact of the automobile industry
the landscape completely changed with the new building of paved roads everywhere. Rural Americans could now easily access cities for entertainment as well as practicalities, like shopping. Also, new businesses popped up, like gas stations and motels.
Speaker of the House
the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives
congress
the legislature of the United States government (senate/house of representatives)
Elastic Clause
the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers
Speculation
the practice of making high-risk investments with borrowed money in hopes of getting a big return
search and seizure
the process by which police or other authorities who suspect that a crime has been committed do a search of a person's property and collect any relevant evidence to the crime; protection from illegal search and seizure is in the Fourth Amendment
Suffrage
the right to vote
suffrage
the right to vote
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded reparations from the Germans. Germany had to admit guilt, pay for war, give up land, and let the allies occupy for the next 15 years.
Great Migration
thousands of African Americans moving from the North to South seeking job prosperity and hoping to escape Southern segregation
Kellogg-Briand Pact
treaty in which many nations agreed to outlaw war. 62 nations signed. (Problems - false sense of security and no enforcement)
urban population trends in the Gilded Age
urban population tripled.
Sarajevo, Bosnia
where Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed
"scab"
worked the jobs of striking union workers.
The Lost Generation
writers who were resentful towards WWI
Causes of Urbanization
The technological boom in the United States
Development of the West
The transcontinental railroad increased westward expansion and migration.
The Jungle
This work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Thought a strong navy was the key to world dominace.
Impact of Technology on Farmers
Thousands of farmers emigrate to the cities. Especially black people leaving the South (200,00)
Effect of World War I on Women's Suffrage
Turning point of women's suffrage
John J. Pershing
US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him and commander of US troops in WW1.
Tenements
Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.
Dollar Diplomacy
Use of American $$ in strategic areas of the world, so countries would be loyal to the US because they needed money. - Taft
Who is in charge of the Senate
Vice President: Kamala Harris
Spanish-American War
War began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain (the US has millions of $$ invested in sugar plantations, yellow journalism, and the DeLorme letter)
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan. Theodore Roosevelt won Nobel peace prize for negotiating the treaty of Portsmouth to end the war.
Filipino-American War
War between the Philippines and the US. Philippines rebelled because they believed that the US had promised independence. The US put down the rebellion and let the Philippines have independence when they were ready to self rule.
Presidents of the 1920s
Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover
William Howard Taft
Was Roosevelt's vice president and was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on the progressive program. Was president for one term then lost to Woodrow Wilson and was the chief justice on the supreme court.
"Double Standard"
Women had much stricter standards in behavior than men.
Missionary Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson's idea of the United States' moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government that was viewed as hostile to American interests.
world safe for democracy
Woodrow Wilson's justification for declaring war on Germany and entering WWI.
Changes for women
World War one led to women's right to vote, more opportunities to work, new fashions, modern lifestyle
flappers
Young women who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
Fundamentalism
a Protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and details in the Bible are literally true
Army Reorganization Bill of 1916
a bill that increased the US army to 200,000 men
Trust
a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition
trust
a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement. Participants turned over their stock to a group of trustees. In return the companies made dividends on profit earned by trust.
federal trade commission
a federal agency established to investigate and stop unfair business practices and put an end to some unfair big business practices.
New Woman's Party
a group formed to fight for women's suffrage by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
a group led by Marcus Garvey who wanted racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent Black nation in Africa
Laissez-faire
a hands-off approach to government
Harlem Renaissance
a literary and artistic movement celebrating African American that expressed a new pride in the African American experience
Assimilation/Americanization
a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and ways of the dominant white culture (usually forced)
isolationism
a national policy of avoiding international affairs
Reasonable suspicion
a person can reasonably believe a rule may have been broken; used at schools.
Federalism
a political system in which power is divided and shared between the national government and the state governments
Literacy Test
a test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote, black people often could not pass them
Selective Service Act
act passed authorizing a draft of men for military service. Drafted 24 million men to quickly increase the size of the military in 1917.
reasons for economic growth in the 1920s
advertising and buying products of credit
Three-Fifths Compromise
agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes
Sherman Antitrust Act
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States (a victory for small bushiness, workers, and consumers)
Poll Tax
an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote, black people were often too poor to pay them
Executive Branch checks Judicial Branch
appoints judges
goals of labor unions
better pay, safer conditions, and shorter hours (8 hour work day)
Russian Revolution
causes Russia to pull out of WW1 in 1917, hurting the Allies. Russia had the largest military, spend the most money, and occupied almost half the German millitary on the eastern front.
uses of the airplane in the 1920s
changed the way people traveled and mainly used as a mail carrying service.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation
recall
citizens could not remove corrupt officials. This reform allowed voters to call another election for an official who's term had not ended because they thought he was corrupt.
Referendum
citizens did not have the power to create laws. In 1920 this reform was created to give citizens the right to vote on the initiative.
Initiative
citizens did not have the power to create laws. In 1920 this reform was created to give citizens this power.
Ninth Amendment
citizens have rights not listed in the Constitution that are determined by the people
Limits on Freedom of Speech
clear and present danger libel and slander sexual harassment extremely crude language in a public forum disrespectful, vulgar language in schools hate crimes
W.E.B. DuBois
co-founded NAACP
standardized time
communities all had different times zones (based on the the dark) - made it hard for travelers - this was created as a solution
Great Compromise
compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
"The Supreme Law of the Land"
constitution
consumerism wages of workers in the 1920s
consumerism increased due to more ads, credit, and the increased wages of the workers. This negatively affected the farmers (drop in prices).
Teapot Dome Scandal
corruption by a Harding cabinet member, privately sold and profited off of the navy's oil.
Causes of the Great Depression
credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks
Judicial Branch checks Executive Branch
decides if something is unconstitutional
Judicial Branch checks Legislative Branch
decides if something is unconstitutional
D, R, or S: Coin money
delegated
D, R, or S: Establish post offices
delegated
D, R, or S: National Defense and the military
delegated
D, R, or S: Regulate commerce
delegated
Meat Inspection Act
dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection
Fifth Amendment
due process of the law before conviction. Double jeopardy--cannot be tried for the same crime twice. You also never have to testify against yourself.
The job of the Executive Branch
enforce laws
14th Amendment
equal protection under the law
Volstead Act
established a Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury Department to fund prohibition
Grandfather Clause
even if you didn't pass the literally test, or you couldn't pay the poll tax, you were still qualified to vote if your grandfather had been registered, didn't really include African Americans as their ancestors were most likely enslaved
Impact of war on women
expands job opportunities (jobs that had been previously held by men), and allowed them to occupy some non-combat jobs in the military.
Due Process
fair treatment through the judicial system
Anti-imperialism
felt imperialism threatened nation's democratic foundations. Against the US expanding it's territory.
Due Process
following established legal procedures
unskilled worker
general worker who can perform any job that requires no special knowledge or skill
Republic
government for the people by the people
Farmers Alliances
groups of farmers, or those in sympathy with farming issues, who sent lecturers from town to town to educate people about agricultural and rural issues
laissez-faire
hands off government - very little regulation on businesses - government favors business (similar to gilded age) - government control could be misinterpreted as communism - republicans more than democrats
Impact of World War II on Great Depression
helped the us get out of it
The job of the Judicial Branch
interpret laws
Causes of Industrialization
large (& increasing) American population, lots of natural resources, lots of food, new technologies, government support of business, and railroads.
Jose Marti
led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain
Limits to Freedom of the Press
libel and slander disclose defense security secrets detail how to make certain weapons
lible/ slander
lible= written lies, slander= spoken lies (not protected by the 1st amendment)
Supreme Court term
life
Sedition Act
made it a crime to speak out against war bonds, or say anything unpatriotic, or hinder the war effort
The job of the Legislative Branch
make laws, taxes, and can declare war
Jacob Riis
muckraker who pointed out the terrible conditions of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s.
Delegated powers
national powers; if something is written in the Constitution, the national government is in charge of it.
Doughboys
nickname for American soldiers during WW1
Eighth Amendment
no excessive bail, no cruel and unusual punishment
overt action
obvious war actions ex: Germany attacking US ships
Buying On Margin
paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest
Neutrality
policy of supporting neither side in a war. The US was neutral for most of WW1 until it join the allies.
Social Gospel Movement
preached salvation through service to the poor. Believed they needed to fix the problems of the cities.
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
"Powderkeg of Europe"
Balkan peninsula because of many ethnic rivalries and Europe's leading powers had interests there.
double jeopardy
Being tried twice for the same crime is illegal
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Billed the government 2-3 times what it would actually cost to build rail roads. Pocketed the rest.
The stock market crash of 1929 (and reasons for it)
Black Tuesday - people were buying stocks on credit that they couldn't afford (speculation) - banks start closing - credit crisis - unemployment rises - overproduction - reduced exports/trade - fewer people with money to purchase goods
Booker T. Washington
Black leader who promoted economic independence and a slow transition for blacks into free society
Judicial branch
Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly.
Sitting Bull
Chief of Sioux who refused to sign the Ft. Laramie Treaty
9th amendment
Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution
horizontal integration
Companies producing similar products merge. (companies buy out companies, Allows for them to set prices, No quality for consumers)
Monopoly
Complete control of a product or business by one company
Legislative Branch checks Judicial Branch
Congress approves judge and can impeach them
Establishment clause
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion
Legislative branch checks Executive Branch
Congress votes to override a Presidential veto
National: Head of Legislative Branch
Congress--House of Representatives and Senate
delegated powers
Constitutional powers granted solely to the federal government.
Jane Addams
Created the settlement house movement - > used religion to deal with poverty and social ills.
Status of Cuba after Spanish-American War
Cuba became an independent country.
Massacre at Wounded Knee
Custer's old regiment rounded up about 350 starving/freezing Native Americans and took them to a camp, forcing them to give up all weapons. A shot was fired (unclear which side it was from). Soldiers opened fire with a cannon and massacred Native Americans
Little Big Horn
George Custer reported that the black hills had gold and got the federal government to move the Native Americans again. All 260 of Custer's men die and Native Americans win the battle Press makes the Native Americans out to be bad people and government sends more troops
German U-Boats
German submarines (Lusitania)
Outcomes of World War I
Germany surrenders November 11, 1918.
State: Who is in charge of the Executive Branch
Governer
Homestead Act
Government gave 160 free acres of land to heads of household who met certain qualifications. Over 600,000 families got free land
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US
Bonus Army
Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash. Set up a shack town, but was burned down when the military was sent in to stop protest.
Big Stick Policy
Grow miliary as big as possible, so the military can do the talking - "speak softly and carry a big stick"
Pure Food and Drug Act
Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling
George Creel
Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI
old immigration
Immigrants from Northwest Europe (England, Ireland, and Germany)
New Immigration
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries, Latin America, and Asia arriving in the late 1800s
Ellis Island
Immigration processing center in New York (mainly European immigrants)
Sacco and Vanzetti
In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty with no solid evidence and executed.
union membership
In the 1920s union membership declined because much of the workforce consisted of immigrants and most unions excluded African Americans.
D, R, or S: Borrow money
D, R, or S
Chinese Exclusion Act
Denied any additional Chinese immigrants to enter the country while allowing students and certain laborers to immigrate. 1882-1943
Homestead Steel Strike
Done by the Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers. At the Homestead Steel plant, owned by Andrew Carnegie, who locked out workers when they refused a wage decrease. Armed guards and fences protected the building. Gun battle brought in 8000 troops to crush the strike and the union
unions and strikes in the 1920s
Due to the job market shrinking after the war there was massive inflation and unemployment in the US. Millions of Americans went on strike, but were then labeled as communists for doing so.
Anti-Germanism in the United States
During WW1 Americans burned German books, changed Germans street names and names of German foods, and changed their German last names. Hate crimes were carried out towards Germans in America.
Standard of living for Americans in Gilded Age
During the Gilded age the standards of living were very low and only few who were very rich had a very high standard of living.
immigration laws of the 1920s
Emergency Quota Act of 1921- set up a quota who could enter the US from a foreign country National Origins Act of 1924- cut quota to 2% of that country's population in US in 1890
Treaty of Paris of 1898
Ended the Spanish American War. Spain granted Puerto Rico, Guam, and sold the Philippines to the US, and Cuba received conditional independence
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company. Created a monopoly by mergers, trust agreements and buying out competition.
17th Amendment
Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)
Veto
Executive power to prevent acts passed by the legislature from becoming law
Social Darwinism
Failure and success of business is governed by natural law and a marketplace should not be regulated. Robber barons supported this and the hands off government helped this.
TR's Nobel Peace Prize
For his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth ( Negotiated peace between Russia and Japan after the Russo-Japanese war)
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
1st amendment
Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, right to Peaceful assembly, and to petition the Government
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote
Impact of war on African-Americans
"great migration" towards the north for jobs available (due to labor shortage) and allowed to serve in segregated units in the military.
skilled worker
(n) a worker who has special abilities or training
famous people of the 1920s
- Babe Ruth (baseball player) - Charles Lindbergh (pilot) - Henry Ford (owner of Ford) - Charlie Chaplin (actor) - Clara Bow (actress) - Rudolph Valentino (actor) - Helen Wills (tennis player) - Andrew "Rube" Foster (baseball player) - Gertrude Ederle (swimmer) - Louis Armstrong (trumpet player) - Duke Ellington (jazz composer and pianist) - Bessie Smith (jazz singer)
fads of the 1920s
- jazz - flappers - movies - radio
Goals of the Progressive Movement
1. protecting social welfare 2. promoting moral improvement 3. creating economic reform 4. fight corruption
How many people make up the Senate
100
Gilded Age (dates)
1877-1901
Gilded Age
1877-1901 (shiny on the outside but not on the inside)
American Federation of Labor
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, working conditions; composed of skilled laborers. Used the strike a lot. Leader = Samuel Gompers. 1 million members, but rejected women, unskilled workers, and black Americans
Dawes Act
1887 law - congress tried to "Americanize" the Native Americans by breaking the reservations into individual 160 acre plots for the Native Americans to farm - attempt to break up tribes - make Native Americans private land owners - 2/3 of land taken from Native Americans from whites
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses (required railroads to post rates and not discriminate against shippers). The national government was once again in charge of the railroads (took power from states).
Prohibition
18th Amendment forbidding the sale, manufacture, and transport of alcohol.
years of World War I
1914-1918
W.E.B. DuBois
1st black man to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination through formal education, helped create NAACP in 1910
House of Representatives term
2 years
Qualifications to be in House of Representatives
25 y/o, live in represented state, US citizen for 7 years
John Locke
3 natural rights--life, liberty, and property. Government's job to protect these rights; people can overthrow if they don't. Influenced "life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness."
Qualifications to become a US Senator
30 y/o, live in state represented, US citizen for 9 years
Qualifications to become President
35 y/o, natural born citizen, resident of US for 14 years
Presidential term
4 years, can serve 2 times, no more than 10 years
How many people make up the House of Representatives
435
How many people make up Congress
535
Elector
538 people who make up Electoral College
Senate term
6 years
How to become a Supreme Court justice
9 justices, appointed by President and confirmed by senate
The Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which suspected communists were hunted down. Deported hundreds of foreign-born radicals without a fair trial. They failed to find evidence of communist take over, but this fueled the red scare.
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Jacob Riis
A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives.
Ghost Dance
A Paiute prophet promised that if the Sioux performed a ritual called the Ghost Dance, Native American lands and way of life would be restored. Spread rapidly and US Army tried to arrest Sitting Bull, but killed him instead
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company. His company dominated the American steel industry (vertical and horizontal integration).
Industrial Workers of the World (WOBBLIES)
A Socialist union led by "Big Bill" Haywood that worked to overthrow capitalism. Believed violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.
Carlisle School
A boarding school for Native American children that tried to assimilate them into Native American culture by wiping them of their heritage The 1st of its kind - convinced tribal leaders to send their children there
vertical integration
A company controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to transport systems.
search warrant
A court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect's home or business and take specific items as evidence
Schenck v. United States
A decision upholding the conviction of Schneck, a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. It was declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger".
National Park Service
A federal agency established to help supervise national parks and monuments (concervation)
Trench warfare
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Knights of Labor
A labor union that formed in 1869 with the goal of getting 8-hour workdays, and the abolition of child and prison labor, equal pay for women, and safety codes in the workplace. Open to all workers but the idle and corrupt. The leader was Terence V. Powderly. Strikes were a last resort. Ended from effects from Haymarket Riot and disagreements over membership for black people and women. Killed by 1890
Prohibition
A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages. Feared alcohol was undermining American morals
Declaration of Independence
A list of grievances for England. Consent of the governed, all men are created equal, inalienable rights--life, liberty, pursuit of happyness.
speakeasy
A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
Nativism
A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones (Anti-immigration groups, demand for immigration restrictions) Lots of new immigration (Latin American and Asian immigrants) faced this.
nativism
A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. In the 1920's immigrants were discriminated against for reasons including communism.
Isolationism
A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations. The US was this way before the war and republicans wanted it to stay that way (rejected the league of nations).
Populist Party
A political party created by miners and farmers that tried to bring the power to the people
The New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A suffragette who organized the Seneca Falls Convention and lead the NAWSA
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Clayton Antitrust Act
Act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.
Indian Problem
American colonists believed that Native Americans were "in the way" of their expansion West.
Dawes Plan
American investors loaned Germany 2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale. Then those countries paid the US back, thus the US arranged to be repaid with its own money.
Open Door Policy
American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there
John T. Scopes
An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. He was found guilty and fined.
League of Nations
An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace (Woodrow Wilson). The US didn't join because of isolationists.
Ku Klux Klan
Anti-immigration extremist group - 4.5 million members in 1920s - WASP = White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant - strongest in working class neighborhoods
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.
Bank Holiday
All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.
16th Amendment
Allows the federal government to collect income tax
5th amendment
The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process
Rousseau
The Social Contract--government should be formed by the people. "Consent of the governed." Influenced the Declaration of Independence.
Jim Crow Laws
racial segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities
Bozeman Trail
ran directly through Sioux hunting grounds in the Bighorn Mountains, the chief unsuccessfully appealed to the government to end white settlement on the trail Caused the Battle of the Hundred Slain in Montana Oregon
Conflict in the 1920s.
red scare -- anti immigration laws, Palmer raids, and Sacco and Vezetti were some of the results of this. Fundamentalism - Scopes trial.
economic reform
reforms based around economics - federal trade commission, Clayton antitrust act
social reform
reforms centered around life - social gospel movement and the hull house
political reform
reforms centered around the government - suffrage
Tenth Amendment
reserve clause. Rights not mentioned in the Constitution are reserved for the states.
D, R, or S: Education laws
reserved
D, R, or S: Highways
reserved
D, R, or S: Marriage and divorce
reserved