CRIJ 2313 Wittie Final Exam
What was the approximate prevalence of any drug dependence or abuse among state and federal prisoners in 2004?
45-55 percent
Correctional officers and supervisors make up approximately what percentage of all staff in state and federal prisons?
50 to 60
What percentage completion of sentence does the truth in sentencing reform require?
85 percent
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major steps in the sentencing and release processes for discretionary parole?
A few weeks after the hearing, the parole decision is communicated to the inmate in writing through the prison staff
Which of the following is NOT relevant for the pretrial diversion program?
All offenders with successful pretrial diversion programs have a formal criminal record of the offense.
Which of the following accurately describes plea bargaining?
An agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence
What is the hands-off doctrine?
Avoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators
Which type of Federal Bureau of Prison facility handles the highest number of inmates?
BOP-operated prisons
Which of the following classifications pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" requires three contacts per month with at least one positive contact?
Basic high
Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
Bearden v. Georgia
Which of the following styles of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision?
Casework style
Which eighteenth-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology?
Cesare Beccaria
Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution?
Cesare Lombroso
Which of the following is characteristic of a third-generation jail?
Correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a diversionary treatment program?
Diversionary treatment programs generally do not involve community treatment programs.
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that a bona fide occupational qualification prohibiting female correctional officers was allowable because of deplorable prison conditions and the presence of predatory male sex offenders as inmates?
Dothard v. Rawlinson
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required?
Eighth
In which country did pretrial release programs originate?
England
A probationer cannot be arrested and detained in jail during the revocation process.
F
Administrators, medical persons, and counselors make up 60 percent of prison staff
F
Boot camps are gaining in popularity because they are less expensive to operate than other methods of incarceration.
F
Community residential center placement rarely occurs after probationers are failing under their current supervision requirement.
F
Community supervision officers do not visit offenders' residences or places of employment.
F
Currently, drug offenders with no prior involvement in crime do not receive long, mandatory prison sentences.
F
Currently, the U.S. public disagrees that confinement facilities are the most effective way to protect the public, punish criminals, and deter them from committing further crimes after release.
F
Electronic monitoring is a criminal sanction, not a method of supervision.
F
Fewer than 30 percent of felony cases result in a guilty plea by the defendant, and instead go to trial. T/F
F
Hearing procedures are the same in every state.
F
Historically, the presentence investigation was shorter, factual without opinion, and designed to avoid legal challenges by the defense. T/F
F
In criminal cases, offenders can neither be charged with more than one crime, nor can they be charged with several counts of the same crime. T/F
F
In many state and federal prisons, inmates without a high school diploma or GED need not attend school
F
In the United States, the rate of imprisonment decreased by almost 20 percent between 1980 and 2009. T/F
F
In the past, wardens had many demands on them to be external managers because corrections was of great interest to elected officials, the courts, or the media
F
Inmates consider jail sentences very "easy time," because there is so little to do.
F
Intermediate sanctions provide less supervision and monitoring than standard probation. T/F
F
Jails are designed to hold sentenced offenders for very long terms of confinement. T/F
F
Most staff in prison interact extensively with other staff, to a much greater proportion than they do with other inmates
F
Offenders are fingerprinted and booked into the jail before arrest. T/F
F
Prison administrators try to keep inmates idle in their cells and quiet for as much of the day as possible.
F
Prison gangs are declining in U.S. prisons
F
Recidivism is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime. T/F
F
Rehabilitation, by definition, means "to take up a new form."
F
Retribution was strongly emphasized as the goal of prisons until the 1970s.
F
Telling prison staff what other inmates are doing is an element of the inmate code
F
The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes. T/F
F
The challenge of balancing custody and security with treatment and rehabilitation is easily accomplished by the prison management
F
The length of parole supervision following release from prison is never more than a year.
F
The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and on parole has decreased significantly. T/F
F
The police, the courts, and judges make up the three major components of the criminal justice system. T/F
F
The warden is the elected official who oversees both policing activities within the county and the operation of the jail. T/F
F
With house arrest, offenders face the restriction of not being able to work at a job outside of the house.
F
Women in prisons have always received vocational training in a wide variety of occupations, not just cooking, sewing, and cleaning
F
Women's prisons have nothing in common with men's prisons
F
Which of the following accurately describes square johns?
First-time offenders in prison who have more identification with noncriminals
Which of the following is a necessary condition for Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program to allow for the sale of prison goods on the open market?
Funds for victim assistance programs should be collected.
Which of the following is a theory of how inmate culture becomes a part of prison life?
Inmates import the culture into the prison from the outside world
Which of the following is a recommendation of the 1967 report by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
Inmates must be given the opportunity and capability to earn a living wage to compensate their victims and support their families.
Which of the following categories of offenders is NOT held in a jail?
Inmates sentenced to terms of more than ten years
What kind of caseload includes offenders with very high risk or needs?
Intensive-supervision
Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act?
Jeremy Bentham
Which of the following calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime?
Just deserts model
Why did Congress in 1994 specifically eliminate inmates from being eligible to receive Pell grants?
Members of the public complained that inmates should not get a "free" college education.
What is the security level at federal institutions that feature dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing?
Minimum
Which of the following requires that an offender repay society for the harm caused by his or her offense?
Offender restitution
Which of the following was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates?
Parole guidelines
Which of the following was the ruling in the Gagnon v. Scarpelli case in 1973?
Parolees have limited right to counsel
Which law, enacted by the British Parliament in 1853, enabled prisoners to be released into the community and supervised by the police?
Penal Servitude Act
Which stage of Maconochie's marks system emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water?
Penal Stage
Where was the first U.S. penitentiary established?
Philadelphia
Which of the following statements is true of the Walnut Street Jail?
Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release.
Which of the following is NOT a reason for what many see as the recent demise of inmate culture?
Prisons are more geographically isolated than they were in the past
Which of the following is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follows certain rules and commits no further crimes?
Probation
Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which of the following eras of corrections?
Rehabilitative
Which of the following eras of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
Reintegrative
Which of the following is a point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines?
Salient factor score
What was the first stage of the Irish system of release?
Solitary confinement
What is the release of inmates after they have served a determinate sentence, but with a period of supervision in the community, known as?
Supervised mandatory release
A good explanation for the high level of violence within prisons is that prisons hold violent people who act out in violent ways
T
All prisons have a rule against any type of sexual behavior between inmates
T
An important feature in the organization of parole decision-making is that the parole board is independent from prison administrators.
T
By 1944, all states had adopted the use of parole and indeterminate sentences.
T
By the beginning of the twentieth century, preparation for release was considered an important part of the prison experience, and correctional systems provided programs to prepare inmates for the community transition. T/F
T
Drug courts are usually a unit within the court system. T/F
T
During a revocation hearing, a probationer may be represented by legal counsel and may have the opportunity to testify.
T
During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective. T/F
T
Each year, jails admit about five times as many offenders as all other correctional components combined. T/F
T
Early jails in the American colonies followed the English model. T/F
T
Few prisons have extensive post secondary education programs, even though several thousand inmates took college classes and earned college degrees in the past
T
General deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts, and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments. T/F
T
In recent years, as a result of increasing surveillance and close monitoring of offenders, the number of probation violations has risen significantly
T
Jail staff members are always extremely outnumbered by the inmates in any correctional setting. T/F
T
Jails have limited programs, such as education, substance abuse counseling, or work. T/F
T
Many prison gangs started as an extension of street gangs
T
Most prisons have a military chain of command
T
Offenders can pay restitution through community service.
T
Once an offender is sentenced to prison, a reception and classification process begins
T
Open prison systems do not permit autonomous wardens who run their prisons as they desire and answer to no one
T
Over the last thirty years, the number of criminal offenders with mental illness has risen. T/F
T
Over the past fifty years, the sentencing options available to judges have increased.
T
Shock probation is generally believed to be a low-cost and effective intermediate sanction for less serious felons.
T
Since inmates have a significant need for educational programs, most prisons provide these programs
T
Split sentences have become more common over the past two decades thanks to the "tough on crime" approach.
T
The Great Depression helped to expand the use of parole, as more people were sent to prison because of unemployment and Prohibition.
T
The Hawes-Cooper Act in 1929 required that prison products be subject to the laws of any state to which they were shipped
T
The Prison Rape Elimination Act requires the collection of information on the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault within correctional facilities
T
The criminal justice system has made many adjustments to involve victims in the process of sentencing criminals. T/F
T
The federal prison system and forty-seven states do random drug testing of inmates for drug use
T
The need for drug treatment in prisons far exceeds the provision of drug treatment programs
T
The number of people in the nation's jails has decreased significantly over the past twenty years. T/F
T
The penitentiary was first established because the Pennsylvania Quakers decided that a more humane and efficient way to punish and reform criminals was needed.
T
The public interest in and expectations for corrections have risen in the recent years
T
The role of prisons in the U.S. criminal justice system over the past several years has grown tremendously.
T
The use of prisons as a criminal sanction has increased, in part, because of the public's increasing fear of crime, decreasing tolerance of criminals, and demand for tougher sentencing laws.
T
There is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction. T/F
T
Treatment is the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility
T
Under the medical model, offenders were believed to be "sick," inflicted with problems that caused their criminality. T/F
T
Wardens cannot be the substantive experts on everything that goes on in the prison
T
Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
The Classical School of criminology
Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control?
The Positive School
What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era?
The professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management
Which, according to Gowdy, is a factor contributing to the expansion of the private sector's role in the penal system?
The public's view that the current penal system is too costly and too ineffective at reducing recidivism
Which of the following is included in a presentence investigation (PSI)?
The range of allowable sanctions
All of the following are responsible for the significant increase in the use of jails from 2000 to 2008 EXCEPT ________.
The serious budget crises of local governments
Which of the following is most true of gang members in prisons?
They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem
Which of the following is true of transactional leaders in a prison?
They are mostly autocratic in nature and set the rules for staff to follow
Which is NOT part of the mission statement of most prisons?
To physically discipline inmates who break the rules
Which of the following is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing?
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States called?
Walnut Street Jail
Which of the following is a pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing?
bail
How do most male inmates adjust to incarceration?
by isolating themselves and trying to do their time independently
Which type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration?
felony
Which of the following is an early English term for a jail?
gaol
What prison industry system ended in the early twentieth century, after which states began to operate their own prison industries to keep inmates busy and make a profit from the sale of produced goods?
lease system
What main factor differentiates jails from prisons?
length of stay
What was the most common type of mental health treatment being received by inmates in state prisons in 2000?
mental health therapy or counseling services on a regular basis
According to the 2003 ACA survey, what was the most frequently cited reason for difficulty in recruiting correctional officers?
noncompetitive compensation
Which of the following is NOT a sentencing option?
parole
Which category of violent inmate is predatory, calculating, and usually acts violently for no good reason?
psychopathic offenders
Which is NOT one of the activities of the bureaucratic warden?
punishing staff and inmates who break the rules
Which activity is a housing-unit officer most likely to do first when starting day watch?
read the logbook of the prior shift's activities
Which of the following by definition means "to return to a previous form"?
rehabilitation
What do prisons do through the use of rewards and punishments to bring inmates to a law-abiding lifestyle?
resocialize
In a chain of command, who might a correctional officer report directly to?
security supervisor
In rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail?
sheriff
Which of the following resulted in prison industries producing inmate clothing, office furniture, and other products that can be sold only to government agencies?
state-use system
Residential treatment is a part of which of the following prison programs?
substance abuse programs
What is the primary function of prisons?
to hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more
Which of the following refers to the process of creating an environment and providing rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders?
treatment
Which of the following prison officers manages resources, acts as a role model for staff, and defines professional expectations?
warden
Which of the following correctional officer assignments include the patrol and supervision of inmate movement in the compound of a prison?
yard officers