crim 441 exam 1
From a response perspective:
- Interventions matched to each juvenile's qualities - Attempts made to increase a juvenile's intrinsic motivation to engage in behavior change
Dimensions of female delinquent behavior
- Involvement in offenses - Use of drugs and alcohol - Participation in illegal behaviors - Experiences across the life course - The desistance and persistence of offenders
What are the four systems of juvenile justice and which is most powerful
- Police - Juvenile court - Juvenile probation ---- Most powerful; they control all the information and provide it to the courts and treatment facilities; they do juvenile court intake - Juvenile placement and treatment facilities
Results of female delinquency and drug use (Patrick Zickler)
- Pregnancy - Drug induced dependency of fetuses in the womb - Raising children without fathers - Fetal alcohol syndrome - Malnourished and mentally damaged babies - Death of fetuses or babies - Dropping out of school
From a criminogenic need perspective:
- Traits that contribute to delinquency and are changeable should be targeted from intervention - Attention to non criminogenic needs will not yield positive recidivism and may even do harm
What do you focus on with each kind of risk juvenile
- Use minimal intervention with low risk juveniles - Focus programs and services on medium and high risk juveniles - Maximize external control and monitoring with extremely high risk juveniles
Indicators of the antisocial personality disorder
- cunning and manipulative - giving false impressions to others - lack of remorse or guilt - callousness and lack of empathy - lack of realistic long term goals - Impulsivity - failure to accept responsibility for their actions
Cultural deviance theory - focal concerns
- getting in and out of trouble (examples: fighting, drinking, engaging in sexual activity) - toughness, which is common in lower class males, where someone is viewed as hard, fearless, undemonstrative, and a quality fighter. - Smartness as the lower class tends to outsmart, con, or dupe others. - Finding excitement in gambling as well as drugs and alcohol use - Fate - members of the lower class also feel they have little control of their lives - Autonomy - they feel controlled a majority of the time and seek independence.
Describe the typical female offender
13-18 Experienced academic failure, truancy, repeated dropout History of repeated victimization, especially physical sexual and emotional abuse Unstable family background that includes involvement in criminal justice system, lack of connectedness, and social isolation History of unhealthy dependent relationships, especially with older males Mental health issues and history of substance abuse Apt to be a member of a community of color
Risk factor
A characteristic or variable that, if present, makes it more likely that an individual will develop a disorder Exposure to multiple risk factors that have a cumulative effect
Philosophy / strategy for crime control model
About holding juveniles accountable and provides punishment to individuals as opposed to rehabilitation Narrow look at why individual commits the crime If punishment makes individual not want to commit crime, then that will work
How does temperment identify
Activity (motor movements) and emotionality (emotional reactions)
Social Control Theory (Travis Hirschi) elements of a social bond
Attachment: - sensitivity towards others relates to an individual's ability to internalize norms and develop a conscience - Attachment to other individuals includes the effect/respect children give those in their lives, like parents, teachers, and friends - The stronger an individual's attachment is to others, the more likely an individual is to consider his or her relationships if he or she is considering committing a delinquent act. Commitment: - commitment to conventional activities and values - level of time, energy, and self put into conventional activities (example: educational goals, property ownership, and building a reputation) - an individual will consider the costs of delinquent behavior and use common sense to think about the risk of losing the investments that came with their commitments Involvement: - protects an individual from delinquent behavior because levels of time and energy are limited making involvement in activities leave little time to engage in delinquent behavior Belief: - delinquency from absence of beliefs that are effective at forbidding socially unacceptable behavior - Respect for the law and social norms are a key component in an individual's beliefs and can come from intimate relationships with those around you.
PA mission statement
Community protection Victim restoration Youth redemption
Protective factor
Factors that mediate or moderate the effect of exposure to risk factors, resulting in reduced delinquent behavior Protective factor could be absence of a risk factor or a positive factor distinct from a risk factor
Response principle:
Focus on how treatment should be delivered with behavioral and cognitive behavioral skill building techniques being the most effective ---- Only give the juvenile whats is needed, you can damage the juvenile if you give them more than they need
Need principle:
Focus on what should be addressed with juvenile
Psychoanalytic explanation of juvenile delinquency: William Healy
Focused on mental conflicts that originate in unsatisfactory family relationships
Psychoanalytic explanation of juvenile delinquency: Kate Friedlander
Focused on the development of antisocial characteristics in the personality, such as selfishness, impulsiveness, and irresponsibility, which she defined as the results of disturbed ego development in early childhood
Philosophy/strategy for justice model
In support of due process, we need to protect children and extend the due process rights as the main focus is accountability. More likely to give punishment, may lose some rehabilitation strive to give juveniles better protection through due process provisions and procedural safeguards juvenile and adult offenders are aware and responsible meaning they should undergo punishment that is proportionate to their offense if they were to violate the law. those in favor of the justice model want to implement changes such as limiting discretion given to juvenile justice practitioners, place youth offenders in voluntary services as opposed to the justice system, improve the quality of training schools, improve areas of weakness in due process to ensure fairness in transactions between the juvenile offenders, their families, and the justice system, decriminalizing status offenses, give juveniles a fixed sentence by the court at the time of the disposition, offense and punishment are proportionate, make training programs in training schools voluntary, and requiring restitution and community service for youth offenders.
What is parens patriae
Legal document the juvenile court is based on a rehabilitative philosophy in the court that translates to "the state as parent." gave the course a legal basis to intervene in the lives of children. treat juveniles as opposed to punishing them philosophical basis for the treatment model and challenged by the due process philosophy of the justice model.
Philosophy / strategy for balanced and restorative justice model
Look at the offender, victim, and community. Main goal is to take the three factors into account and make offender better, ensure victim is okay, and make sure community is accepting accountability --> individuals will take responsibility for their offenses and harm to victims. competency --> rehabilitating offenders, meaning improving education, vocation, emotional, and social skills to ensure they can form into responsible members of the community. Community protection --> citizens ability to prevent crime, solve conflicts, and feel safe Community oriented approach to control offenders A juvenile offender will meet with a police/probation office, or a volunteer to discuss the restorative process. This allows offenders to be viewed as clients whose crime stems from family breakdown and/or community disorganization/conflict.
Philosophy / strategy for the treatment model
Looks at what caused individual to want to commit crime and how to fix root of the problem (rehabilitation) Is aligned with the parens patriae doctrine Allows state to deal with situations involving juveniles; more informal and flexible procedure consist of a judge assessing the roots of a child's issues and can decide if the delinquency was viewed as a symptom of personality based issues social clinic as it allows experts to explain necessary treatments for the juveniles This model is founded on the basis that the goal is to rehabilitate youth offenders and provides a legal definition for delinquency that should be broad and victimless crimes, status offenses, and crimes against victims should be included. does not believe in using detention facilities often. Police officers or other officials may often recommend or request community based programs or other resources to youth or their parents to help the juveniles with particular issues.
What is the unsolvable nature of youth crime
No matter what you do you are always going to have crime
Define threat of the dangerous poor
People that are at poverty level or different racial/ethnic/religious backgrounds are deemed dangerous
Social Control Theory (Travis Hirschi)
Person's ties to conventional society Hirschi links delinquent behavior to a bond an individual has with conventional social groups (example: family, school)
Pathways to delinquency:
Physical and sexual abuse can lead to -- Psychiatric disorders/Substance which can lead to --- Negative labeling which can lead to ---- Adjudicated delinquency
Individual factors: risk/protective
Protective - A feeling of control over one's life - A sense of cohesion with others - A close relationship with competent adults connections to prosocial organizations - Tolerance for delayed gratification - A sense of humor Risk - Little sense of control over one's life - Poor self control - Negative emotionality - A need for immediate gratification
Family factors: risk/protective
Protective - Good parenting skills - Trusting relationships - Well-developed family roles and responsibilities - Opportunities to learn to deal with criticism, rejection and silence Risk - Parental and sibling drug use - Poor child rearing and socialization practices - Ineffective parental supervision - Family conflict and marital discord - Domestic violence, abuse, and neglect
Community factors: risk/protective
Protective - Participation in school. Work, and community with a sense of belonging and contributing - A social network of peers - An opportunity to learn to handle challenges Risk - Limited resources - Low socioeconomic status - Communities that lack the ability or resources to reach out to those in assistance
Labeling perspective (Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker)
Society creates deviant individuals when they label individuals as different from others when the only thing that makes them different is that authorities tagged them with a criminal label. explains that formal and informal societal reactions to criminal behavior can influence attitudes and behaviors of criminals/delinquents. When a person is caught/labeled from engaging in deviant behavior, the individual officially becomes an outsider and gains a new social status that has consequences relating to self image and public identity. This individual will then find it difficult to regain social acceptance which will force this person into a deviant career.
Define sociobiology
The focus on how genetic and environmental factors affect criminal behavior. How these biological factors interact with social factors such as poverty.
Integrated theories: Interactional theory (Terrance P. Thorneberry)
The initial push towards delinquent behavior stems from an individual's weakening bond to a conventional society that is represented by attachment to parents, commitment to school, and belief in conventional values. The social setting for this is associating with delinquent peers and values is both learned and reinforced. delinquent peers, values and the behavior create a mutually reinforcing causal loop that leads to increasing delinquent involvement over a period of time delinquency is viewed as the result of events occurring in a developmental format and is not seen as the end product formation of delinquent values contribute to an individual disconnecting from his or her social bonds and greater attachments to antisocial peers making there a larger involvement in delinquent behavior
Routine activities approach
Theory that moves away from free will and rational choice to look at outside influences Links crime and delinquency to change in societal structural routines
Psychoanalytic explanation of juvenile delinquency: August Aichorn
Thought delinquents had considerable hatred toward their parents because of the conflicted nature of family relationships and that children transfer this hatred to other authority figures
How does the court's application of parens patriae to juveniles differ from how the court approaches adults
What the goal is / what the court is about (rehabilitation vs accountability) - Juvenile court = rehabilitation → when stepping in as the parent the goal is to step in and get juvenile on track - Adult court is more about accountability and is based on punishment ---- Over the years it is viewed that adult court is not exactly working, some of the juvenile practices are being implemented into adult court to make change Due process - Adult court is supported by constitution, constitution must be followed and if not it is a due process violation, adult court can appeal - Juvenile court is more relaxed in terms of due process Sentencing - In adult system for sentencing, you have a determined sentence and know exactly what the maximum and minimum sentence is while juveniles do not - Juvenile courts can have indeterminate sentencing (until the court decides you do not need it anymore), they will revisit court every six months and the court will decide if they have been rehabilitated.
Third step in path to female delinquency
acting out in an assortment of situations such as at home, in school, when engaging in sexual activities, violating the law, and involvement in gangs.
classical school of criminology: equal justice for everyone and they should be judged for
acts not beliefs
Goal of punishment: rehabilitation
apply treatment and training to offender so that he is more capable of returning to society and functioning as a law-abiding member of the community
Approach to male female delinquency: feminist theory
argues that victimization of girls and the relationship between that experience and crime committed by girls is disregarded. Moreover, those who study and work with female offenders discovered that a high number of them are victims of both physical and sexual abuse Females are placed in the world that allows them to experience high vulnerability of victimization
classical school of criminology: sanctions should
be proportionate to the offense and outweigh the rewards of crime
Define biological positivism
belief that there is a biological explanation for criminal behavior
Psychoanalytic explanations are based
biological determinist view of human behavior.
Reinforcement theory
biosocial factors and psychological research with rational choice theory says behavior is governed by its resulting rewards and punishments as reflected in the history of the individual rewards of crime are viewed as immediate and noncriminal rewards are seen in the future
Goal of punishment: Restorative justice
bring together those most impacted by criminal act - offender, victim, and community members - in a non adversarial process to encourage offender accountability and meet the needs of the victims to repair the harms from the crime
How do gender/gender based roles come from socialization
children socialize into pre-existing gender norms and constructs and form an understanding of themselves and how they relate to others in various situations.
3 insights of psychoanalytic theory that shaped the handling of delinquents
children who are yet to learn to control basic drives are pushed by raw instincts and basic drives of the id and cannot distinguish socially acceptable behavior from socially unacceptable behavior children must learn to control sexual and aggressive drives, which create inner tensions that children must learn to resolve in socially acceptable ways what a child experiences emotionally by age five affects the child for the rest of his or her life
Strain theory (Robert K. Merton) 5 ways to obtain means
conformity (accepting means and end) Innovation (rejecting means, accepting end) ritualism (accepting means, rejecting end) retreatism (rejecting means and end), rebellion (rejecting values and substituting with new ones for both means and end)
Sociobiologists claim:
criminal behavior is linked to biological and social aspects.
Differential association theory (Edward H. Sutherland)
criminals and youthful offenders learn to do crime from other individuals making crime a product of social interaction criminal behavior is expected from those who have a lot of ideas or values that are closely aligned to definitions of law violations People learn values, norms, skills, and self perception from other people.
classical school of criminology: why was punishment justified
deemed practical and useful and was not accepted in terms of revenge or retaliation
Integrated theories: Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi's general theory of crime
defines a lack of self control as a common factor in underlying behavioral problems crime stems from criminal opportunity which comes with structural or situational circumstances encountered by an individual self control and opportunity capture simultaneous influence of external and internal restraints on behavior
Flaw of reinforcement theory
disregards the social context in which crime occurs as criminal behavior is not examined as a part of a complex social mechanism
Sociological theory of female delinquency: Power control theory
explains female delinquency by using a class-based framework and data collection in Toronto, Ontario as mothers gain power in comparison to their husbands (typically via employment outside of the home), both daughters and sons are encouraged to explore the idea of taking risks In egalitarian families, parents redistribute their control efforts so their daughters are controlled similarly to sons daughters in patriarchal families are taught to avoid risks "patriarchal families will be characterized by large gender differences in common delinquent behavior while egalitarian families will be characterized by smaller gender differences in delinquency," daughters who are free from the traditional patriarchal family are more likely to become delinquent
Feminist theory of delinquency (Chesney-Lind's) first proposition
explains that girls are often victims of violence and sexual abuse as up to ¾ victims of sexual abuse are girls. the way a girl responds to their victimization is formed by their status as a young woman.
Containment theory (Walter C. Reckless)
explains why individuals do not commit crime and delinquent acts individuals are impacted by various forces that drive them both to and away from crime. - strong internal containment and reinforcement of external containment provide insulation against delinquent or criminal behavior.
Describe get touch approaches on crime
followed the reform era because the reform agenda did not address juvenile violent crime offenders and repeat offenders. Reagan Administration to implement crime control policies for juvenile offenders like preventative detention, transferring violent and repeat offenders to adult court, mandatory and determinate sentences for the serious and repeat juvenile offenders, increased confinement long term, and utilizing the death penalty for those individuals that commit murders. initiatives put into place in terms of juvenile justice due to the get tough approach are: curfews, giving parental responsibility to the law, efforts to combat street gangs, juvenile boot camps, moving toward graduated sanctions, maintaining and forming stricter laws regarding juvenile use of guns, opening juvenile proceedings and records, transferring juveniles to criminal or adult court, and expanding the sentencing authority over juveniles.
Sociological theory of female delinquency: labeling theory
formal reaction from the justice system and informal reaction from those such as parents, teachers, community residents, and friends in regards to delinquency. males are more likely to be labeled as delinquent because of the cultural stereotype that sees males as troublemakers and the fact that males engage in more delinquent behavior. some females are more delinquent than other females because they have been labeled as a delinquent informally by parents, teachers, and others in their life as well as labeled delinquent formally by the juvenile justice system.
classical school of criminology: substitute for determinism
free will
Approach to male female delinquency: gender neutral position
generalizability social learning, delinquent peer relationships, social bonding, the family, deterrence, and strain. These researchers see no reason to create a theory for both male and female delinquency as they find that female delinquents are pressured into offending in the same way as male delinquents and other criminals.
Differences of how girls and boys resolve conflict
girls: based on relationships boys: based on rules
Differences of how girls and boys focuses
girls: connectedness and interdependence boys: independence and autonomy
Differences of how girls and boys develop identity
girls: in relation to other people boys: in relation to the world
Differences of how girls and boys exhibit
girls: relational aggression boys: overt aggression.
What is the concept of positivism
how human behavior is affected by natural laws
Classical school of criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
humans are rational individuals who are willing to give enough liberty to the state so that society can create rules and sanctions that work to preserve social order.
Risk principle:
identifies who needs intervention and treatment
3 common behaviors in hyper active child
impulsivity, inattention, and excessive motor activity
Containment theory (Walter C. Reckless) internal control system vs. external control system
internal control system: self control, positive self concept, ego strength, well developed superego, high frustration tolerance, and a high sense of responsibility, external control system: person's immediate environment that is able to hold them to behave within boundaries that are socially acceptable.
Describe the get soft approach
least restrictive approach began once there was awareness surrounding the extent of youth crime along with the negative impact of labels on a juvenile and criminogenic nature of juvenile institutions. do not go overboard or do more than what is needed when dealing with youth offenders and will try to provide them with treatment resources before placing them in a detention facility one of the primary goals is to keep status offenders outside the juvenile justice system those who commit more serious, violent, repeated offenses, it is believed that they need to be punished as they have free will and are aware of the decisions that they are making.
Cultural deviance theory (Walter B. Miller)
lower class culture is characterized by a set of focal concerns/values that require widespread attention and high levels of emotional involvement.
Strain theory (Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin)
lower class cultures are asked to align their behaviors toward the task of accumulating wealth while being denied the means of doing so in a legitimate format. Delinquent subcultures then developed as collective social adjustments came from strains of blocked opportunities suggests that poor behavior from lower class individuals stems from a failure to achieve norms and values of the middle class
Sociological theory of female delinquency: General strain theory
males are more likely to be involved in delinquency than females because males tend to experience various strains such as high aspirations with poor schools and a lack of opportunities in which they turn to delinquency as a coping mechanism. females experience other strains that may lead to delinquent behavior female delinquency may stem from the concept that many females experience harsh discipline, rejection from parents, abuse from peers, negative middle school experience, homelessness, and needing money
Sociological theory of female delinquency: Social learning theory
males have higher rates of delinquency than females because males tend to be associated with delinquent peers and belong to gangs more often than females some females tend to associate with other individuals who provide exposure to delinquent models, reinforce delinquent behavior, and teach identities that are delinquent. females are more likely to engage in sexual activity if they align themselves with older males or are a part of a mixed-sex/all male peer group. female peer groups are less likely to be in a situation in which delinquency is involved than peer groups that have all male members or are mixed genders.
How are rewards of crime found in reinforcement theory
material gain revenge against an enemy approval from peers sexual gratification
The two areas of sociobiology that are receiving the most attention
neuropsychological factors and delinquency and the relationship between negative behavior and temperament.
classical school of criminology: human calculus to
obtain a balance of pleasure and pain
How are punishments of crime found in reinforcement theory
pain on the conscience disapproval from peers revenge from the victim the possibility of punishment
classical school of criminology: punishment on a rational scale
painful enough to discourage the criminal from engaging in criminal activity and be an example of society for what not to do
Bentham viewed:
presented the idea that a rational person will do what is necessary to achieve the highest level of pleasure with the lowest among pain. punishment would discourage criminal behavior as long as the punishment was appropriate for the crime committed.
4 objectives of punishment under classical school of criminology
prevent all offenses if possible persuade a person who has decided to commit a crime to commit a lesser offense as opposed to a more serious one dispose a person who has resolved upon a particular offense to do no more mischief than is necessary to his purpose prevent the crime at as small a cost to society as possible
Goal of punishment: General deterrence
preventing crime among general population Problem: juvenile court is closed court so it does not work for all juveniles
Goal of punishment: Specific deterrence
preventing future crimes by a particular offender
Labeling perspective (Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker) Primary deviation vs secondary deviation
primary deviation: - behavior of the individual Secondary deviation: - individual's behavior as a result of society's response to that behavior in which society's reaction to a deviant label forces the individual to undergo a change in status or role the individual has in society, pressuring a person to pursue deviant or criminal behavior
Goal of punishment: incapacitate dangerous people
protect public from offenders who are seen as sufficiently dangerous that they need to be 'removed' from society for a period of time
classical school of criminology: goal of punishment
protecting society and deterrence
the hard-core juvenile offender and is usually diagnosed with a conduct disorder.
psychopath
Becarria viewed:
punishment as a necessary evil and believed that punishment should be: "... public, immediate, and necessary: the least possible in the case given; proportioned to the crime; and determined by the laws." purpose and consequences of punishment: "to deter persons from the commission of crime and not to provide social revenge. Not severity, but certainty and swiftness in punishment best secure this result."
Goal of punishment: retribution
punishments are proportionate to the seriousness of the crimes committed
PA juvenile act is rooted in
restorative justice
Social disorganization theory (shaw and mckay)
sees crime as the result of the breakdown of social control by traditional primary groups (example: family, neighborhood) in a community Studies show that high delinquency areas are located in disorganized communities that are characterized by: - buildings that are physically deteriorating - economic struggle - population mobility - diverse community members - high dropout rates - infant mortality - tuberculosis
Second step in path to female delinquency
substance abuse which is typically correlated to early childhood sexual victimization (especially in white females)
describe reform/retrenchment periods
the cycle starts with the public believing that crime among the youth is at a dangerously high level and that there are many harsh punishments and a few treatments are available for juvenile offenders. many juvenile offenders can avoid punishment because it is thought that punishment will make them worse. reform stems from providing the juvenile offenders with more treatment opportunities.
Strain theory (Robert K. Merton)
theorized that cultural goals and the means to achieve them must be well integrated if a culture is to be both stable and running smoothly if individuals think that a goal is important, they should have legitimate means to attain it The cultural goal of American society is success, but the inequality of life creates structural pressures that push individuals towards deviation and criminal behavior.
Approach to male female delinquency: "middle of the road" position
there is no need for gender specific theories and acknowledge that qualitative studies reveal large differences in the context and nature of offending.
Psychopath claim
these children are unwanted and rejected and grow up to be undomesticated "children" that never develop trust or loyalty in other adults
Females are more controlled in males because
they enjoy larger amounts of social support
Feminist theory of delinquency (Chesney-Lind's) second proposition
those who are victimizing them, who are typically male caretakers, have the ability to instill a level of social control to keep their daughters/step daughters both at home and vulnerable.
Integrated theories: Integrated social process theory (Delbert Elliot)
uses strain, social control, and social learning perspectives to explain delinquent behaviors and drug use living in a socially disorganized area will lead youth to develop weak bonds with conventional groups, activities, and norms High strain levels and weak conventional bonds may influence teens to seek out delinquent peer groups that provide role models and positive reinforcement for delinquent behavior.
First step in path to female delinquency
victimization (13-14) could come in the form of being sexually abused at home or the female running away.
