CRIM Exam 1

6. Why do burglars often commit crimes near where they live? a. lack of police presence b. familiarity with the area c. existence of strong social networks d. high costs of transportation

b. familiarity with the area

1. Which of the following would be classified as a Part II crime? a. an individual selling cocaine to another person b. an individual speeding on a public road c. an individual robbing a liquor store d. an individual breaking into a home

a. an individual selling cocaine to another person

12. What is true concerning homicide rates in the world? a. Homicide rates are the lowest in Central America. b. Homicide rates are the highest in South Africa. c. Homicide rates are the highest in Eastern Asia. d. Homicide rates are increasing in Russia.

b. Homicide rates are the highest in South Africa.

20. Which of the following is a typical punishment for a violent felony? a. probation b. community service c. a prison sentence d. suspended sentence

c. a prison sentence

8. In which of the following situations would violent victimization more likely occur? a. a daytime robbery in a highly frequented part of a city b. an early morning burglary in a private residence c. an afternoon burglary of a popular bank d. a nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city

d. a nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city

12. What contributes to target gratifiability that can encourage victimization? a. a victim who socializes with criminal offenders b. a victim who is an easy target, due to a physical handicap c. a victim who arouses anger in others d. a victim who routinely displays material wealth

d. a victim who routinely displays material wealth

4. Why are crime and deviance distinct? a. Deviance is intentional, while crime is unintentional. B. Deviance is unintentional, while crime is intentional. C. Crimes and deviance violate different standards. D. Acts of deviance are more dangerous than crimes.

C. Crimes and deviance violate different standards.

9. In which of the following scenarios can a killer be viewed as rational? a. A drug dealer accidentally shoots another while mishandling a weapon. b. A home invader kills the occupant of a house who posed no threat. c. A gang member shoots and kills a competitor who was planning to kill that gang member. d. A mass murderer kills innocents for the fun of it.

c. A gang member shoots and kills a competitor who was planning to kill that gang member.

19. Which of the following would generally be considered a felony? a. An individual takes a short cut through another person's yard on the way home. b. An individual is found by police to have an ounce of marijuana. c. An individual accidently shoots and kills another during a botched robbery. d. An individual shoplifts $30 worth of steaks and seafood from a supermarket.

c. An individual accidently shoots and kills another during a botched robbery.

15. Which of the following criminal acts would be classified as mala prohibitium? a. murder b. tax evasion c. assault d. robbery

b. tax evasion

3. Crime undertaken by reasoning criminals is often __________. a. pre-programmed b. unrestrained c. impulsive d. calculated

d. calculated

21. The idea that the accused actually and voluntarily committed a criminal act is __________. a. in situ b. actus reus c. ad idem d. mens rea

b. actus reus

17. Which situation would fall under the purview of public law? a. A government official has been murdered by a civilian. b. A family is disputing the contents of a will. c. A restauranteur is suing a city over a health inspection. d. An individual has been charged with assault.

c. A restauranteur is suing a city over a health inspection.

8. Regarding punishment, which of the following can be a typical role of a criminologist? a. consulting with judges, prior to them sentencing offenders, on what punishment should be used b. assessing loopholes in the criminal code that benefit offenders c. analyzing crime scene evidence d. studying how prison sentences impact the recidivism rates of criminals

d. studying how prison sentences impact the recidivism rates of criminals

7. A systematic review: a. is always quantitative in reporting its findings. b. is based solely on research emanating from polls and surveys. c. combines UCR and NIBRS reports to produce a clearer picture of crime. d. synthesizes the findings of past studies to make a conclusion.

d. synthesizes the findings of past studies to make a conclusion.

10. When compared to the UCR, what does the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study reveal? a. crime rates recorded in various ways are roughly equal b. criminals and delinquents specialize in one type of crime c. only a minority of people commit crime d. the crime problem is much greater than official statistics would lead us to believe

d. the crime problem is much greater than official statistics would lead us to believe

3. Crime career costs are __________. a. costs incurred by the state in arresting and incarcerating a career criminal b. personal economic losses that a crime victim suffers c. indirect costs, such as pain and suffering, incurred by a crime victim d. the imputed value of money an individual loses by engaging in crime rather than in legal activities

d. the imputed value of money an individual loses by engaging in crime rather than in legal activities

13. How can crime discouragers, in the form of handlers, serve to prevent crime? a. by adding security guards, to increase the likelihood of a potential offender being caught b. to making homeowners more aware of potential vulnerabilities c. by ensuring that potential offenders are taught to know right from wrong and to respect the law d. to diminish the potential rewards a potential offender can gain from committing a crime

d. to diminish the potential rewards a potential offender can gain from committing a crime

4. In what way is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) intended to be more explanatory than the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)? a. The NIBRS compiles summaries rather than statistics related to crime. b. The NIBRS includes the name and criminal record of the offender for each crime. c. The NIBRS is concerned only with the basic, fundamental aspects of a reported crime. d. The NIBRS requires reported crimes to be put into greater context.

d. The NIBRS requires reported crimes to be put into greater context.

22. What is the importance of a victim impact statement (VIS) in distributing justice to an offender? a. They determine whether an offender should be charged with a misdemeanor or a felony. b. They set the compensation level a victim can be awarded by the state. c. They provide the courts with clear evidence of the wrongdoing by an offender. d. They allow victims to recount the ordeal, which can be used to influence sentencing.

d. They allow victims to recount the ordeal, which can be used to influence sentencing.

11. Why is society justified in controlling victimless crimes? a. Often, victimless crimes are a gateway to more deviant behavior. b. Typically, those who engage in victimless crimes also engage in more severe crimes. c. The harm victimless crimes inflict is only on those who are willing participants. d. Victimless crimes are a threat to maintaining the overall balance of a society.

d. Victimless crimes are a threat to maintaining the overall balance of a society.

16. In a large city, which of the following could serve to create a tipping-point to deter drug dealers? a. decriminalization of certain drug laws b. increased presence of police foot patrols in the city c. knowledge of the penal code and drug laws d. a district attorney with a 95 percent conviction rate

d. a district attorney with a 95 percent conviction rate

23. The state providing funds to a victimized individual to pay for damages associated with a crime is known as victim __________. a. compensation b. restitution c. bequeathing d. allowance

a. compensation

23. What is a career criminal? a. an offender who persistently engages in criminal acts b. an offender who has only committed a single act c. an offender who begins a life of criminality as an adult d. an offender who has renounced their criminal past

a. an offender who persistently engages in criminal acts

25. Which of the following exemplifies the legal philosophy of just desert? a. An individual convicted of murder is sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole. b. An individual convicted of petty larceny is sentenced to a ten-year period of imprisonment. c. An individual convicted of reckless driving is sentenced to four years of imprisonment. d. An individual convicted of a forcible and brutal rape is sentenced to 60 hours of community service.

a. An individual convicted of murder is sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole.

7. How can victimization typically lead to criminality? a. It can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger. b. It most often encourages those victimized to seek revenge on those who victimized them. c. It typically serves to remove victims from normal society. d. It prevents victims from delineating between right and wrong by changing their social outlook.

a. It can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger.

2. How do victim costs differ from intangible costs? a. Victim costs are of an indirect nature. b. Victim costs are long-lasting. c. Victim costs can be financially estimated. d. Victim costs are psychological.

c. Victim costs can be financially estimated.

11. Arguably, which of the following potential criminals can be discouraged from committing crime? a. an individual who is impulsive and seeks an adrenaline rush regardless of outcome b. an individual with a lengthy criminal record and prior terms of imprisonment c. an individual motivated entirely by immediate economic need d. an individual who fears being caught and receiving punishment

d. an individual who fears being caught and receiving punishment

20. Restitution agreements are __________. a. meant to remove an offender from society b. intended to prevent recidivism c. designed to serve as incapacitation d. conditions of probation for an offender

d. conditions of probation for an offender

14. In what way are technological developments complicating the fight against crime? a. Technology is creating new classes of crime that are harder to detect and combat. b. Criminals are more adept at using technology than law enforcement agencies. c. Many law enforcement agencies cannot afford technology that they can benefit from. d. New laws are frequently diminishing the importance of technology to law enforcement.

a. Technology is creating new classes of crime that are harder to detect and combat.

17. How can an individual living in a crime-ridden neighborhood rationally avoid victimization, under deviant place theory? a. move to a safer neighborhood b. change their personal behavior c. alter their lifestyle d. take safety precautions

a. move to a safer neighborhood

8. What is data mining? a. the use of advanced software by police to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects based on behavior patterns b. police conducting a full scope background check of a suspect, which includes questioning family and neighbors c. a method used by police to match suspects in a surveillance video to known criminals in a database d. a technique used by police to access a suspect's computer, bypass security protocols, and download the contents of its hard drive

a. the use of advanced software by police to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects based on behavior patterns

21. Which of the following can be considered an example of target hardening? a. the construction of a new police precinct in a crime-ridden neighborhood b. a restaurant owner installing deadbolt locks on the doors to the business c. a bank offering firearm training to the staff d. making the status of ex-offenders known to the public

b. a restaurant owner installing deadbolt locks on the doors to the business

21. How can specific deterrence sometimes serve to encourage further criminality? a. by negatively altering the offender's neurology, so that the offender become predisposed to crime b. by labeling an offender, thereby locking the offender into a criminal career c. by proving to an offender that crime can be committed without negative repercussions d. by failing to provide an offender with adequate punishment for crime

b. by labeling an offender, thereby locking the offender into a criminal career

18. What must all criminal law in the United States conform to? a. the Magna Carta b. the Constitution c. the Declaration of Human Rights d. the United Nations (UN) Charter

b. the Constitution

11. When did violent crime rates peak in the United States? a. the 1950s b. late 2010s c. early 1990s d. mid 1970s

c. early 1990s

22. What idea does the incapacitation effect rest on? a. Prison serves to prevent crime by serving as a deterrent to would-be offenders. b. The fear of punishment, in the form of a jail sentence, will prevent crime. c. The successful rehabilitation of an offender will prevent recidivism. d. An offender confined in jail is prevented from committing crime.

d. An offender confined in jail is prevented from committing crime.

3. What are deviant behaviors? a. actions that require punishment b. actions that are committed without intent c. actions that are criminal in nature d. actions that are atypical in a society

d. actions that are atypical in a society

17. Informal sanctions are __________. a. negative attitudes directed towards criminal offenders b. correctional punishments not included in a criminal sentence c. forms of court-ordered probation for a criminal offender d. the denial of voting rights and loans for convicted felons

a. negative attitudes directed towards criminal offenders

7. Permeable neighborhoods are often chosen by burglars because they __________. a. offer more potential escape routes. b. provide more targets for crime. c. are familiar to burglars. d. lack strong security measures.

a. offer more potential escape routes.

9. Which of the following represents the consensus view of crime? a. The majority of a society is in agreement as to which behaviors must be outlawed or controlled to protect society. b. A small number of elitists who control the system decide which behaviors should be outlawed or controlled, based on their own personal beliefs. c. Crimes are politically defined so as to control the underclass. d. The law is a tool of the ruling class.

a. The majority of a society is in agreement as to which behaviors must be outlawed or controlled to protect society.

25. In the interests of the well-being of society, why should criminologists refrain from publishing biased or subjective research findings? a. The results from such studies could be used by the state to institute unjust policies. b. Publications can only be factual if they are completely objective. c. Due to the nature of their work, criminologists are not allowed to harbor biases. d. Criminology is an exact science, so subjective findings should not be possible.

a. The results from such studies could be used by the state to institute unjust policies.

23. Typically, in what way can harsh incarceration sentences for low-level crimes encourage future criminality in offenders? a. They might become disenchanted with the criminal justice system and seek revenge by engaging in further criminality. b. They might be encouraged to engage in criminality as a way to recoup economic losses incurred during their time in detention. c. They might engage in criminal acts on behalf of former inmates as a way of repaying for the security they received in prison. d. They might seek to exact vengeance on law enforcement officers for what they perceived as unfairness during their stint in prison.

a. They might become disenchanted with the criminal justice system and seek revenge by engaging in further criminality.

7. Crime typology can be most helpful for which of the following? a. gaining a better understanding of why a specific crime is committed b. generating new ways to punish criminals for a specific crime c. identifying new forms of crime that are emerging as a result of globalization d. identifying which therapeutic interventions work best with which offenders

a. gaining a better understanding of why a specific crime is committed

1. Which of the following represents victimization by the justice system? a. police questioning a rape victim and insinuating that the victim was at fault b. a homicide suspect being interrogated without a lawyer by police c. police shooting an armed suspect who was violently resisting arrest d. a judge in a criminal court case declaring a mistrial due to the judge's personal bias

a. police questioning a rape victim and insinuating that the victim was at fault

13. Which of the following would moral entrepreneurs seek to control through the creation and enforcement of laws in the United States? a. pornography b. trespassing c. larceny d. theft

a. pornography

16. A judicial body is determining which pieces of evidence in a murder case are admissible. Which type of law would be consulted in this case? a. procedural laws b. substantive criminal law c. civil law d. public law

a. procedural laws

1. What do most criminologists believe is the root cause of crime? a. social factors b. individual traits c. biological factors d. psychological factors

a. social factors

14. According to victim precipitation theory __________. a. some people are more susceptible to victimization than others b. it is sometimes the victim that provokes the offender c. victimization is always the result of a certain decision or action by the victim d. victims often have prior relationships with the offender

b. it is sometimes the victim that provokes the offender

6. What is crime typology? a. the study of how criminal codes differ among states b. studies on specific types of crime or criminals to discover correlations c. the classification of crimes by severity d. the classification of crimes by potential punishment

b. studies on specific types of crime or criminals to discover correlations

10. Abuse of highly dependent elders by their children, due to the children increasingly becoming unable to care for the elders, is explained by __________. a. the social learning view b. the caregiver stress view c. the social exchange view d. the power and control view

b. the caregiver stress view

17. Which of the following would be considered an instrumental crime? a. an individual shooting and critically injuring a person who criticized them b. an individual who vandalizes government property for the thrill of it c. an individual who is sexually frustrated, breaks into a home and rapes an inhabitant d. an individual threatens another with a knife to hand over their wallet

d. an individual threatens another with a knife to hand over their wallet

12. Police often target a specific neighborhood for a certain type of crime. If their efforts help prevent other types of crime in this neighborhood, the effect is known as __________. a. discouragement b. displacement c. diffusion of benefits d. extinction

c. diffusion of benefits

22. What is the foundation of racial threat hypothesis? a. Crime rates in a community typically rise when multiple racial minorities converge. b. A fear of growing minority populations results in greater police action against them. c. Law enforcement agencies provide more attention to minorities due to their higher crime rates. d. Certain minority groups are more predisposed to commit crime than others

b. A fear of growing minority populations results in greater police action against them.

15. Which of the following scenarios would increase the chances of an individual being victimized as a result of passive precipitation? a. An individual at a bar makes provocative statements to a drunk, rowdy patron. b. An individual enters an establishment that is frequented by a racial group at odds with the individual's racial group. c. An individual at a company encourages collaboration with subordinates. d. An individual visibly flashes their wealth in an economically depressed part of town.

b. An individual enters an establishment that is frequented by a racial group at odds with the individual's racial group.

19. How are lifestyle theory and victim precipitation theory similar to each other? a. Both hold that victimization is the product of an environment. b. Both focus on the behaviors and actions of the potential victims in encouraging victimization. c. Both stipulate that victimization is random and is determined by external factors. d. Both argue that victimization can be avoided through changes in social relationships.

b. Both focus on the behaviors and actions of the potential victims in encouraging victimization.

18. In which of the following cases would general deterrence likely fail to prevent a criminal act from occurring? a. A potential offender fears apprehension and incarceration if committing a crime. b. A potential offender is willing to explore other options besides crime to obtain money. c. A potential offender has already served repeated, lengthy prison sentences. d. A potential offender is concerned that incarceration will result in stigmatization.

c. A potential offender has already served repeated, lengthy prison sentences.

12. Which statement is representative of the interactionist view of crime? a. Crimes are committed by individuals who have mental defects. b. Crimes are committed by individuals who are unaware of their effect on others. c. Crimes are committed by individuals who have varying perceptions of reality. d. Crimes are committed by individuals who have rational societal grievances.

c. Crimes are committed by individuals who have varying perceptions of reality.

14. The consensus, conflict, and interactionist views of crime all share which common idea? a. The ruling classes mold the definition of crimes. b. Crime reflects the values held dearly by all of society. c. The definition of crime is relatively stagnant and unchanging. d. Criminal law has a social control function.

d. Criminal law has a social control function.

1. The work of Cesare Beccaria supports which of the following ideas? a. Punishment that is the same for varying levels of violent crime only encourages offenders to engage in more violent acts. b. Violent crime should only be punished with the maximum punishment, since violence represents the most brutal form of humanity. c. Criminals are predisposed to crime, so the state should ensure that, once caught, offenders are never released. d. The application of the death penalty does little to deter murder, since murder is never rational in any context.

a. Punishment that is the same for varying levels of violent crime only encourages offenders to engage in more violent acts.

6. Which of the following can be explained by the cycle of violence? a. Criminality is perceived as a social norm for people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. b. Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature. c. Crime is genetic, predisposed and passed from generation to generation. d. The children of a violent offender dislike crime because of what they have seen at home.

b. Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature.

16. What limits the effectiveness of gun control such as requiring waiting periods and limiting the sale of guns? a. There is no reliable way to keep track of the sale of new firearms. b. Few guns used in crimes are sold new to criminals. c. Many firearms used in crimes come from overseas. d. Due to the Second Amendment, law enforcement agencies cannot combat illegal firearms.

b. Few guns used in crimes are sold new to criminals.

2. Why can the figures cited by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) be misleading? a. All multiple victim offenses are treated the same even though they aren't. b. Police departments vary in the way they record, classify, and report crimes. c. All crimes are reported in multiple crime situations, making the counting tedious. d. The FBI reports federal crimes differently than state ones.

b. Police departments vary in the way they record, classify, and report crimes.

10. Under the conflict view of crime, who decides the content of criminal law and shapes the definition of crime in a society? a. legal advocates b. the ruling class c. society as a whole d. interest groups

b. the ruling class

10. In terms of criminology, edgework describes __________. a. neighborhoods where crime can be conducted easily b. the thrill associated with carrying out a crime c. an easy target that is susceptible to crime d. the rewards received from committing a crime

b. the thrill associated with carrying out a crime

18. Declining deviance as part of the aging out process results from __________. a. the need for economic independence b. youth growing more mature c. increased conflict with authority figures d. a simultaneous decline in mental abilities

b. youth growing more mature

15. In what way is situational crime prevention meant to control rational criminal activity? a. It decreases the chances for early release from prison. b. It publicizes the law so that criminals know what is legal and what is not. c. It raises the risk of committing a crime so as to deter it. d. It educates the youth in the ways of law to prevent misperceptions.

c. It raises the risk of committing a crime so as to deter it.

4. Which of the following factors is considered by a potential burglar, under offender-specific crime? a. How easy will it be to avoid police detection after committing a crime? b. What is the potential material reward for committing a crime? c. How many police are in the area where the criminal seeks to commit a crime? d. Does the burglar have the capability and skills necessary to commit the crime?

d. Does the burglar have the capability and skills necessary to commit the crime?

15. During which season would it behoove police on foot patrol in a major U.S. city to be on greater lookout for property crimes such as pickpocketing? a. fall b. winter c. summer d. spring

c. summer

8. Which of the following statements is true about rational criminals? a. they weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions b. they view their crimes as necessary, given the socioeconomic structure of society c. they operate with the belief that their actions should not be considered a crime d. they fail to understand the implications of their crime and that it is wrong

a. they weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions

22. Why are the ideas of mens rea and actus reus essential in proving that a crime has been committed? a. Because once the act is proved, the judge or jury can infer that the intent was proves as well. b. Both principles are important, as they provide prosecutors with sweeping ability to convict a person of a crime by only having to prove the existence of one or the other. c. An individual must not only be found to have personally committed a crime, but they must also have done it with the intent to do so. d. Since the accused must be directly involved in a criminal act, these legal principles limit the chances for people to be mistakenly charged.

c. An individual must not only be found to have personally committed a crime, but they must also have done it with the intent to do so.

2. As a field of study, how does criminology differ from criminal justice? a. Criminology analyzes criminal laws. b. Criminology explains agencies of social control. c. Criminology seeks to explain crime. d. Criminology explores methods used to control crime.

c. Criminology seeks to explain crime.

24. What is the importance of a Victims' Bill of Rights, which most states now have? a. It allows those victimized to have a direct say in the sentencing of an offender. b. It protects those who have been victimized from being offended against in the future. c. It allows those victimized to be alerted and aware of criminal proceedings against an offender. d. It prevents offenders from further victimizing those people they have already offended against.

c. It allows those victimized to be alerted and aware of criminal proceedings against an offender.

13. A typical male is most likely to be victimized by __________. a. a childhood friend b. a close family acquaintance c. a person they do not know d. a romantic female partner

c. a person they do not know

2. The work of political scientist James Wilson strongly influenced the conservative shift in U.S. crime control policy in the 1980s, resulting in which of the following? a. greater preference by judges to apply informal, rather than formal, sanctions on offenders b. increasing use of rehabilitation programs to correct the behavior of incarcerated offenders c. greater use of prison punishments for more varied crimes to keep criminals away from the public d. creation of more government welfare programs to prevent people from resorting to crime

c. greater use of prison punishments for more varied crimes to keep criminals away from the public

9. What demographic change could likely result in higher household victimization rates in the United States? a. stable population growth of juveniles and elders b. decreasing size of families c. increasing urbanization d. growth of rural communities

c. increasing urbanization

5. What can serve to limit financially motivated violent crime in an economically depressed society? a. replacement of prison sentences with economic sanctions b. greater visibility of wealthy targets that are easy prey c. increasing widespread availability of well-paying jobs d. rising social inequality that concentrates wealth in the hands of a few

c. increasing widespread availability of well-paying jobs

9. In which of the following scenarios can crime mapping benefit police? a. Police have video surveillance of a robbery that shows the face of the suspect clearly. b. Police are uncertain if any hostages are being held in a barricaded building. c. Police have found evidence with fingerprints on it at a crime scene. d. Police are uncertain as to where they should deploy more officers to counter crime.

d. Police are uncertain as to where they should deploy more officers to counter crime.

16. Under lifestyle theory, which of the following persons would be highly susceptible to victimization? a. a juvenile who attends a public school in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood b. an older male who frequents an upscale sports bar every Friday night c. a female who typically has lunch in a busy public park with friends in the afternoon d. a young male who typically skips school to partake in substance abuse with others

d. a young male who typically skips school to partake in substance abuse with others

19. As a crime control theory, what does general deterrence rely on? a. the existence of plea bargains b. rehabilitation programs in prison c. criminal knowledge of the law d. fear of criminal penalties

d. fear of criminal penalties

5. Why is the NIBRS currently of limited use in gauging crime nationwide? a. The NIBRS has not been fully adopted in all 50 states. b. The NIBRS only records and tracks non-violent crime. c. The NIBRS is overly reliant on the use of flawed UCR databases. d. The NIBRS overutilizes subjective National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data.

a. The NIBRS has not been fully adopted in all 50 states

5. How does the transformative effect of early victimization impact young victims? a. It results in sociological defects that lead to social withdrawal. b. It discourages young victims to lash out at others in an abusive manner since they dislike what they experienced. c. It makes young victims highly susceptible to entering into abusive adult relationships. d. It makes young victims less likely to engage in physical violence as they mature.

c. It makes young victims highly susceptible to entering into abusive adult relationships.

6. Which of the following groups could be used in a specific cohort study? a. the graduating male class of a particular high school b. the entire population of the United States c. a random group of youth aged 15 to 20 from across the country d. a group of Americans chosen by a national lottery system

a. the graduating male class of a particular high school

20. Specific deterrence is meant to prevent __________. a. co-offending by juveniles b. crimes having any material rewards c. lawful persons from offending d. recidivism by criminal offenders

d. recidivism by criminal offenders

13. Which of the following might result in rising crime rates, specifically among the youth in coming decades? a. A global movement towards deinstitutionalizing non-violent offenders. b. Increased vigilance by governments to limit the proliferation of weapons. c. Falling rates of global income inequality, particularly in developing countries. d. Increasing automation of manufacturing and service jobs at the expense of human workers.

d. Increasing automation of manufacturing and service jobs at the expense of human workers.

4. What is the role of parent incarceration in factoring the cost of victimization? a. It decreases state costs of victimization by placing prison costs on the offender. b. It limits economic strain on families while increasing the costs to the state. c. It greatly decreases the role of criminality in children due to a stronger belief in the system. d. It can create additional costs and victimization of families, due to the effects of parental absence.

d. It can create additional costs and victimization of families, due to the effects of parental absence.

21. What can primarily serve to limit co-offending in a community? a. law enforcement agencies devoting more resources to fighting white-collar crime b. community efforts aimed at forming home owners' associations c. placing juvenile offenders in adult criminal courts rather than juvenile courts d. developing more opportunities for youth employment in economically depressed communities

d. developing more opportunities for youth employment in economically depressed communities

25. What is continuity of crime? a. the view that criminality starts at an early age and remains throughout life b. the idea that criminality is passed from one family generation to another c. the view that an individual will commit more severe crimes as they age d. the idea that prison serves to promote high recidivism rates among criminals

a. the view that criminality starts at an early age and remains throughout life

25. In most states, the status of sex offenders is now made public. Why? a. to let the public know the identity and the whereabouts of sex offenders b. to shame and stigmatize sex offenders c. to allow communities to prevent sex offenders from moving in d. to allow probation officers to properly monitor sex offenders

a. to let the public know the identity and the whereabouts of sex offenders

24. What is the relation of the concept of early onset to crime? a. Increasing globalization and interdependence provide more economic opportunities and lessen the risk of youth resorting to crime as a means to establish financial independence. b. As a society increases the levels of punishment that are applied to crime, deterrence will occur as youth will be less inclined to commit criminal acts out of fear of the consequences. c. Youth who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems from an early age are the most at risk of repeat offending throughout their life. d. The assumption that crime is wholly related to rates of immigration and resulting workplace competition and that any drop in that rate will serve to discourage crime among adolescents.

c. Youth who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems from an early age are the most at risk of repeat offending throughout their life.

24. How can a policy of focused deterrence be enacted by a city as a way to prevent crime? a. by using plea bargains as a way to get offenders to reveal information about other offenders b. by enacting new and harsher laws that criminalize deviant behaviors c. by increasing the visible presence of police and having a judiciary focused on seeking justice d. by limiting crime prevention methods to known-offenders, one at a time

c. by increasing the visible presence of police and having a judiciary focused on seeking justice

18. Which of the following would increase the risks of victimization in an upscale neighborhood, under routine activities theory? a. the presence of security-hardened homes defended by cameras and gates b. heightened monitoring of known ex-offenders in the community c. long response times by a small, ineffectual police department d. strong bonds between members of the community and law enforcement

c. long response times by a small, ineffectual police department

24. In a state, which of the following can criminologists be held socially responsible for? a. the development of new types of crime that criminologists failed to predict b. a rise in the costs of social programs c. the creation of new criminal punishments based on the views of criminologists d. the decision made by a jury in a criminal case that a criminologist is part of

c. the creation of new criminal punishments based on the views of criminologists

3. What aspect of self-report surveys impedes their validity? a. the non-anonymous reporting nature of self-report surveys b. the limited use of self-report surveys to members of the population aged 45 and older c. the potential non-honesty of self-report survey respondents d. the use of self-report surveys in solely questioning adolescents

c. the potential non-honesty of self-report survey respondents

19. Which of the following is true for liberal feminist theories regarding crime? a. Despite changes in the crime hierarchy of America, women are not inclined to resort to violence. b. Women are genetically predisposed to seeking and using property crime as a way to facilitate change. c. The class structure of America necessitates women to seek crime as a way to advance their status. d. As women move closer to men in social and economic position, their crime rate will increase.

d. As women move closer to men in social and economic position, their crime rate will increase.

14. In which of the following scenarios has displacement occurred? a. Public activity in a community has declined in response to an increased police presence. b. An area targeted by police for drug dealing is now facing a gun dealing problem. c. New gang leaders emerge to replace leaders who have been recently arrested. d. Drug dealers move their operations to an area that lacks a strong police presence.

d. Drug dealers move their operations to an area that lacks a strong police presence.

23. Which of the following best characterizes criminal law in the world? a. Criminal law, as a legal code, is formulated on an ad-hoc basis. b. The basis for criminal law is relatively modern and open to significant interpretation. c. Criminal law is built around strict religious principles, and its fundamentals are unchanging. d. Ideas of criminal law date back centuries, and it is constantly evolving.

d. Ideas of criminal law date back centuries, and it is constantly evolving.

11. Why do fraudsters often target the elderly? a. The elderly typically do not report victimization. b. The elderly often do not seek the assistance of police. c. The elderly are seen as easy targets. d. The elderly do not use passwords in online banking.

c. The elderly are seen as easy targets.

5. Which of the following can be considered an area of socio-legal studies in criminology? a. analyzing the motives that criminals have in committing crimes b. developing new laws that reflect the values of a society c. assessing the impact of legal change and development d. examining the role of the family in encouraging criminal behavior

c. assessing the impact of legal change and development

20. What is the correlation between a good economy and higher crime rates? a. Typically, when the economy is doing well, it only benefits the upper class. b. Some criminals desire to take advantage of prosperity by acquiring more wealth. c. The acquisition of greater material wealth encourages greed and the need to satisfy it. d. Greater prosperity for more people in turn provides more tempting targets for youth criminals.

d. Greater prosperity for more people in turn provides more tempting targets for youth criminals.