Crime and Justice Final

According to research by Wolfgang et al. (1972), around ____________ of boys are responsible for nearly half of the crime in their cohort. Group of answer choices

5%

Which of the following refers to the criminal act element of the crime?

Actus reus

________ is the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders.

Criminology

Justice is a simple and easy concept to define and measure.

False

Rehabilitation depends on a fear of the consequences of violating the law.

False

Retribution theory is built on the idea that punishment should have utility.

False

The criminal justice system is a simple system made of independent parts that do not affect one another.

False

The prison problem for retribution refers to the idea that prisons are expensive to operate.

False

Variation and normal distributions are very rare in nature.

False

As society became more focused on individual rights in the 1960s and 1970s, what happened to crime in the United States?

Reported crime increased dramatically.

Which of the following is best suited for individual-level data analysis?

Self-report data

Which model assumes that the components of criminal justice work together harmoniously to achieve justice?

The consensus model

Which model assumes that the components of the criminal justice work together harmoniously to achieve justice?

The consensus model

One problem with selective incapacitation is the high rate of false positives.

True

Specific deterrence focuses on reducing recidivism by convicted offenders.

True

Retribution theory is primarily concerned with _____________.

achieving "justice"

Life-course theories inform the criminal justice system by highlighting ____________.

appropriate responses to crime

Shariff et al. (2014) find that exposing their survey sample to neuroscience research reduced the perceived ________ offenders.

blameworthiness of

Utilitarianism is concerned solely with ____________ of punishment

crime reduction effects

The dark figure of crime refers to ________.

crime that is not reported to the police

Since the 1300s, violence and homicide have generally ____________.

decreased

General deterrence attempts to ________.

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

The age-crime curve states that crime and risky behavior increases ____________.

during adolescence

The crime spike of the mid-20th century is NOT attributed to ________.

errors in measuring crime

A sentence of two years in prison is a reasonable sentence for an offender convicted of an infraction.

false

The selection problem for deterrence research suggests that those who have been punish have lower perceptions of the risk of crime because they _____________.

had lower perceptions to begin with

According to the article by Schwartz (2019), individuals can acquire neuropsychological deficits in adolescence and early adulthood through ____________________.

head injuries

As individuals grow out of adolescence and early adulthood into late adulthood, their risk of __________ is reduced but their risk of ____________ is increased.

homicide, suicide

The criminology problem for retribution arguments states that retributive practices ___________.

ignore the causes of crime

Lead in gasoline potentially increases crime by ______________.

impairing individuals' decision-making processes

Which of the following theories of punishment would argue for incarceration to prevent an offender from access to future opportunities for crime?

incapacitation

In contrast to basic rational choice theorizing, Altikriti (2021) finds that higher self-control was associated with a(n) ______________ in perceptions of the risk of crime.

increase

According to the deterrence theory of punishment, to deter crime, the anticipated costs should _______________ the anticipated rewards of engaging in a particular offense.

just outweigh

In Pogarsky et al.'s (2003) research on the gambler's fallacy, the authors find that individuals with ______________ are most likely to reduce ("reset") future expectations of punishment after being pulled over.

low risk status

According to Moffitt (1993), stability in criminal behavior through the life course is caused by _______________.

neuropsychological deficits

The initial results from the original Moving to Opportunities study found that removing individuals from a criminogenic environment through random assignment would ___________.

not have a large effect on many of their outcomes

A person who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights is a(n) ________.

public-order advocate

A fundamental component to experimental designs or randomized control trials is _________.

random assignment into groups

Which of the following is not a theory on why we who/how we punish offenders?

rational choice

___________ stability means that an outcome may change over time but has rank-order stability

relative

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.

retribution

According to previous studies (Shariff, 2014) adherence to a free-will view on human nature rather than determinism is associated with more support for _________ punishment policies

retributive

Which of the following is not a "level" of the deterrence theory of punishment?

rewards

To see whether impulsivity is associated with committing crime _________ data should be used.

self-report

Retributive arguments state that ___________ require(s) punishing offenders, even if it does not have utility.

the social contract

Public-order advocates support the interests of society over individual rights.

true

The conflict model assumes that the criminal justice system's components function primarily to serve their own interests.

true

The hierarchy rule means that only the most serious criminal offense per incident is recorded in the UCR.

true

Which of the following is the leading cause of death for juveniles and early adults?

unintentional injury

Lombroso was important to criminology because he ___________.

used the scientific method

Data triangulation refers to ____________.

using multiple sources of data

Chetty et al. (2016) revisted the Moving to Opportunities data. The authors found that there was a positive effect of moving individuals out of a criminogenic environment when individuals ____________________.

were less than 13 years of age