CRIME SCENE FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATIONS

The prosecutor may ask you to go over relevant details and major facts one more time. Never take a case lightly.

1. Always prepare for testimony the same way. 2. Review all case documentation. 3. Discuss the case with the prosecutor. 4. Follow the guidelines for giving an effective testimony, described later in this lesson.

If you are responsible for collecting a firearm as evidence:

1. Always properly secure the weapon. 2. Remove the magazine. 3. Clear all ammunition from the chamber or cylinder. 4. Carefully examine the weapon to identify the manufacturer, country of origin, serial number, model number, and caliber. 5. Document this information in your field notes, as you will need this information for your database check and final report.

There is a difference between a field contact and a confidential source.

1. Confidential sources are people who furnish police with information about crimes, primarily for personal benefit or advantage and rarely out of a sense of civic duty. 2. Both provide information; however, a confidential source may or may not receive compensation for information.

To conduct a showup:

1. Coordinate the showup as quickly as possible, without compromising the investigation, to limit the legal impact of the suspect's detention. 2. Caution the victim or witness that the person they will be looking at may or may not be the suspect. Avoid providing any verbal or non-verbal feedback to the victim or witness during the identification process. 3. Take the victim or witness to the location of the suspect, not the suspect to the victim or witness. 4. Ask the victim or witness if they recognize the suspect; do so in a way that avoids influencing the identification. 5. Make sure that there is adequate lighting for the victim or witness to have a clear view of the potential suspect. 6. Visually conceal the victim or witness from the suspect. 7. Consider recording the showup with your body camera or other recording device. 8. Document all statements of identification and non-identification. Document any comment made by the victim or witness during the entire process, word for word. Document any non-verbal communication or action that the victim or witness makes. If a victim or witness cannot identify the suspect, document why.

In certain criminal investigations where you believe the suspect or victim is using alcohol or drugs, you may submit an FDLE lab letter and obtain an analysis from the toxicology section of a crime laboratory. These cases usually result from investigations of ___, ___, and ___.

1. DUI 2. sexual assault 3. death.

Use a showup in an immediate situation, such as ___ or ____, as these can follow with an immediate arrest.

1. battery 2. robbery by sudden snatching

The appearance of prejudice destroys credibility. Avoid showing ___ and ___.

1. biases 2. prejudices

What are biological evidence?

1. blood 2. semen 3. saliva 4. bones 5. teeth 6. body tissues 7. hair 8. touch DNA

The most common biological specimens include:

1. blood 2. seminal fluid 3. saliva.

If a suspect or victim is near a piece of glass when it breaks, glass fragments may contaminate the person's ___, ___, and ___.

1. body 2. shoes 3. clothing

Practice universal precautions and apply PPE whenever you handle or collect evidence. PPE will protect the evidence from contamination and you from exposure to dangerous substances. Depending on the type of evidence you are collecting, you may need ___, ___, ___, ___, and __ or ___.

1. booties 2. facemasks 3. goggles 4. aprons 5. other protective clothing or gear

Evidence of entry or exit might include ____ or ____ around doorways.

1. broken glass 2. pry marks

A person can be a crime scene or part of a crime scene. Visible evidence that can be present on the victim or witness includes:

1. bruises 2. lacerations 3. broken bones 4. gunshot wounds 5. blood 6. trace 7. transfer evidence.

Before you begin to photograph or sketch a crime scene or a person, write the following information on a piece of paper or whiteboard and take a photograph, or type this information into the electronic device that you will use to sketch or take the photograph:

1. case number 2. location 3. date and time 4. officer's name

What are electronic evidence?

1. cell phones 2. thumb drives 3. laptops, notebooks, tablets, computers 4. smart home and security devices 5. external hard drives 6. digital cameras 7. CDs, DVDs, VHS tapes 8. answering machines, digital recording devices

Questioned Documents Evidence

1. checks 2. bank statements 3. address books 4. wire transfers 5. credit cards 6. phone bills 7. photographs or cameras 8. photo copies

Pieces of evidence that may contain saliva and require examination include:

1. cigarette butts 2. drinking straws 3. soda and beer cans 4. masks 5. bottles 6. bite marks

Sometimes fibers transfer between the clothes of the victim and the suspect. Fibers can come from ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, or other common articles.

1. clothing 2. carpet 3. rope 4. vehicle carpeting 5. upholstery

Sometimes, soil from a crime scene attaches to a suspect or victim's ___, ___, ___, or other objects, and the person transports it to another location.

1. clothing 2. shoes 3. tires

If the object the prints are on makes it difficult to collect the prints or photographing them is beyond your skill level, ___ or, if possible, have a ____ respond to the scene.

1. collect the surface object for the crime lab to process 2. crime scene technician

The Florida Evidence Code recognizes that the need to protect communications within certain relationships is more important than the admissibility of evidence obtained from those communications. Some examples of privileged communications include _____, and ____.

1. communication between a sexual assault counselor and a sexual assault victim 2. communication between a domestic violence advocate and a domestic violence victim

When you find a cell phone at a crime scene, you may not access the information contained in the cell phone unless you have ___ or ___.

1. consent from the owner 2. a search warrant

Photographing allows people who were not present at the original scene, including the ___ and the ___, to gather information and "to see" how the crime scene looked on the day you responded.

1. court 2. jury

The Florida Evidence Code, found in chapter 90 of the Florida Statutes, provides the basic concepts and rules of evidence that may be used in a ______ or ______.

1. criminal 2. civil proceeding

The preliminary investigation focuses on establishing whether a ______ and, if so, _____ and when and ______.

1. criminal act has been committed 2. what type 3. where it was committed

Curious unauthorized people can ___, ____, or ___ evidence at a scene. Do not allow them to enter the secured crime scene area.

1. damage 2. contaminate 3. destroy

If the evidence becomes contaminated or altered in any way, document the incident in your report. Include information about the original condition of the evidence and the events leading to its ___ or ___.

1. damage 2. destruction

Recognizing threats to the evidence will determine the appropriate method of protection. For example, in the case of an outdoor crime scene involving ____, ____, ____, or ____, protect the evidence from weather elements such as rain, hail, lightning, or wind.

1. degradable 2. easily destroyed 3. biological 4. trace evidence

Always use plain, professional language, not slang or police jargon. For example, do not state that you are "burning my CI." State that you are "revealing the identity of my confidential informant." Avoid ____, ____, ____, or ____; these are all unprofessional.

1. derogatory statements 2. sarcasm 3. witty comments 4. ridicule

There are two broad types of evidence:

1. direct 2. indirect (or circumstantial)

Attorneys may use a variety of tactics during a criminal trial to ___, ___, or ___. Be aware of this and go into court with basic techniques to overcome those tactics.

1. discredit 2. misrepresent 3. confuse you

Signs of exposure include:

1. disorientation 2. difficulty speaking or walking 3. slowed pulse 4. nausea 5. slow, shallow breathing 6. respiratory arrest

Pay attention to what the attorney asks. Provide the correct answer, avoid ____, and ____.

1. displaying frustration 2. restate the correct answer

Photographing perishable, transitory, or fragile evidence ensures its ____ and ____.

1. documentation 2. preservation

Attempt to locate and identify the point of the suspect's ____ to and ____ from the crime scene by visually inspecting the scene.

1. entry 2. exit

Broken windows, torn screens, or other sharp edges may snag fibers during a suspect's ___ or ___ from a building.

1. entry into 2. exit

When packaging, mark the package as "suspected fentanyl." Use caution when transporting; place it in the trunk of your vehicle. If you encounter large amounts of powder, ___ and ___.

1. evacuate the area immediately 2. call a hazmat team

A particularly hazardous substance you may encounter is ___ or ___, which you can absorb through mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, or eyes.

1. fentanyl 2. carfentanil

When you encounter any substance you suspect to be fentanyl or carfentanil, follow agency policies and procedures for ___, ___, ___, and ___.

1. field-testing 2. collecting 3. packaging 4. transporting

At any crime scene, the victim, witness, and suspect usually leave or take away some sort of evidence. A few examples of evidence that you may find and collect are:

1. fingerprints 2. shoe impressions 3. blood 4. fibers 5. hair 6. tool marks 7. paint scratches 8. broken glass 9. body fluids 10. controlled substances 11. electronics equipment and computers 12. firearms 13. broken or damaged materials 14. tire track impressions 15. documents 16. bones.

What are impression evidence?

1. fingerprints 2. tire 3. shoe 4. footprints 5. bite marks 6. tool marks

Physical or real evidence is crucial for the prosecutor, because it gives the jury something to touch and take back to the jury room while they conduct deliberations. Physical evidence can either be ____, ____, or _____.

1. fruits of a crime 2. instrumentalities of a crime 3. contraband

Most agencies provide officers with a basic latent fingerprint kit that includes:

1. gloves 2. black and light gray powder 3. a brush 4. lifting tape 5. fingerprint cards.

What are trace evidence?

1. hair 2. fiber, clothing, 3. paint chips, transfer evidence 4. glass 5. wood 6. soil, dirt

Trace evidence can include:

1. human hair 2. animal hair 3. textile fibers and fabric 4. rope 5. feathers 6. soil 7. glass 8. building materials.

You may find fentanyl or carfentanil in powder form, mixed with heroin or cocaine, as pills, capsules, eye drops, or blotter paper, or disguised as other drugs such as ___ or ___.

1. hydrocodone 2. oxycodone

The second priority must be to search for, ______, ______, _____, and ______, which will aid in the prosecution of the suspect.

1. identify 2. document 3. collect 4. maintain the physical evidence

After finding the incident's location, _____, _____, and _____. Secure the potential crime scene(s).

1. identify officer safety concerns 2. any victim or witness injuries 3. the need for backup

Analysts can also ____, ____, and ____, as well as examine bullets recovered from a crime scene.

1. identify tool marks 2. after-market modifications 3. serial number restoration

_______ are the items used by the defendant to commit the crime. The crowbar used by a burglar to gain entry into the building is an _______ of the crime.

1. instrumentalities 2. instrumentality

Florida law states that you must follow the judge's orders completely when they ___ or ___ the rule. Violating the rule of sequestration may mean the judge will penalize or punish the witness.

1. invoke 2. impose

Whether or not the judge invokes the rule, you must never communicate with a ___ or ___, except as directed by the court. If you observe a possible violation, report it immediately to the courtroom bailiff or the judge.

1. juror 2. known potential juror

Agency policies and procedures will specifically indicate whether simultaneous, sequential, or both methods of conducting the photo array are authorized. Consult your agency's ___ or ___ that is handling investigations for help selecting the authorized method.

1. legal adviser 2. the state attorney's office

A lineup can be a ___ or ___.

1. live lineup a photo lineup

A crime scene can be a ____, a _____, a ____, or an ____ associated with criminal behaviors. Fingerprints, photographs, physical evidence, and eyewitness testimony that you collect at a crime scene may prove that the suspect committed the crime.

1. location 2. person 3. place 4. object

A person's modus operandi may include repeatedly using the same method of entry when committing burglaries, stealing similar types of items, choosing victims who share similar characteristics, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, or committing their crimes with similar ___, ___, and ___.

1. locations 2. days 3. times

If you discover human skeletal remains, contact your supervisor. Because of the nature of the evidence, a ___ or a trained ___ should see the bones at the site as discovered.

1. medical examiner 2. forensic specialist

You may notice signs of exposure within ___, ___, or ___. Immediately notify other officers on the scene, your supervisor, dispatch, or emergency medical assistance.

1. minutes 2. hours 3. days

Carefully document or record, word for word, any comment that the victim or eyewitness makes during the entire lineup process. Note any ___ or ____ in the investigative file.

1. non-verbal communication 2. action of the victim or eyewitness

If you need to take photographs of an injury to any external genital organs, provide the victim options regarding which ____ and ____.

1. officer will observe 2. photograph the injuries

Broadly, crime scene photography moves from general to specific; take ___, ___, and then ___ photographs.

1. overall 2. midrange 3. closeup

Capturing latent prints can help identify the suspect(s) in the crime you are currently investigating, but can also help identify any ___ or ___ in other crimes.

1. past 2. future suspect(s)

Testimonial evidence is generally less reliable than physical evidence, because people ______, ____, or ____. When you correctly identify, protect, collect, preserve, transport, and analyze physical evidence, it cannot deliver false results.

1. perceive events differently 2. do not remember accurately 3. lie

___ or ___ also help victims and witnesses refresh their memory as time goes by.

1. photo 2. sketches

There are two main types of information—____ and ____.

1. private records 2. public records

The crime scene log provides ______ and _____. Officers not assigned to the crime scene do not have access just because they are law enforcement officers.

1. proof of crime scene security 2. validates the evidence collected at a crime scene

A ___, ___ or ___, typically records the chain of custody.

1. property receipt 2. written 3. electronic

Be courteous and use proper titles such as "your Honor," "ma'am," and "sir." Face the judge while responding to the judge's questions and face the jury when responding to the ____ or ___.

1. prosecutor 2. the defense attorney

You may be the first responding officer to a crime scene. Approaching the scene slowly and methodically may not always be practical; however, one of the most important features of evidence collection is ___ and ___ the crime scene

1. protecting 2. securing

Sketches aid in the _____, ____, and ____ of an incident. They can show positions of objects in relation to one another that are not easily visible in photographs.

1. reconstruction 2. explanation 3. permanent recording

Never promise a field contact or a confidential source any type of ___, ___, or ____.

1. reward 2. favor 3. reduced sentence

When photographing specific items, such as blood droplets, weapons, or tire marks, place a ___ or ___ in the photograph with the evidence to establish the original positions and draw attention to relevant objects or evidence.

1. scale 2. identifier

A person occupying private property has an expectation of privacy that no one can violate without a ____ or a ____.

1. search warrant 2. valid exception to the warrant requirement

When the inside of a vehicle is part of a crime scene, examine the ___, ___, ___, and other places for fibers. Holding a flashlight to create sidelight and using a magnifying glass may help you spot fiber evidence.

1. seat belts 2. airbag 3. steering wheel

Your first priority is to _____, _____, and ____ a crime scene to avoid contaminating any evidence.

1. secure 2. protect 3. preserve

You should be able to identify a variety of controlled substances and drug paraphernalia by ___ or ___. In some cases, you will use a field test kit to test a substance before collecting and packaging it as evidence.

1. sight 2. odor

The photo lineup can occur ___ or ___. Number all photographs and filler photographs used in the array before presenting the array to the victim or eyewitness.

1. simultaneously 2. sequentially

Before the meeting, thoroughly review all the available case documentation. Discuss the case with the appropriate agency personnel, such as your ___, ___, or ____ and _____.

1. supervisor 2. watch commander 3. crime scene and evidence personnel

A ____ or ____ assigned to the case may later decide to adjust the original boundaries or perimeter of the scene, based on the size and the type of crime scene.

1. supervisor 2. investigator

When looking over a crime scene for places to locate latent fingerprints, consider how the ___, ___, ___, and how they left the scene. By tracing this, you may be able to find locations to process latent prints.

1. suspect may have approached the scene 2. what they may have touched 3. how they moved about inside the scene

Should you believe money you find at the scene is counterfeit, document this, and collect the money as evidence. Your agency will have a process for contacting and sending the money to the Secret Service. FCIC/NCIC maintains a database of counterfeit currency with information, such as:

1. suspects under investigation 2. any information that may lead to the apprehension of the counterfeiters 3. the denomination, serial number, and location the suspect passed or transacted the money

Direct and indirect evidence presented in court can be _______, ______, or ______.

1. testimonial 2. physical 3. documentary

Media storage can include:

1. thumb drives 2. external drives 3. removable disks 4. tapes 5. digital cameras 6. other data storage equipment.

Evidence has three basic functions when offered in court:

1. to prove or disprove a crime 2. to support or undermine other evidence 3. to help determine an appropriate sentence

The size of the crime scene depends on _____, _____, and _____; for example, a burglary may involve an entire apartment complex or just one apartment.

1. type of crime 2. the type of evidence 3. the location of the evidence

Once you establish the crime scene perimeter, do not allow any ____ or ____ of any evidence.

1. unauthorized removal 2. alteration

Experts can analyze the direction of blood spatter to determine the type of weapon, the direction of the attack, and the relative size of the attacker. Advancements in DNA analysis allow for the detection of identifiable evidence in objects that made contact with a ___ or ___ for a short time.

1. victim 2. suspect

The independent administrator will conduct the lineup and provide instructions to the ___ or ___.

1. victim 2. witness

What are firearms evidence?

1. weapons 2. projectiles 3. gunshot residue 4. cartridge cases 5. tool marks 6. database information

The purpose of an investigation is to determine _____, _____, and _____ to make an arrest

1. what happened during an incident 2. identify and locate the suspect 3. develop enough evidence to establish probable cause

Use one or more of the following search patterns:

1.grid 2. spiral 3. strip/line 4. zone/quadrant

Use proper lighting so that the photograph is neither too dark nor too light to see detail. Proper lighting also avoids glare and flashback from a mirror or glass. Standard camera flashes will project only ____.

9-12 feet

There is also a difference between a confidential source and a documented confidential informant

A documented confidential informant is a type of confidential source who an officer recruits and manages based on their agency guidelines.

______ refers to the legal requirements you must meet before a jury can see or hear about the evidence. _______ protects the defendant's constitutional rights, guards jurors from being misled or confused, and can expedite a trial.

Admissibility of evidence

_____ is any property that is illegal for a person to possess based on statute, ordinance, or rule. For example, CSAM found on a computer is both contraband and evidence.

Contraband

Biological evidence left at crime scenes may contain ___. Consider all objects at a crime scene as possible sources of ___ evidence.

DNA

Comparing the fracture sites of two or more parts of a broken, torn, or cut object and determining whether they were once whole can provide strong evidence in court. ____ attempt to reconstruct the items or process fingerprints from the pieces before submitting them.

Do not

Avoid suggestions to enhance your testimony to strengthen a case, as you could be committing perjury.

Do not alter your answer to match someone else's, even if it means giving testimony that contradicts that of another officer. Because a court reporter is documenting what people in the courtroom are saying, the court can use earlier testimony to rebuke you later in the court process.

_______ is anything written or printed that is offered to prove or disprove facts pertaining to the case. It includes bank records, medical records, or a certified copy of a driving history.

Documentary evidence

Place the weapon in a firearm or evidence box; put the magazine and the ammunition in separate containers. Use the serial number to conduct an ___ database check on the firearm. This will tell you if the firearm is lost, stolen, or found.

FCIC/NCIC

Consider placing the mobile electronic device in an antistatic ___ that will prevent any communication with the seized device.

Faraday bag

_______ are the objects obtained by the defendant because of committing the crime. An example is money stolen by a bank robber.

Fruits of a crime

Never answer with a guess. It is acceptable to say, "_____," when necessary. The judge may permit you to explain why you do not know. Resist the urge to fill silence with extra testimony.

I don't know

_________ requires an inference or presumption to establish a fact.

Indirect or circumstantial evidence

____ create avenues for follow-up and can come from many sources, such as, anonymous tips, confidential sources, social media, forensic analysis, surveillance footage, and victim and witness statements.

Leads

___, meaning mode of operating or MO, refers to how someone does something, usually repetitive in nature. People are creatures of habit.

Modus operandi

______ refers to actual objects offered to prove or disprove facts about a case. Examples include items such as trace evidence, biological and touch DNA evidence, impression evidence, firearms evidence, electronic evidence, chemical, or toxicological evidence, and questioned documents evidence.

Physical or real evidence

_____ of government entities and publicly owned utilities are records that, with few exceptions, you may access on demand. ____ from federal, state, county, and city databases can provide additional information regarding the suspect's address, employment information, and other essential facts.

Public records

___ are documents that need examination to verify that they could be evidence. ____ may also contain latent fingerprints and DNA.

Questioned documents

Before moving the item and to prevent destruction of the latent print, photograph the print with a scale or identifier in a ___ setting on the point and shoot camera. This setting allows the raw image to remain unaltered.

RAW+JPEG

The U.S. Supreme Court, in ____, ruled that it is unconstitutional to search a cell phone without a search warrant unless there are officer safety concerns or exigent circumstances. This should not stop you from asking for consent to search a cell phone.

Riley v. California

_____ occurs when an independent administrator presents individual photographs to the victim or eyewitness one at a time.

Sequential presentation

____ occurs when the independent administrator presents a group of photographs to the victim or eyewitness all at once, at the same time.

Simultaneous presentation

Your agency will provide special training for officers who work with confidential informants.

This includes preserving the safety of the confidential informant, law enforcement officers, the suspect, and the public.

A photo array should have a minimum of six photographs: ____. Filler photographs are photographs of people other than the suspect that complete the array.

a minimum of five filler photographs with only one photograph of the suspect

____ may include blood pooled on the floor, a wet or dried stain on upholstery or carpet, or a sample collected from the victim or the suspect after the incident.

blood evidence

The crime laboratory can test for the presence of blood and if it is of human origin. Blood type and DNA identification are also possible with a ____.

blood sample

Shoe or tire prints can remain on wood, tile, paper, or paint, or in dust, blood, or grease. Crime scene technicians can ___ certain impressions, such as shoe or tire impressions. Photograph these items as well to preserve them as evidence.

cast

When you recover evidence of any kind, begin a ____ to document everyone who handled the evidence as well as when, why, and what changes, if any, were made to it.

chain of custody

____ shots show the details of a specific item of evidence and must include a scale or identifier.

close-up

Regardless of what method you use, do not allow the lineup administrator to see or track which photograph the victim or eyewitness is viewing until after the procedure is ____.

completed

Consider the types of surfaces that may be involved. To have the possibility of latent prints, you must have a surface that is ___ to having latent prints on it, for example, a rough concrete surface versus a smooth glass surface.

conductive

Testifying truthfully keeps your testimony ____, makes it credible, and keeps you out of trouble.

consistent

No matter the method used, the independent administrator will read standardized instructions to the victim or eyewitness to ensure ___.

consistent administration of the photo lineup

In the courtroom or the judge's chambers, the involved parties will usually refer to the attorneys as "___."

counsel

Private records of privately owned businesses or organizations, including privately owned utilities, are not open to the public, including law enforcement, and require ___ to access them.

court orders

The ____ can analyze the glass pieces and compare characteristics, such as color, density, thickness, and type of glass (tempered window, non-tempered, headlight, and bottle), to match and identify their origin.

crime laboratory

A _____ is the location that a crime occurred; it is an area that contains evidence from the crime committed.

crime scene

The _____ is a document that details the name, rank, and agency of each person entering or leaving the scene, the date and time of the person's entry or exit, and the reason the person was at the scene.

crime scene log

Change PPE as often as necessary. Do not become a source of cross-contamination. If you touch the victim, witness, or suspect and then touch the crime scene wearing the same gloves, touch DNA may ____.

cross contaminate the scene

_______ proves a fact without an inference or presumption and which, if true in itself, conclusively establishes that fact.

direct evidence

The Florida Statutes ____ restrict law enforcement's access to juvenile information through criminal justice agencies; however, there may be limits on how you may use that information.

do not

Typically, the officer who identifies the potential suspect will detain the suspect. ___ move the potential suspect to bring them to the victim or witness.

do not

If an object contains an embedded bullet, ___. The firearms section of a laboratory can examine firearms for fired bullets, cartridge cases, and shotgun shells to determine if the suspect's weapon fired them.

do not attempt to remove it

When used in a photo lineup, a photo array is an ____ tool to identify a suspect. It is usually easier to compile an adequate number of photographs of people who look similar to the suspect than to assemble a group of people who resemble the suspect.

efficient

___ allow fingerprint analysts to distinguish between prints belonging to either the victims and witnesses, or the possible suspects. To make this distinction, take fingerprints from anyone who may have been at the crime scene to eliminate their prints from the pool of suspects.

elimination prints

______ is anything that tends to prove or disprove the existence of a fact. There is a legal distinction between _____ and proof. _____ is information that is allowed in court, while proof is the effect produced by that information.

evidence

An officer has permission to enter private property based on ___ to conduct a sweep for potential suspects, to provide first aid, or if there is an indication that evidence will be lost, destroyed or removed prior to obtaining a search warrant or consent to search.

exigent circumstances

An ___ is a person who can identify another person by sight as someone involved in a criminal proceeding.

eyewitness

___ can reveal the manufacturer and other information about the source item. The relationship that fiber evidence has to the victim, the suspect, or the crime scene is crucial in many cases.

fiber analysis

A ____ is any person you have contact with while on patrol—such as a concerned resident or an anonymous complainant—who does not necessarily generate an incident report. ____ are often key to solving a case.

field contact

Photographing the scene is the ___ event that should take place when documenting a crime scene.

first

A _____ can include contacting witnesses, victims, and potential suspects, reviewing evidence, locating additional evidence, and writing a capias request, probable cause affidavit, or arrest warrant.

follow-up investigation

When a showup is not a consideration or successful in identifying a suspect, a lineup should become a part of your ___.

follow-up investigation

For example, if your crime scene were a room, the all-inclusive would be photographs of the room from all ____.

four corners

Photographic ___ is composing the photograph so that it depicts what you are trying to document. For example, in overall or midrange photography, overlap the photos to show the relationships of items in the crime scene.

framing

The ______ doctrine holds that the court may exclude evidence from trial if the officer obtained it illegally. For example, if an illegal interrogation leads to the discovery of a murder weapon, the court may exclude both the results of the interrogation and the weapon.

fruit of the poisonous tree

The ______ doctrine holds that if you execute a search warrant that you believe to be valid, and a court later determines that the warrant has a legal error, the court may still admit any seized evidence.

good-faith exception

often used indoors, this is a variation of the strip/line search pattern. Searchers overlap a series of lanes in a cross pattern, making the search more methodical and thorough.

grid

Leads, such as latent fingerprint identification and DNA that identify a suspect, can be a _____ lead. Anonymous tips with little detail can be a low-priority lead; however, they may still produce valuable information.

high-priority

Paint transfer can provide useful evidence in solving crimes such as a ___. Samples may show that paint at the scene and on the suspect's vehicle came from a common source.

hit-and-run crash

You cannot alter a raw image using ____.

imaging altering software

Use sketches to document where you recovered evidence in the scene. You may use the sketches during interviews with witnesses, victims, and suspects to correlate testimony. If you use these sketches during an interview, ____, as they are admissible in court.

include them in the report

An ____ is a person who is not participating in the investigation of the criminal offense and is unaware of which person in the lineup is the suspect.

independent administrator

The _______ incident report should clearly document the initial investigative steps taken at the scene.

initial or preliminary

Often, officers think that the arrest is the end of their participation in a criminal case; however, they remain an _____ of the prosecution process until the case is resolved.

integral part

Field contacts are common sources of information, developed through community policing, and can assist you in completing an ____.

investigation

Before conducting your investigation, make sure the crime occurred within your ______. Look for sources of information about, and evidence of, the crime when securing the scene.

jurisdiction

___ are among the most valuable and common types of physical evidence at a crime scene. Although generally invisible to the naked eye, ___ result from body residues left behind when the friction ridges of the hands or feet make contact with a surface.

latent prints

A ____ is the person who conducts the lineup. Ideally, the lineup administrator should be independent of the investigation.

lineup administrator

A ___ is a procedure that displays a group of people to a victim or eyewitness so they can identify the perpetrator of a crime and eliminate any suspects.

live lineup

____ is the process of analyzing trace evidence with a microscope to determine a possible source or origin.

microanalysis

The ____ view shots show the relationship between the evidence items within the scene.

midrange

The intent is that the structure of the lineup achieves ____ administration and prevents the lineup administrator from knowing which photograph is being presented to the victim or witness.

neutral

Under ___ circumstances should you insert any object into the barrel of the firearm, as it may damage the rifling in the barrel of the firearm. Rifling is the grooves inside the barrel of a firearm that provide unique characteristics of that specific firearm.

no

You are ___ permitted inside the courtroom or within hearing distance of the courtroom when other witnesses are giving testimony.

not

Pausing also gives the prosecutor time to object if the question is ____. If necessary, you can state that you do not understand a question or you can ask the judge or attorney to clarify or repeat the question.

objectionable

Use ____, better known as side lighting, when photographing shoe/tire impressions or tool marks. This lighting technique uses the flashlight at a low angle to show details by creating shadows on the surface of the impressions

oblique lighting

Lifting latent prints is a basic skill of law enforcement. The ability to lift a latent print directly relates to your attention to detail. Lifting a print is often a "___" opportunity and should be treated as such.

one shot

The scale or identifier should be as close as possible to the item you are photographing to avoid creating ____ that misrepresents the actual size of the item (items looking larger or smaller based on placement of the scale or identifier).

optical illusions

Tools used to gain illegal entry into buildings and safes can leave ___.

paint residue

A foreign substance, like wet paint, blood, grease, ink, or dirt, transfers and makes readily visible ____, which form from the friction ridges or corrugated lines on fingers.

patent prints

When an attorney or judge asks questions, ____. Make sure that you understand the questions and that you answer them accurately, clearly, and completely.

pause before answering to collect your thoughts

Crime scene _____ should be larger rather than smaller. It is easier to reduce the size of a ______ than to enlarge it. A larger crime scene also helps keep crowds away from the evidence.

perimeters

Examples of ____ evidence can include blood, footprints, and tire impressions, or trace evidence, such as hair or fibers.

perishable

Avoid displaying extraordinary interest in the case. Display interest of a professional nature, not a ___.

personal one

A ___ is a selection of photographs compiled to show to a victim or eyewitness in a non-suggestive manner for identifying a suspect.

photo array

The victim or eyewitness must acknowledge receiving the instructions before reviewing the ____. If they refuse to sign the acknowledgment, document the refusal, and sign the acknowledgment yourself.

photo array

A ___ is an alternative to a live lineup. A ____ is a procedure that displays a photo array to a victim or eyewitness so they can identify the perpetrator of a crime and eliminate any suspects.

photo lineup

If packaged improperly, wet items will deteriorate to a point where they have no value as evidence. Place each piece of evidence collected for DNA analysis in its own, ____.

separate container

A ___ occurs during the same time or soon after the incident occurred and near the incident or crime scene.

showup

usually used outdoors by one person. The searcher begins at a certain point and walks in increasingly larger circles to the outermost boundary of the search area.

spiral

The direction of force or the order in which glass is broken can determine on which side of the glass the suspect ___, thus establishing the suspect's entry or exit path.

stood

usually used outdoors by several people. Divide the search area into lanes. Have one or more people search each lane by moving in both directions, examining all areas.

strip/line

Use your agency digital camera with a flash. Do not use a personal cell phone camera. Avoid using an agency-issued cell phone camera; the court may ___ the information on your phone.

subpoena

Each photograph in the array should be of a different person, with physical characteristics similar to those of the ____, and formatted alike.

suspect

In some cases, ___ can serve as identification and evidence.

teeth

_______ is a witness statement that tends to prove or disprove facts about the case. It includes the testimonies of law enforcement officers, experts, and other witnesses.

testimonial evidence

If you find two or more crimes that appear to have been committed by the same suspect, ____. It can help you to determine such things as the suspect's motivation, skill, experience, transportation, age, and size.

the MO can assist you in narrowing the field of suspects

The midrange would be photographs of the sofa, and the close-up would be ___.

the blood on the sofa

____ evidence is small quantities of material transferred from a victim or suspect to each other or to a crime scene.

trace

_____ evidence is evidence that can blow or wash away. Fragile evidence can include a bullet hole in glass held in place by a thin window tint.

transitory

The primary responding or backup officer will take the victims and witnesses separately to that officer's location to identify the potential suspect; for example, in separate patrol vehicles. To avoid the potential suspect from being able to see the victim or witness, use ___.

vehicles with a dark window tint

Never _____; only answer the question asked. However, you can respond to closed-ended questions with more than a yes or no answer, if the answer requires a more detailed explanation.

volunteer additional information

When collecting drug paraphernalia, package sharp objects, such as needles or syringes, in puncture- proof packages clearly labeled with the words "___." As instructed in First Aid, PPE is essential when encountering any chemical or biological substances.

warning: sharps

used for vehicle searches, both indoors and outdoors, or a large area. Divide the area into four different sections and search each area using one of the patterns above.

zone/quadrant

Giving testimony may take place in:

1. attorney's office 2. in the judge's chambers 3. on the witness stand

Look directly at the ___ or ___ and listen carefully to the questions they ask.

1. attorney 2. judge

When comparing MO, consider the following:

1. Does this appear to be a well- planned crime or one committed impulsively? 2. If entry to a building or vehicle was involved, was it forcible, or was a key or lock pick used? 3. Did the suspect use other tools? If so, what kind of tools? 4. If theft was involved, what and how much property did the suspect take? 5. What damage was done, and why? Did the suspect vandalize items they could not take away? Did the suspect do careless damage to things that got in the way to access a door or fence? 6. If this was a crime against a person, what weapon, if any, did the suspect use? What verbal commands did the suspect give? What was the physical description of the suspect? 7. What was the motivation for the crime? Was it profit, revenge, fun, opportunity, hate? 8. Did the suspect use any other resources in the crime? 9. Were any unexplained items left at the scene?

Before conducting a showup:

1. Interview all victims or witnesses separately to obtain a description of the suspect. 2. Determine if the victim or witness has personal knowledge of the crime (the victim or witness saw the suspect clearly enough to identify the suspect's features). 3. Determine if the victim or witness has the ability to accurately discuss the matter, directly or through an interpreter, and clearly understands their duty to tell the truth. 4. Determine if the victim or witness demonstrates competence, attentiveness, a sound state of mind, and a lack of prejudice. 5. Determine if a suspect matching the victim's or witness's description has been located near the incident. 6. If there are multiple victims or witnesses, determine if circumstances will allow the prompt display of a single suspect to each victim or witness.

Most agencies provide rulers or cards with rulers on them. Other examples of scales or identifiers are ___, ___, or ___.

1. Miranda cards 2. dollar bills 3. coins

The admissibility of evidence also depends upon several factors.

1. The officer must obtain the evidence legally and preserve it properly. 2. The evidence must be relevant to the case. 3. The evidence cannot be unfairly prejudicial, confusing, or based on hearsay.

The Florida Statutes mandate using these instructions; however, your agency policies and procedures may add additional instructions. (eyewitness instructions)

1. The perpetrator might or might not be in the lineup; 2. The lineup administrator does not know the suspect's identity (except that this instruction need not be given when a specified and approved alternative method of neutral administration is used); 3. You should not feel compelled to make an identification; 4. It is as important to exclude innocent persons as it is to identify the perpetrator; and 5. The investigation will continue with or without your identification.

While driving to the scene, consider key questions that will help you assess the situation adequately:

1. What is the location? 2. Are any weapons involved? 3. Has the complainant indicated the suspect's location? 4. How many individuals are involved? 5. How many officers are necessary to safely contain or control the situation? 6. Do you need additional services? 7. Do you need special equipment? 8. Are any special concerns or dangers associated with the call?

When injured people are at the scene, responding officers may have to provide first aid. If you provide first aid, remember to use personal protective equipment (PPE). If the victim does not require immediate first aid, ask direct, fundamental questions about how the victim sustained the injury, such as:

1. Who hit you? 2. What did the suspect use to hit you? 3. Where were you hit? 4. Where were you standing when you were hit? 5. When were you hit? 6. How were you hit? Why were you hit?

Avoid speaking in a monotone. Use of military time is appropriate, but be prepared to convert times to ___ or ___.

1. a.m. 2. p.m.

The chain of custody for any item of evidentiary value will potentially encounter challenges in future court proceedings. For this reason, it is critical that the information on the chain of custody form is ___, and ___.

1. accurate 2. completed by every person who handled the evidence.

Instruct people to move behind the crime scene tape, advising that refusal may result in arrest. You have the authority to arrest any person who, ____,_____.

1. after receiving a warning 2. crosses an area marked by crime scene tape

Begin at the perimeter of the crime scene and take a series of shots by framing an ___ or ___ view of the scene.

1. all-inclusive 2. four-corner

Florida law states that it is a felony to ___, ___, ___, or ___, ___, or ___ with the purpose of impairing its truth or availability in a criminal trial or investigation.

1. alter 2. destroy 3. conceal 4. remove any record 5. document 6. thing

Carefully handle all documents found in a crime scene to preserve their conditions. Document analysts use a variety of scientific methods to examine documents for ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___. Analysis may answer questions about the document's authorship and authenticity.

1. alterations 2. erasures 3. handwriting analysis 4. indentations 5. ink comparisons 6. machine impressions

When an independent administrator is not available, you will assume the role of the lineup administrator, and you must use one of these accepted procedures for conducting a photo lineup:

1. an automated computer program that can automatically administer the photo lineup directly and prevents the lineup administrator from seeing the lineup until after the procedure is complete 2. randomly numbered, shuffled folders containing photographs that are presented to the eyewitness in such a way that the lineup administrator cannot see which photos correspond to specific folders until after the procedure is complete

Protecting and securing the scene begins when you arrive and ends when you release the scene to ______ or from ______.

1. an investigator 2. law enforcement custody

The crime scene log provides proof of crime scene security and validates the evidence collected at a crime scene. Officers not assigned to the crime scene do not have ____ just because they are law enforcement officers.

access

If the investigator designates more than one point of entry or exit, they will assign an officer to each location and notify all officers to use the _____.

access point(s)

Wet evidence, such as items soaked with body fluids or living plant material, must be ___, packaged in breathable containers such as paper bags, or both.

air-dried

Do not manipulate or attempt to operate any part of the equipment to avoid possible damage to it; however, you may consider placing a handheld device in ___ to keep the owner from accessing it remotely.

airplane mode

There is a high likelihood of saliva being present in bite marks as well. Saliva is ____. Collect saliva according to your agency policies and procedures.

biological evidence

Teeth can provide dental evidence in the form of bite mark impressions that can lead to the identity of the suspect. Photograph ___ as soon as possible with a scale or identifier.

bite marks

Chemistry or Toxicological Evidence

blood alcohol levels, drugs, poisons, etc.

A suspect does not have the right to refuse photographing injuries, such as ____ or _____.

scratches from the victim or blood evidence

A ____ is a molded or embedded fingerprint created by touching an impressionable surface, such as fresh paint, wax, bar of soap, or mud that you can easily see.

plastic print

Footprints, shoe impressions, and tire impressions at the scene can link a suspect to a crime when they match an object in the suspect's ___. You can find these types of impressions in mud, soil, or another pliable material.

possession

The _____ focuses on establishing whether a criminal act has been committed and, if so, what type and when and where it was committed.

preliminary investigation

The ____, also known as the state attorney, may need more information to make a filing decision and may request a follow-up investigation.

prosecutor

Never address or refer to the defense attorney as a ___. Doing so can cause a mistrial, as it may make the jury aware that the defendant cannot afford other representation.

public defender

Live lineups are ___, as the agency must schedule additional people who look similar to the suspect to appear with the suspect in the lineup.

resource-intensive

Records pertaining to juvenile arrests and incidents with law enforcement are ___ from the public by Florida law.

restricted

Sometimes a judge invokes the ____, which forbids anyone who will testify from discussing any aspect of a case with anyone but the involved attorneys.

rule of sequestration

A chain of custody documentation proves that the evidence submitted in court is the ____.

same evidence collected at the crime scene

When photographing specific items, such as blood droplets, weapons, or tire marks, place a ___ or ____ in the photograph with the evidence to establish the original positions and draw attention to relevant objects or evidence.

scale or identifier

Identify the pieces of evidence farthest from the center of the crime scene. Establish boundaries for the crime scene and guard against unnecessary entrance by blocking off the area with crime____.

scene tape

_____ are a good source of information regarding juvenile offenders.

school resource officers