Criminal Justice Chapter 5

Texas Rangers

A militia originally formed by Stephen F. Austin in 1823 to protect the territory of Texas against American Indian raids.

Thief Takers

-often criminals themselves, suspected of encouraging crimes for the purpose of solving them, in order to obtain the reward money

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Database

A collection of organized data that allows access, retrieval, and use of data

bureaucracy

A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and procedures.

Regions

A geographic area defined by one or more characteristics that set it apart from other areas

Rattle Watch

A group of citizens patrolling at night armed with rattles to call for help. Used in New Amsterdam in the 1650s. Stuyvesant set up these new Policeman.

Sworn Officer

A law enforcement officer who is trained and empowered to perform full police duties, such as making arrests, conduction investigations, and carrying firearms.

Statute of Winchester

A law, written in 1285, that created a watch and ward system in English cities and towns and that codified early police practices.

Constable

A peace officer with less authority than a sheriff.

Exclusionary Rule

A policy forbidding the admission at trial of illegally seized evidence.

Thames River Police

A private police force created by the West India Trading Company in 1798 that represented the first professional, salaried police force in London.

NDIS

A weekly search is conducted of the DNA profiles in this national database, and resulting matches are automatically returned by the software to the laboratory that originally submitted the DNA profile National DNA Index System

department of justice

Advises the president on legal issues, enforces federal laws, and operates federal prisons.

Department of Homeland Security

After 9/11 occurred, the Department of Homeland Security was established as the newest member of the cabinet with the goal to secure America.

Metropolitan Police Act

An act of Parliament that created the London Metropolitan Police, the first centralized, professional police force in Britain, which soon became the international model of professional policing. Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first organized police force in London Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first organized police force in London

bobbies

British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force.

CODIS

Combined DNA Index System (FBI). Used to share DNA profiles kept in the FBI's National DNA Index System (NDIS) with law enforcement bodies.

DARE

Drug Abuse Resistance Education

Rangers

Elite commandos and infantry specially trained for reconnaissance and combat missions

State Police

Enforcement agencies primarily engaged in highway patrol activates. About half of state police agencies also have the authority to conduct investigate work

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), serving as both a federal criminal investigative body and a domestic intelligence agency.

bow street runners

In 1750, Henry Fielding established a small group of volunteers, non-uniformed home owners to "take thieves." These Londoners hurried to the scene of reported crimes and began investigations, becoming the first modern detective force.

Hue and Cry

In medieval England, a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger.

English Heritage

Limited police authority, Local control, Decentralization- fragmented organization

Wickersham Commission

National Law Enforcement Commission, so named after its chair, George Wickersham, it was a national commission on law observance and enforcement created by Hoover in 1929. Its 1930 report recommended the repeal of Prohibition.

Watch-and-Ward System

Old English system overseen by the constable in which a watchman guarded a city's or town's gates at night.

Vigilantes

People who take the law into their own hands

Department of the Treasury

Reports to Congress and the President on the financial state of the government and the economy

Local Policing

Rural, suburban urban, colleges. Majority of personnel. Avg cost p/y per officer $80,000. Public buildings, natural resources, transportation systems, crime investigations, special enforcement. Also include county which is mostly in charge of jail, and court related duties.

Kansas City Experiment

The first large-scale scientific study of law enforcement practices. Sponsored by the Police Foundation, it focused on the practice of preventive patrol.

Hundred-man

The head of a group of 10 tithing (men collected in groups of 10) who served as an administrator and judge

Dickerson vs United States

The petitioner, Charles Thomas Dickerson (the "petitioner"), made a statement regarding a bank robbery to the Federal Bureau of Investigations ("FBI") without receiving his Miranda rights. A federal law was in place that allowed the admission of statements if they were voluntarily made.

Crime Mapping

Used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns.

Police Officer Requirements

a U.S. citizen, at least 21 years old, and having no felony convictions

Vici

a change or variation

Project Ceasefire

aims to stop violent crime by being extremely tough on crime; the idea is to use every strategy that can be employed to prosecute and punish anyone who uses a gun in the commission of a crime

Problem-Oriented Policing

an approach to policing in which officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police

Okhranka

an organization set up in 1881 in Russia after the assassination of Alexander II to maintain State security and suppress revolutionary activities, replaced after the Revolution of 1917 by the Cheka. Okhrana

Federal Police Agencies

approx. 100 exist, largest agencies within the DHS

Rand Study

based on observations of detective operations in 25 police agencies and a survey of detective practices in an additional 156 departments; showed that the most important determinants of whether a case is solved are the amount of time between the commission of crime and police notification, and the completeness of information given by the victim to the patrol officers responding to the complaint initially.

Pennsylvania State Police

case in which Supreme Court ruled on the use of the affirmative defense in a constructive discharge clain to an employer whose supervisors are charged with harassment

Decentralized Model

clear distinction between traffic enforcement on state highways and other state level law enforcement functions by creating two separate agencies

Weeks vs. United States

established the exclusionary rule in federal cases...prohibited evidence found in illegal searches being used in courts

Shire Reeve

in early england, the chief law enforcement official in a county; forerunner of today's sheriff

Police Military Differences

local vs. international

Frank-pledge System

members of a tything bound together with a mutual pledge to keep the community safe

Independent Police Agencies

non-departmental public body in England and Wales responsible for overseeing the system for handling complaints made against police forces

Comes Stabuli

non-uniformed officers of medieval England. Small and unorganized but made effective use of local resources in the formation of posses, the pursuit of offenders.

centralized model

one agency incharge of criminal investigations and patrol of state highways

Routine Patrol

provided by officers in marked police vehicles dispersed throughout an agency's jurisdiction. officers are assigned to patrol specific areas, often termed beats or districts. the geographic boundaries of patrol areas are generally based on some form of workload analysis. agencies attempt to balance the officers workload by dividing the city into areas that would have equal amounts of activity

S.W.A.T. Team

special weapons and tactics team, a specialized squad of police officers who have been trained to handle violent and dangerous situations using advanced weaponry and technology.

Police

state power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals

Miranda vs. Arizona

the Supreme Court held that statements of criminal suspects made while they are in custody and subject to interrogation by police may not be admitted in court unless the suspect first had certain warnings read to him beforehand

Secret Service

the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors

Sheriff

the principal law-enforcement officer in a county

LTL (Less-Than-Lethal)

weapons intended to cause bodily injury instead of death