Critical Thinking Ch.1-6 McGraw Hill

What are the disciplines that form the bases of artificial intelligence (AI)? (Check all that apply.)

-Cognitive psychology -Philosophy of mind -Computer science

Identify the definitions of emotional intelligence. (Check all that apply.)

-The ability to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought -The ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth

Identify the characteristics of people with low self-esteem compared with people with healthy self-esteem. (Check all that apply.)

-They are more vulnerable to manipulation by others. -They are more likely to experience emotional tension and body aches. -They are more likely to be effective in problem solving. -They are more likely to succeed in achieving their life goals.

What are the characteristics of people who are skilled critical thinkers? (Check all that apply.)

-They have reasonable, well thought out goals and strategies to achieve them. -They act from a sense of integrity or personal authenticity and respect for the integrity and aspirations of others in their lives.

Which of the following are important in positions of leadership? (Check all that apply.)

-assertive communication style -the ability to correctly interpret others' communication

According to the text, which of the following does not contribute to one's ability to think critically?

Ability to form strong opinions

The process by which each of us "becomes an intelligent person, acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood" is known as

Cognitive development

______________ is a collection of skills we use every day that are necessary for our full intellectual and personal development.

Critical Thinking

A state of consciousness in which feelings such as joy, anger, love, hate, and fear are experienced is termed

Emotion

"If I don't get the job I just interviewed for, I'll be stuck in my current job forever." This person has committed the fallacy of questionable cause.

False

A circular definition gives a lot of information about the meaning of a term.

False

A poll question asks, "Do you plan on having children before the age of 30?" This is the fallacy called begging the question.

False

Critical rationalists accept the fideist position that faith-based claims are immune from being disproved through the use of reason and worldly evidence.

False

Dismissing a person's argument on the basis of his circumstances results in the abusive form of ad hominem.

False

If you're asked about your position on deep-water oil drilling and you shift to a critique of the current president, you're introducing a straw man fallacy.

False

In a diagrammed argument, a broken circle is used to indicate a proposition.

False

In the absence of credible evidence for a claim, one should refrain from looking to contrary evidence.

False

It is reasonable for an individual to use his or her experience as credible evidence for a claim, even if it is contradicted by other evidence.

False

Research supports the idea that sex-based differences in reasoning are based primarily on innate biological differences between men and women.

False

The significance of the Asch experiment is that it demonstrates the social error known as diffusion of responsibility.

False

The tendency to overestimate oneself in comparison to others facilitates one's thinking and pursuit of truth.

False

Tolerance for ambiguity and reflective skepticism are considered barriers to critical thinking.

False

When the National Dairy Council makes a claim about the health benefits of milk, we can feel comfortable relying on that claim because they are experts.

False

Words such as because and therefore always indicate premises and conclusions and thus are helpful in analyzing complex arguments.

False

According to the three-tier model of thinking, identify an example of interpretation.

If domestic violence is illegal, it must be immoral.

Because we are both rational and non-rational, Plato argued that we are at our best when the two aspects are

In harmony

A belief based solely on personal feelings rather than on reason or facts is called a(n)

Opinion

A conclusion is supported by propositions known as

Premises

_____ involves taking a scriptural passage out of its original context in order to establish a particular point.

Proof-texting

"It beats me when people make such a big fuss about driving under the influence of alcohol. Maybe people ought to know that more people die due to mosquito borne diseases than from alcoholism." Which of the following fallacies does the speaker of this sentence commit?

Red herring fallacy

Students come to recognize that there is uncertainty in the world and that authorities can have different positions. According to the text, some educators have called this period of disorientation and doubting all answers

Sophomoritis

How is rhetoric different from argumentation?

The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade people of what one considers to be the truth, whereas the purpose of argumentation is to discover the truth.

A primary goal of critical thinking is learning to examine assumptions and evidence put forth in support of a position before forming a conclusion.

True

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when our exaggerated or distorted expectations reinforce actions that actually bring about the expected event.

True

An autonomous person is both rational and self-directing and therefore less likely to be taken in by poor reasoning or contradictions in his own or other's reasoning.

True

Anecdotal evidence is unreliable for at least two reasons: it is based on memory, which can be unreliable, and it is subject to the human tendency to distort or exaggerate.

True

Creativity involves "a willingness to take risks, to cope with the unexpected, to welcome challenge and even failure as a part of the process to arrive at a new and deeper understanding."

True

Critical thinkers are willing to work toward overcoming personal prejudices and biases.

True

In Western culture, emotion has traditionally been set in opposition to reason and has been regarded as the culprit in sloppy reasoning and irrational life choices.

True

In constructing an argument, don't form your conclusion until you are satisfied with the list of premises you have compiled.

True

Inaccurate or false memories can be as compelling and believable as accurate memories.

True

Reason can operate on both the conscious and the unconscious levels.

True

Sex stereotypes harm men as well as women.

True

The human tendency to confirmation bias is so much a part of us that brain imaging studies have found evidence of it.

True

The person who quotes a passage out of context to prove a point commits the fallacy of accent.

True

The purpose of diagramming an argument is to clarify the relationship between the premise(s) and conclusion.

True

A patient's insistence on antibiotics to treat his/her viral infection is an example of a(n)

Uninformed Opinion

If you're waiting at a restaurant for a friend (X) who is half an hour late, how might you best state the issue?

What happened to X?

Becoming immersed in a good book, movie, or play often involves what English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge called the

Willing suspension of disbelief

In addition to abstract thinking and logical argumentation, reason has

a behavioral component.

The difference between denotative and connotative meanings is that

a denotative meaning is the same as the dictionary definition, while a connotative meaning includes feelings and personal thoughts.

A headline in today's Mayburn Daily reads "Left party for engagement." This leaves many readers confused as to whether the country's sole left-wing political party wants to engage in some sort of dialogue or whether someone famous left a party to attend an engagement. Which of the following fallacies does the headline commit?

amphiboly

Saying that UFOs don't exist because no one has proven that they do is an example of which kind of fallacy?

appeal to ignorance

Language is a system of communication that relies on

arbitrary symbols.

One of the weaknesses of fideism is that

being convinced that something is true does not necessarily make it true.

Which of the following kinds of language covers greetings and general courtesies?

ceremonial language

A _____ is a proposition in an argument that is supported on the basis of other propositions.

conclusion

Which of the following kinds of language is used to influence action?

directive language

Jacob says that a person could binge on food when depressed. Richard disagrees with this statement since binging on food leads to obesity, which worsens depression. In this example, Richard misinterprets Jacob's use of the word 'could.' Which of the following fallacies has Richard committed while interpreting the sentence?

equivocation

When someone shifts the meaning of a term in the course of an argument, that person commits the fallacy of

equivocation.

Which of the following kinds of language is used to communicate feelings and attitudes?

expressive language

These fallacies often have inadequate evidence.

fallacies involving unwarranted assumptions

These fallacies often contain confusion of wording, grammar, and/or concepts.

fallacies of ambiguity

These fallacies often contain a lack of a logical relationship

fallacies of relevance

Which of the following kinds of language is either true or false?

informative language

The term _____ is best defined as an ill-defined complex of problems involving a controversy or uncertainty.

issue

Commonly accepted ________ are denotative in nature.

lexical definitions

When evaluating information on the Internet, the top-level domain ".com" at the end of a website address should inform you that the sponsoring company _____.

likely has financial interests in the information it presents

Plato wrote in Phaedrus that the human soul is divided into

one rational and two nonrational parts.

The fact that the radio broadcast War of the Worlds was able to produce eyewitness accounts of nonexistent phenomena is an example of _____.

perceptual error

Terms deployed to clear up ambiguity in use are ___________ definitions.

precising

A(n) _____ is defined as a proposition that supports or gives reasons for accepting a conclusion.

premise

In breaking down an argument, one must start by putting brackets around each _____ so that you know where each begins and ends.

proposition

If faith cannot be supported by reason or evidence, it should be rejected. This is an argument made by the followers of

rationalism.

The difference between rationalists and empiricists is that _____.

rationalists consider reason as the basis for human knowledge, whereas empiricists consider physical senses

Saying that one should never give into a child's requests because the child will then become completely spoiled is an example of which fallacy?

slippery slope

New definitions that are added to a language as that language grows are called

stipulative.

In part, knowledge is defined as information or experience that we believe to be true. The crucial concept missing from this definition is that _____.

we need evidence for our beliefs