CRJ Chapter 11

Researchers who have studied punishment believe that the motive for harsh punishment is not deterrence but: A)retribution. B)restoration. C)incapacitation. D)rehabilitation.

A)retribution

The most common form of early punishment was: A) corporal punishment. B) restitution. C) banishment. D) imprisonment.

A) corporal punishment.

In England during the eleventh century, those who broke laws were often held in ________ until it was time to impose punishment. A) private estates B) prisons C) community corrections centers D) halfway houses

A) private estates

Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of harsh punishments as deterrents to crime? A) The threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime. B) The threat of harsh punishment only deters offenders from committing certain offenses, such as murder, robbery, or assault. C) The threat of harsh punishments only deters crime among certain offenders, such as those who are employed and have a family. D) The threat of harsh punishments almost always deters crime.

A) The threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime

One of the most commonly used penal colonies during the late 1700s was: A)Australia. B)Great Britain. C)Canada. D)Mexico.

A)Australia.

A punishment that involved no torture or corporal punishment for offenders and focused on reforming their behavior is based on ________ principles. A)Quaker B)Puritan C)English D)colonial

A)Quaker

Eventually, correctional philosophy shifted from punishment to ________, which emphasizes changing an individual from an offender into someone who is law-abiding. A)rehabilitation B)deterrence C)retribution D)incapacitation

A)rehabilitation

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first forms of confinement was to send vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals to an institution in which they were housed and forced to work. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts to America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The practice of exporting criminals to other lands was referred to as: A)transportation. B)vertical integration. C)exploitation. D)exoneration.

A)transportation.

Suppose you have been convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol and you are ` ordered by the sentencing judge to attend an event where the family members of victims killed as a result of driving under the influence speak about the effects of the crime. You are attending a: A)victim impact panel. B)restoration panel. C)public forum on driving under the influence. D)counseling session for alcohol abuse.

A)victim impact panel.

Which of the following was one of the lasting effects of the Martinson Report of 1974? A) New treatment programs were created in many prisons. B) Most prisons drastically cut funding to prison treatment programs or eliminated them altogether. C) The federal government called for more funding for prison treatment programs. D) Funding for treatment programs in prisons increased.

B) Most prisons drastically cut funding to prison treatment programs or eliminated them altogether.

What has research indicated concerning the cost-effectiveness of private prisons? A) Private prisons are less expensive than government-run prisons to operate. B) Private prisons as just as expensive as government-run prisons to operate. C) Private prisons are more expensive than government-run prisons to operate. D) Both private prisons and government-run prisons have seen decreases in their operation costs.

B) Private prisons as just as expensive as government-run prisons to operate.

What did a study in Canada find concerning harsh punishments? A) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were less likely to be rearrested. B) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to be rearrested. C) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to commit suicide in prison. D) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to be charged as adults when they committed subsequent crimes.

B) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to be rearrested.

If you are housed in a private prison under contract with a government agency that focuses on rehabilitation and religious services, you are most likely housed in a: A) spiritual-based prison. B) faith-based prison. C) reintegrative prison. D) religious education prison.

B) faith-based prison.

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first forms of confinement was to send vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals to an institution in which they were housed and forced to work. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts to America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The ships that were used to house offenders were called: A) garrotes. B) hulks. C) hulls. D) schooners.

B) hulks

Approximately 1 out of every ________ adult American is under some form of correctional supervision. A)47 B)38 C)15 D)63

B)38

The ________ system was a system of prison administration in which prisoners were isolated in cells at night but allowed to congregate during the day for work duty and meals, but in total silence. A)Pennsylvania B)Auburn C)Minnesota D)Philadelphia

B)Auburn

________ is a perspective that focuses on the offender's responsibility to repair the hurt, damage, and injustice that the crime victim has experienced by making restitution and doing community service. A)Privatization justice B)Restorative justice C)Transportation justice D)Industrial justice

B)Restorative justice

What has research found concerning the effectiveness of faith-based prisons? A)Recidivism rates in faith-based programs are at least 50 percent more than in other programs. B)Their effectiveness was not clear. C)They are not effective for any inmates with regard to recidivism rates and employment outcomes. D)They are effective for all inmates in reducing recidivism, increasing job placement, increasing civic involvement, and improving family relationships.

B)Their effectiveness was not clear

Federal prison inmates are most likely to be: A)Asian. B)White. C)Hispanic. D)African American.

B)White.

If you were accused of a crime and were awaiting trial in colonial America, you would most likely be held in: A)a hulk. B)an ordinary house that served as a jail-house. C)a gaol. D)a state prison.

B)an ordinary house that served as a jail-house

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Sue is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections. A)rehabilitation B)crime control C)rein

B)crime control

If you have been convicted of a serious violent crime and have been sentenced to 8 years of incarceration, you are most likely residing in a: A)restitution center. B)prison. C)halfway house. D)jail.

B)prison

Research has indicated that offenders who participate in a victim impact panel have ________ recidivism rates as/than offenders who do not participate in a victim impact panel. A)significantly lower B)similar C)higher D)slightly lower

B)similar

Historically, people believed that the only way to control crime was through severe punishments and: A)social ostracism. B)the fear of being caught. C)large fines. D)the fear of death

B)the fear of being caught.

The ________ is a report, published in 1974, indicating that rehabilitative efforts, for the most part, were having little to no effect on recidivism. A) Riverside Report B) John Report C) Martinson Report D) Roberts Report

C) Martinson Report

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. John is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections. A) crime control B) rehabilitation C

C) reintegration

If you were a woman being held while awaiting trial in the early colonial period of the United States, you would most likely be housed: A) with other women. B) in a state prison. C) with other women, men, and children. D) in solitary confinement.

C) with other women, men, and children.

How did citizens in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England make sure that punishment of offenders, particularly hanging, would have the desired deterrent effect? A)By having police officers go door-to-door notifying citizens of the hanging B)By ensuring that both the king and the queen were present at the place of hanging C)By making the hanging a public event in the town square D)By publishing pictures of the hanging in the newspaper

C)By making the hanging a public event in the town square

The penal colony Isla Maria is located off the coast of: A)Brazil. B)Canada. C)Mexico. D)the United States

C)Mexico.

The ________ is considered to be the first penitentiary. A)Auburn Prison B)Bridewell Palace C)Walnut Street Jail D)Cherry Hill Jail

C)Walnut Street Jail

Jack and Jill are both convicted of driving under the influence. Jack is sentenced to 9 months in jail while Jill is sentenced to 6 months on probation. Jill's sentence is an example of ________ corrections. A)institutional B)retributional C)community D)intermediate

C)community

The Newgate Prison in Connecticut was originally a: A)cave. B)private home. C)copper mine. D)colonial jail

C)copper mine.

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. When John is released, he moves to a ________, which is a community-based residence that helps him reintegrate back into society succe

C)halfway house

One of the early forms of punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships, which are called: A)garrotes. B)galleys. C)hulks. D)houses of corrections.

C)hulks.

Convicts who were transported from Britain to American colonies and sold to private individuals to act as servants for a period of time were: A)Walnut servants. B)hulk servants. C)indentured servants. D)penitentiary servants.

C)indentured servants.

Jack is incarcerated in a facility where he makes shoes that are sold on the open market. He is subject to strict discipline and is not paid for his work. Jack is most likely incarcerated in a(n): A)reformatory. B)county jail. C)industrial prison. D)Pennsylvania prison

C)industrial prison.

If you were accused of committing a crime and have not been released on bail prior to your trial, you are most likely being held in a: A)restitution center. B)halfway house. C)jail. D)prison.

C)jail

If Joe is incarcerated in a prison where criminals are viewed as ill, and he receives t treatment to cure his "illness," the prison is centered around the: A)therapeutic model. B)punitive model. C)medical model. D)rehabilitation model.

C)medical model.

One of the main criticisms of the Pennsylvania system was that inmates: A)suffered severe physical abuse. B)transferred communicable diseases to each other. C)often developed mental disorders. D)were not permitted to communicate with each other.

C)often developed mental disorders.

During the late eighteenth century, an American judge who wished for an offender to repent for his or her sins or wrongdoings would most likely be inclined to sentence the offender to a: A)hulk. B)county jail. C)penitentiary. D)reformatory.

C)penitentiary.

The Auburn system differed from the Pennsylvania system in that inmates were: A)not permitted to have Bibles in their cells. B)permitted to share cells. C)permitted to congregate during the day to work together in silence. D)permitted to communicate with each other.

C)permitted to congregate during the day to work together in silence.

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Tom is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections. A)reintegration B)punishment C)rehabilit

C)rehabilitation

The Elmira Reformatory centered on the principles of: A)incarceration. B)restoration. C)rehabilitation. D)restitution.

C)rehabilitation.

After a great debate over which prison system (Pennsylvania or Auburn) was better, most prisons in America were modeled after: A)the Pennsylvania system. B)the Eastern State Penitentiary. C)the Auburn system. D)the Walnut Street Jail.

C)the Auburn system.

One of the most significant reasons that reformatories fell out of popularity was because: A)the programs that were offered only affected a small number of inmates. B)classification systems were scarce in most reformatories. C)the prisons were overcrowded. D)educational programs were scarce in most reformatories.

C)the prisons were overcrowded

Joe is incarcerated in a prison where there is a focus on treatment. The prison views the inmates as "sick" and tries to "cure" their criminal behavior. Joe is most likely incarcerated in a(n): A)industrial prison. B)Pennsylvania prison. C)therapeutic prison. D)reformatory.

C)therapeutic prison

The term "corrections" can be traced back to the turn of the ________ century in America. A)nineteenth B)twenty-first C)twentieth D)eighteenth

C)twentieth

One of the most important reasons that the Auburn system was favored over the ` Pennsylvania system was because the Auburn system: A)focused on solitary confinement. B)focused on reform and rehabilitation. C)was able to turn a profit through convict labor. D)used corporal punishment.

C)was able to turn a profit through convict labor

Consider that you were housed in an American prison where you spent all of your time working in a small cell and were not permitted to communicate with other inmates or family members on the outside. You were most likely housed in the: A) Isla Maria Jail. B) Elmira Reformatory. C) Auburn Prison. D) Eastern State Penitentiary.

D) Eastern State Penitentiary.

Which of the following statements is true about workhouses? A) Workhouses were safe and contained excellent sanitary facilities. B) Only the most hardened and violent criminals were housed there. C) Men, women, and children were often segregated, but families were allowed to remain together. D) Workhouses held a mix of people, including jobless vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals.

D) Workhouses held a mix of people, including jobless vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals.

The term "________" denotes society's efforts to punish and treat individuals who break the law, and thereby to protect the public. A) hulks B) privatization C) vertical integration D) corrections

D) corrections

Jack and Jill are both convicted of driving under the influence. Jack is sentenced to 9 months in jail while Jill is sentenced to 6 months on probation. Jack's sentence is an example of ________ corrections. A) intermediate B) community C) retributional D) institutional

D) institutional

The original purpose of a plague town was to: A) force people to learn about the bubonic plague. B) house criminals in places that contained people who were infected with plagues. C) force people to pay off their debts. D) isolate people infected with the bubonic plague.

D) isolate people infected with the bubonic plague.

A Florida study found that inmates housed in private prisons had ________ inmates housed in state-run prisons. A) similar recidivism rates to B) higher recidivism rates than C) a longer period of time before they recidivated than D) lower recidivism rates than

D) lower recidivism rates than

Private prisons have gained popularity in the United States because of: A) the increase in the diversity in state and federal prisons. B) public support for privatization of corrections. C) the increased costs of incarceration. D) overcrowded prisons.

D) overcrowded prisons.

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first methods of confinement was an institution that held jobless vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts to America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The other lands that the British exported criminals to were referred to as: A) hulks. B) slave colonies. C) transportation ports. D) penal colonies.

D) penal colonies

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Bob is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections. A) crime control B) reintegration C)

D) punishment

The belief that harsh punishments reduce crime is based on the assumption that: A)potential criminals do not act impulsively. B)potential criminals are concerned about the future. C)potential criminals weigh the benefits and costs of committing a crime before they make a decision. D)All of the answers are correct.

D)All of the answers are correct

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first forms of confinement was to send vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals to an institution in which they were housed and forced to work. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The institutions in which early prisoners were housed and forced to work in were known as: A)workhouses. B)houses of compulsory reformation. C)houses of correction. D)All of the answers are correct.

D)All of the answers are correct.

Penitentiaries embraced the principle of: A)penitence or sorrow. B)solitude. C)solitary segregation. D)All of the answers are correct.

D)All of the answers are correct.

A new prison being built in Michigan includes back-to-back cells, used for sleeping only, and focuses on a system where inmates work together in silence during the day to turn a profit for the prison. Corporal punishment is used on inmates who violate prison rules. This prison is modeled after the: A)European system. B)Pennsylvania system. C)Massachusetts system. D)Auburn system.

D)Auburn system.

________ are more likely than any other racial or ethnic group to be incarcerated. A)Whites B)Asians C)Hispanics D)Blacks

D)Blacks

Industry experts expect that private prisons and faith-based prisons will: A)decrease in number over the next 10 years. B)result in dramatic reductions in recidivism rates C)save state and federal corrections departments millions of dollars. D)continue to grow in number.

D)continue to grow in number

Most federal inmates are serving sentences for ________ crimes. A)public order B)property C)violent D)drug

D)drug

If you were forced to row ships as punishment for a crime during the 1400s and 1500s in England, you were sentenced to: A)a plague town. B)the sulfur pits. C)a hulk. D)galley slavery.

D)galley slavery.

The number of inmates housed in private prisons has ________ in the past 2 decades. A)stayed the same B)decreased, while the number of inmates housed in private jails has increased C)decreased D)increased

D)increased

In 1785 in Philadelphia, half of the individuals sentenced to jail were guilty of: A)property crimes. B)homicide. C)public order crimes. D)not paying their debts

D)not paying their debts

Jack and Jill are both convicted of armed robbery. At the sentencing hearing, the judge sentences Jack to 10 years in prison and orders him to pay a fine of $1,120 as well as restitution to the victims. Jill, on the other hand, is sentenced to only 5 years in prison and must pay a fine of $750; she does not have to pay any restitution. Jill's sentence, which is more lenient than Jack's for the same crime, provides an example of: A)the brutalization hypothesis. B)the patriarchal hypothesis. C)the gendered hypothesis. D)the chivalry hypothesis

D)the chivalry hypothesis

The style of confinement under the Auburn system was called ________. A)communicative rehabilitation B)confinement rehabilitation C)the restoration D)the congregate system

D)the congregate system

The term "corrections" reflected a widely held belief that the corrections systems would: A)deter future offenders from committing crime. B)restore what was damaged in the community during the commission of a crime. C)provide victims and their families with justice. D)transform offenders into law-abiding citizens

D)transform offenders into law-abiding citizens