CRJU exam 2
List the three primary purposes of police patrol.
1. The deterrence of crime 2. The maintenance of public order 3. The provision of services that are not related to crime.
In the federal court system, how many U.S. courts of appeals are there? 12 13 21 50
13
Following a hung jury, which procedural option is available to the members of the courtroom work group? The defense attorney may decide to petition an appeals court for a retrial in front of a different jury to clear her or his client's name. The prosecutor or the defense attorney may decide to appeal the jury's decision to a higher court for purposes of finality. A judge may decide to overrule the jury's decision and make his or her own determination about the guilt of the defendant. A prosecutor may decide to retry the same defendant for the same crime with a different jury.
A judge may decide to overrule the jury's decision and make his or her own determination about the guilt of the defendant.
Which of the following is a key difference between a stop and a frisk? A frisk briefly detains a suspect, while a stop is a protective measure for law enforcement officers. Without a warrant, law enforcement officers can only frisk suspicious people, they cannot stop them. Without a warrant, law enforcement officers can only stop suspicious people, they cannot frisk them. A stop briefly detains a suspect, while a frisk is a protective measure for law enforcement officers.
A stop briefly detains a suspect, while a frisk is a protective measure for law enforcement officers.
Over a period of 8 years, New York City police made 4.4 million stops, 87 percent of which involved African Americans or Latinos. Why did these statistics contribute to the judge's decision that the New York City Police Department's use of stop-and-frisk was unconstitutional? The causes given for the stops, such as "furtive movements" and "suspicious bulge," did not provide enough reasonable suspicion for a stop. The officers were using the stops to engage in "fishing expedition" frisks of the suspects. The number of murders in New York City dropped dramatically during the time that its police officers engaged in aggressive stop-and-frisk tactics. A suspect's ethnicity or race, by itself, cannot provide the necessary reasonable suspicion for a stop.
A suspect's ethnicity or race, by itself, cannot provide the necessary reasonable suspicion for a stop.
The video starts with Leroy Downs describing his encounter with New York City police. According to the police, why were they justified in stopping and frisking Downs? Downs had previously been charged with resisting arrest. Downs was talking on a cellphone. Downs looked like he was using marijuana. Downs was uncooperative when approached by the police.
Downs looked like he was using marijuana
The process of socialization in police subculture occurs when highly seasoned and experienced police officers are taught the values and rituals of police subculture. T F
F
Which statement is FALSE regarding differential response strategies? Overall response time is not as critical as response time for the most important calls. Some agencies use 311 nonemergency call systems to reduce the strain on 911 operations. "Hot" crimes receive a more immediate response than "cold" crimes. Crime is crime, so police do not assign more priority to one over the other.
Crime is crime, so police do not assign more priority to one over the other.
Which of the following is true regarding bail in criminal cases in the United States? The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to bail. Bail is only available to those charged with nonviolent crimes. The amount of bail set has strict limitations, according to the Constitution. Defendants who cannot afford bail are kept in jail until their trial.
Defendants who cannot afford bail are kept in jail until their trial.
Explain why differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more efficiently to 911 calls.
Differential calls allow for police to respond to calls that need more urgent attention.
Which of the following elements is "unrelated" as to whether an arrest has taken place? Intent Discretion Authority Seizure or detention
Discretion
Why did the U.S. Supreme Court NOT completely eliminate police discretion in matters of the use of deadly force? It acknowledged that even the highest court in the land could not effectively put limits on police actions. It tried to, but other court decisions and precedents in the areas of deadly force prevented it from doing so. It had no intention to even slightly limit or regulate the use of deadly force in law enforcement practices. It recognized that police officers must be able to make split-second decisions based on the circumstances facing the officer.
It recognized that police officers must be able to make split-second decisions based on the circumstances facing the officer.
Which description offers the best explanation of the exclusionary rule? It allows prosecutors to present, in court, evidence seized by an invalid warrant if the police officer who served the invalid warrant was unaware of any constitutional irregularities. It requires judges to keep evidence out of trial proceedings if that evidence is the product of an unreasonable search or seizure by law enforcement. It allows prosecutors to present "tainted" evidence in court if the police officers involved would have eventually discovered the evidence using proper procedures. It is a tactic often successfully used by defense attorneys to convince judges that evidence improperly obtained by law enforcement officers should be kept out of court.
It requires judges to keep evidence out of trial proceedings if that evidence is the product of an unreasonable search or seizure by law enforcement.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the argument, made by New York City officials, that the New York City Police Department's use of stop-and-frisk was NOT unconstitutional? Because violent crime rates are higher in minority neighborhoods, crimes prevented by stop-and-frisk tactics disproportionately protect young minority males. Only 12 percent of the stop-and-frisks of African Americans and Latinos led to arrests. Racial profiling is not improper as long as police officers have a valid pretext other than the suspect's race or ethnicity to make the stop. More police are active in New York City's minority neighborhoods, leading to more stops of members of minority groups, because those neighborhoods have the highest crime rates in the city.
More police are active in New York City's minority neighborhoods, leading to more stops of members of minority groups, because those neighborhoods have the highest crime rates in the city.
Which of the following is true of arrests and arrest warrants? Law enforcement officers must always have a warrant to make an arrest. Most arrests are made with a valid warrant. Most arrests are made with an invalid warrant. Most arrests are made without a warrant.
Most arrests are made without a warrant
Why are most arrests made without a warrant? Most arrests are made with a disregard for the rules and policies set in place. Most arrests are the result of quick police reaction to the commission of a crime. Most criminals need not be afforded their constitutional rights. Most police officers have not been properly trained in probable cause.
Most arrests are the result of quick police reaction to the commission of a crime.
The lawyer wanted the judge to do which of the following process of bail for Aaron Hernandez? Set bail. Post bail. Use a bail bond agent. Avoid bail.
Set bail.
Which amendment guarantees a criminal defendant has the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in the physical location where the crime was committed? Third Amendment Fourth Amendment Sixth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment
Sixth Amendment
A defendant who is acquitted in a criminal trial may be sued in a civil case for essentially the same act. T F
T
An indictment is the grand jury's declaration that probable cause exists to charge a defendant with a specific crime. T F
T
Defense attorneys must ensure that the client's constitutional rights are protected, regardless of whether the client is guilty or innocent. T F
T
Generally, trace evidence includes fingerprints and samples of blood, semen, skin, and hair from the crime scene. T F
T
In its bureaucratic function, courts are more concerned with speed and efficiency. T F
T
Trial courts are primarily concerned with questions of fact. T F
T
The United States Supreme Court set the standards for the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers in Florida v. Royer (1983) Tennessee v. Garner (1985) Graham v. Connor (1989) White v. Pauly (2017)
Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that an officer must have "specific and articulable facts" before making a stop, but those facts may be "taken together with rational inferences"? Terry. Ohio (1967) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) United States v. Leon (1983) Arizona v. Evans (1995)
Terry v. Ohio (1967)
Which of the following reasons would a defense attorney be least likely to use in an attempt to get bail for his client? The client has a stable family situation. The client has no prior record. The client has a stable employment record. The client is innocent.
The client is innocent.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four criteria that must be met for law enforcement officers to make a warrantless seizure of an item? The officer has explicit permission by the suspect to seize the item. The officer immediately recognizes the illegal nature of the item. The officer is legally in a position to notice the item in question. The discovery of the item is inadvertent.
The officer has explicit permission by the suspect to seize the item.
In which situation would a law enforcement officer probably need to obtain a warrant based on probable cause before engaging in a search of the suspect's property? The officer wants an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to turn over the contents of the suspect's email account. The officer has pulled over the suspect for speeding and, while writing the ticket, notices a sawed-off shotgun propped up in the passenger seat. The officer wants to run a computer check of the license plate of a car parked in an area of the city known for drug dealing. The officer wants to search the contents of the suspect's garbage that has been left on the curb for collection.
The officer wants an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to turn over the contents of the suspect's email account.
Identify a true statement about attorney-client privilege. The privilege requires defense attorneys to inform a judge or prosecutor when a client confesses to a crime. The privilege requires defense attorneys to keep all communications with a client concerning past criminal activity confidential, unless the client agrees otherwise. The privilege covers communications between defense attorneys and defendants and between prosecutors and witnesses. The privilege applies to information about a future crime that a client passes along to his defense attorney.
The privilege requires defense attorneys to keep all communications with a client concerning past criminal activity confidential, unless the client agrees otherwise.
Which statement about the roles and responsibilities of trial judges is false? At times, the trial judge will be called to decide the guilt or innocence of the defendant. During the trial, the judge's role is comparable to that of a referee in a sporting match. Judges are expected to be completely objective, making decisions based only on the evidence and the rule of law. The trial judge has few, if any, duties to carry out before the beginning of the trial.
The trial judge has few, if any, duties to carry out before the beginning of the trial.
Which option is NOT a reason why prosecutors, defense attorneys, and defendants often agree to plea bargains? They realize they might have to work together on future cases. For prosecutors, a plea bargain removes the risk of losing the case at trial. For defense attorneys, the plea bargain may be the best deal possible for a potentially guilty client. Plea bargains give defense attorneys a measure of control over a highly uncertain future.
They realize they might have to work together on future cases.
What is the difference between ballistics and toxicology? While both ballistics and toxicology focus on drugs within the body, only ballistics is truly a medical field. While both ballistics and toxicology are concerned with firearms, only toxicology focuses on ammunition. While ballistics is concerned with firearms, toxicology is concerned with drugs or toxins in the body. While ballistics is concerned with drugs or poison in the body, toxicology is concerned with firearms.
While ballistics is concerned with firearms, toxicology is concerned with drugs or toxins in the body.
The court system in the United States is which of the following? a single court system a dual court system a tri court system none of these
a dual court system
In most circumstances, law enforcement officers must provide the Miranda warning to suspects in custody before questioning them. The United States Supreme Court has defined custody as the use of force or mental intimidation by law enforcement a formal arrest or any situation in which a reasonable person would not feel free to remove himself or herself from the control of the police existing in any situation in which a suspect is speaking to a law enforcement officer applying only when a suspect is under the control of the police because that suspect has been arrested
a formal arrest or any situation in which a reasonable person would not feel free to remove himself or herself from the control of the police
During voir dire for a murder trial, the prosecutor notices that one of the potential jurors is wearing a National Public Radio baseball cap. If the prosecutor thinks that a supporter of public radio is likely to find a defendant not guilty of a violent crime, what instrument can the prosecutor use to keep this potential juror off the jury? a peremptory challenge a challenge for cause an alternate juror a Batson reversal
a peremptory challenge
Which of the following does the Sixth Amendment grant? protection against self-incrimination a right to reasonable bail protection against double jeopardy a right to a "speedy" trial
a right to a "speedy" trial
What is the master jury list made up of? all of the eligible jurors in a community the jurors favorable to the prosecution the jurors favorable to the defense all standby members for a grand jury
all of the eligible jurors in a community
Which of the following is another name(s) for an individual who defends a person in criminal cases? county attorney city attorney district attorney all of these
all of these
Each of the following terms is used to refer to prosecutors EXCEPT state attorney district attorney county attorney all of these are used
all of these are used
The fact that fewer than one in three adults arrested for a felony see the inside of a prison cell is explained by which of the following? nolo contendere preventive detention pretrial detention case attrition
case attrition
Which of the following is the ultimate goal for Mizanskey, set forth by the attorney and the petition? an appeal a charge parole clemency
clemency
Generally, a not guilty plea in the face of strong evidence is part of a strategy to avoid public pressures challenge a crucial part of evidence confuse jurors avoid a plea bargain
confuse jurors
Defense lawyers most commonly defend their clients by attempting to expose weaknesses in the prosecutor's case by . delivering an effective cross-examination creating a reasonable doubt introducing expert testimony none of these
creating reasonable doubt
Incarcerating individuals with life without parole sentences for nonviolent crimes is a form of which of the following? due process rehabilitation crime control appealing
crime control
Evidence that has been witnessed by the person giving testimony is an example of . indirect evidence circumstantial evidence direct evidence compelling evidence
direct evidence
To protect a suspect's constitutional rights during interrogation, the Supreme Court ruled that the suspect must be informed of those rights before being searched. true false
false
Which of the following is NOT a qualification to be a juror? citizen of the united states free of felony convictions gainfully employed 18 years of age or older
gainfully employed
Generally, when a court can exercise its authority over residents of a certain area, it is referred to as geographic jurisdiction limited jurisdiction tribal jurisdiction none of these
geographic jurisdiction
A police officer can stop, or briefly detain, a person for questioning if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has engaged or is engaging in criminal activity is within "a reasonable distance" of the U.S. border with Mexico or Canada wants to frisk the person for illegal drugs that may be hidden in the person's clothing has probable cause to believe that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime
has a reasonable suspicion that the person has engaged or is engaging in criminal activity
Targeted areas for directed patrols are often referred to as community areas hot spots crime maps dispatch units
hot spots
The exclusionary rule prohibits the use of probable cause police interrogations illegally seized evidence excessive force
illegally seized evidence
Which of the following would best help reduce police biases in Ferguson? increased media coverage increased high school graduation rates increased taxes increase the racial and ethnic diversity of the police force
increase the racial and ethnic diversity of the police force
Pollock and Becker identify four categories of ethical dilemmas that a police officer typically may face. Each of the following is a category EXCEPT discretion duty integrity honesty
integrity
When a suspect's confession has been improperly coerced, it is invalid self-incriminating warrantless admissible
invalid
The Supreme Court "makes" criminal justice policy in two important ways, through judicial review and with assistance from the legislative branch with assistance from the executive branch its authority to interpret the law its unfettered use of discretion
its authority to interpret the law
Why are police departments saddled with an increasing number of cold cases? inferior DNA technologies the dependency on forensics low clearance rates new focus on domestic terrorism
low clearance rates
Suppose a law enforcement officer takes deliberate steps to conceal a colleague's wrongdoing. In essence, that officer has made the decision that duty is a more important value than ethics noble cause corruption is a more important value than ethics loyalty is a more important value than ethics honesty is a more important value than ethics
loyalty is a more important value than ethics
About half of adult felony cases brought to prosecutors by police are dismissed through a voir dire nolo contendere nolle prosequi habeas corpus
nolle prosequi
According to the video, in Ferguson, Missouri, if you had an outstanding warrant, statistically it is likely that which of the following was present? racial bias by officers mental health differences substance abuse violent criminal behavior
racial bias by officers
When it comes to the use of deadly force, the key determination in such cases is whether the officer's use of deadly force was reasonable under the circumstances based on a great deal of suspicion based on probable cause based on a credible threat
reasonable under the circumstances
The prosecutor and the individuals who signed the petition were challenging that Mizanskey had NOT fulfilled which of the following functions of the court? due process crime control rehabilitation bureaucratic
rehabilitation
Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of ethical dilemmas as defined by criminologists Joycelyn M. Pollock and Ronald F. Becker? loyalty responsibility duty discretion
responsibility
What is the highest appellate court in a state usually called? state supreme court court of last resort U.S. Supreme Court all of these
state supreme court
An individual who is trying to post bail would be at which of the following stages during his trial? suspected of murder charged with murder convicted of murder acquitted of murder
suspected of murder
The plain view doctrine applies to each of the following situations EXCEPT when the item is easily seen by an officer who is legally in a position to notice it the discovery of the item is unintended technology, such as a thermal imager, is used to see the item the officer immediately recognizes the illegal nature of the item
technology, such as a thermal imager, is used to see the item
Which of the following federal bodies studied and reported on the policing and arrest warrant situations in Ferguson, Missouri? the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) the Supreme Court the Department of Justice
the Department of Justice
Why are warrants usually NOT needed in international airports and seaports, and near international boundaries? the number of foreign criminals in these locations the absence of national law and policy in these locations the border area exception to the probable cause requirement in these locations the insufficient police force presence in these locations
the border area exception to the probable cause requirement in these locations
Suppose, following the judge's ruling, a New York City police officer stops an African American male because the suspect was making "furtive movements" and, in the subsequent frisk, finds an illegal firearm. Which of the following legal concepts makes it possible that the gun would NOT be admissible as evidence in court? the exclusionary rule probable cause exigent circumstances the "good faith" exception
the exclusionary rule
Why have police departments across the country been forced to adopt Next Generation 911 systems? the growing number of 911 calls coming from mobile phones the decreasing number of patrol officers on the streets the decreasing number of community-based reports the growing number of random patrols in inner cities
the growing number of 911 calls coming from mobile phones
Who of the following individuals has final determination in whether will be granted and the amount to which it will be set? arresting officers jury members the judge jail guards
the judge
Which of the following best describes the internal affairs unit (IAU)? the mechanism for investigations within a police department the authority that affords officers deadly force justification the body by which police procedures are defined the organization that advocates for police actions
the mechanism for investigations within a police department
Which feature of the criminal trial provides a clear advantage for defense attorneys over prosecutors? speedy trial statutes the right to a bench trial the role of the jury the reasonable doubt standard
the reasonable doubt standard
According to sociologist William Westly, what is the "blue curtain"? the psychological barrier that separates police officers from internal affairs departments the invisible wall that separates the various job levels within the police department the dangerous veil that, when "lifted," can mean mayhem and violence targeting police the unspoken code that separates the police from the civilians they are meant to protect
the unspoken code that separates the police from the civilians they are meant to protect
As prosecutors screen potential cases, which factor is NOT normally considered? whether there is sufficient evidence for conviction whether the victims are cooperative the defendant's willingness to testify against other offenders the victim's welfare after the trial is over
the victim's welfare after the trial is over
Generally, searches and seizures can be made without a warrant in each of the following circumstances EXCEPT when they are incidental to a lawful arrest they involve the "movable vehicle" exception there is insufficient time to get a warrant property has been abandoned
there is insufficient time to get a warrant
What is the purpose of the preliminary hearing? to determine whether there is enough evidence to accuse the suspect of committing a crime to allow the judge a chance to determine the correct amount of bail to set to allow the defense the chance to hear the prosecution's case against the defendant to determine whether the evidence presented is sufficient for the case to go to trial
to determine whether the evidence presented is sufficient for the case to go to trial
Though arresting individuals falls under the category of enforcing laws, which of the following is also a responsibility of police? to provide services to prevent crime to preserve the peace to provide services, prevent crime, and preserve the peace
to provide services, prevent crime, and preserve the peace
Which of the following is NOT an example in which a criminal defendant may be tried for a second time for the same act? when the second trial is in civil court when the defendant waives his or her right when the second trial is in a different state when the first trial resulted in a hung jury
when the defendant waives his or her right
Peremptory challenges require justification by the attorney and are usually limited to a small number. T F
F
Which of the following best describes the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule? Evidence may be admissible if the officer is in "hot pursuit" of a suspected offender. Evidence may be admissible if the officer is unaware of a warrant's technical invalidity. Evidence may not be admissible if the officer uses illegal procedures to obtain it. Evidence may not be admissible if the suspect offers it voluntarily but without a lawyer.
Evidence may be admissible if the officer is unaware of a warrant's technical invalidity.
Identify a false statement concerning a law enforcement officer's use of deadly force. Police officers charged in criminal court with crimes relating to the improper use of deadly force are, for the most part, cleared of wrongdoing by judges and juries. An officer's use of deadly force can be considered "reasonable" even if such force was not actually needed to protect the officer or others. If a police officer mistakenly but reasonably decides to use deadly force in a situation that does not actually require such force, a court usually will rule that the force was unjustified. To properly decide whether the use of deadly force by a law enforcement officer was reasonable, a court must take into account the entirety of the circumstances surrounding the use-of-force incident.
If a police officer mistakenly but reasonably decides to use deadly force in a situation that does not actually require such force, a court usually will rule that the force was unjustified.
David Ourlich says that he was sitting on a park bench when he was surrounded by nine police officers with their guns drawn. Assuming that Ourlich is telling the truth, which of the following statements about this situation is true? If the officers began interrogating Ourlich concerning criminal activity, they would be required to read him his Miranda rights. Officers would not be allowed to ask Ourlich his name without providing him with his Miranda rights. Ourlich was not in custody for purposes of the Miranda rule. If the officers did not arrest Ourlich, they would have been free to interrogate him without reading him his Miranda rights.
If the officers began interrogating Ourlich concerning criminal activity, they would be required to read him his Miranda rights.
Why is evidence that is considered the "fruit of the poisoned tree" inadmissible? It is evidence obtained through the "good faith" exception. It is not in any way relevant to the case. It is evidence obtained from a separate investigation. It is acquired by using illegally obtained evidence.
It is acquired by using illegally obtained evidence
Which of the following is NOT a reason that American courts will generally support a police officer's freedom to make discretionary on-the-job decisions? Through hard experience, law enforcement agents have gained a "sixth sense" regarding human behavior and are skilled at predicting how a person will act given a certain set of circumstances. Police officers are considered to be, for the most part, honest and ethical. Police work is "individualistic," and different police officers necessarily have different styles in carrying out their duties. Police officers often find themselves in extreme situations that involve the risk of harm or death, and must be given the leeway to make split-second decisions to react to such situations.
N/A
Why is DNA fingerprinting so useful and reliable in criminal investigations? Fingerprints are often left behind at crime scenes. No two people, save for identical twins, have the same genetic code. It can be used in conjunction with ballistics. It is a simple and inexpensive testing procedure.
No two people, save for identical twins, have the same genetic code.
Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.
Police gather trace evidence which are very strong indicators of suspicion
Which statement is TRUE regarding community policing and problem-oriented policing? Problem-oriented policing encourages police officers to stop looking at their work as a day-to-day proposition. Problem-oriented policing is less effective than directed patrols in reducing "hot spot" crime. The SARA model of problem oriented policing involves three steps. Neighborhood watch programs are unrelated to community policing.
Problem-oriented policing encourages police officers to stop looking at their work as a day-to-day proposition.
A law enforcement officer is justified in using deadly force against a suspect if the use of nondeadly force against the suspect is unlikely to result in the suspect's capture and arrest officer reasonably believes that the suspect has committed a felony and that the suspect is in the act of fleeing the scene of the crime officer reasonably believes that such force is necessary to protect himself or herself or another person from serious bodily injury or death suspect fails to follow a command given by the officer or one of the officer's colleagues
officer reasonably believes that such force is necessary to protect himself or herself or another person from serious bodily injury or death
The judicial support of police discretion is based on each of the following factors EXCEPT police officers are generally considered trustworthy officers' jobs are extremely dangerous, so deadly force is oftentimes warranted officers' experience and training enable them to distinguish potential threats officers are extremely knowledgeable about criminal behavior
officers' jobs are extremely dangerous, so deadly force is oftentimes warranted
Elections in which judicial candidates are affiliated with and receive support from political parties are called partisan elections nonpartisan election partial elections impartial elections
partisan elections
Which of the following is usually the largest division within a police department? patrol cold cases investigation forensics
patrol
Which action usually occurs latest in the pretrial criminal process? preliminary hearing plea bargaining posting of bail or release on recognizance arraignment
plea bargaining
A certain type of evidence is generally inadmissible if it would mislead the jury or cause the jurors to decide the defendant's fate based on emotion rather than fact. What is the name given to this type of evidence? irrelevant evidence circumstantial evidence forensic evidence prejudicial evidence
prejudicial evidence
Which scenario represents a situation where Miranda warnings are required? when no questions that are testimonial in nature are asked of the suspect when a person volunteers information before the police ask anything during a stop and frisk when no arrests have been made prior to arresting any individual alleged to have committed a crime
prior to arresting any individual alleged to have committed a crime
In addition to the four criteria needed to legally seize property under the plain view doctrine, to believe that any item in plain view is potentially connected to criminal activity, what must law enforcement officers have to believe that any item in plain view is potentially connected to criminal activity? undeniable proof probable cause an affidavit a search warrant
probable cause
Federal reports issued on the law enforcement practices of the Ferguson police department found that the department is policing for profit racism intimidation arrests
profit
Established by the U.S. Supreme Court, the Brady rule holds that both the prosecution and the defense must share with each other all evidence relevant to the guilt or innocence of the defendant prosecutors must not bring charges against suspects they reasonably believe to be innocent of criminal behavior prosecutors must disclose to the defense any evidence or information that reasonably might help establish the defendant's innocence defense attorneys must make available to prosecutors any evidence that would make it more likely that their clients are guilty
prosecutors must disclose to the defense any evidence or information that reasonably might help establish the defendant's innocence
For those who favor due process values in the American court system, the primary purpose of the courts is to disposing of cases in a timely and efficient manner so that society can rely on the smooth operation of the criminal justice system protect society by ensuring that factually guilty defendants are convicted and punished for their wrongdoing provide defendants with a fair chance to achieve justice in their efforts against the immense power of prosecutors, backed by the resources of the government ensure that society's best interests are served by severely punishing those defendants who pose a danger to the community and reintegrating into the community those defendants who do not pose a future threat
provide defendants with a fair chance to achieve justice in their efforts against the immense power of prosecutors, backed by the resources of the government
Each of the following is a primary purpose of police patrol EXCEPT the deterrence of crime maintenance of public order provision of services that are not related to crime securing of public places
provision of services that are not related to crime