CSET English Subtest IV
either-or fallacy
Reducing an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignoring possible alternatives
Revision Question Checklist
Redundancy Passive Voice (The dog was walked by his owner.) Lacks Transitions (Similarly, Furthermore, In addition) Clichés (hackneyed, overused phrases) Description (To make more descriptive, add imagery or figurative language.) Grammar or Syntax (Sentence Type Variation, Run-ons, Fragments) Organization (Beginning/Middle/End)
Memorized speech
Remember everything and lots of eye contact, but no spontaneity or ability to react to the audience
How to make essay longer
Remember that if the essay gives you options of things to choose between, you can talk about the pros and cons of the other options and then support your choice. "Although an impromptu speech would allow for the most spontaneity, by using it, I might forget the names of. . . "
Four Television Advertising Strategeis
Role Model Strategy The individuals (adults or children) in commercials are often a little more perfect than the target audience. They are role models for what the advertiser wants the audience to think. For example, a commercial that is targeting eightyear-olds will show children who are a bit older and bit more perfect: eleven or twelve year-old models playing with an eight year old's toy. Emotional Appeal Commercials often create an emotional setting that draws us into the advertisement. We are more attracted by products that make us feel good. Examples: McDonald's commercial featuring father and daughter eating out together, or the AT&T "Reach Out and Touch Someone" ads. Music Music and other sound effects can make a product seem exciting, romantic, or serious. Music and sound help set the mood the advertiser wants. Celebrities (Star Power) Sports heroes and movie stars tell us what to wear, what cosmetics to use, and what to eat. We listen, forgetting that the celebrity is paid handsomely for the endorsement. Star Power works with kids, too. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles sell pizza.
Lighting Designer
The LD uses lighting to affect the audience's senses and evoke their emotions. In consultation with the director and set designer and after watching rehearsals, the LD creates a Lighting Plot, a plan for placement of lights on the stage.
Public speaking: Audience Interaction
The best presentations seem more like conversations than lectures. But how can there be a conversation when a single speaker is doing all the talking? One way to make a speech conversational is by using rhetorical questions. ("What are the best ways to recycle?") The audience isn't expected to answer out loud. Instead, audience members will answer in their own minds. This makes them feel as if they're participating in the presentation, even though they aren't saying anything. Smiling, making lots of eye contact and using personal pronouns such as you, we, us, and our also help increase interaction and a sense of identification between speaker and audience.
What they are looking for in answer.
The testing service says its looking for: 1) "relevant subject matter knowledge" 2) "support" and 3) "understanding of purpose" In other words: WHAT/HOW/WHY
Disadvantages of Email
Typing While everyone knows how to talk, not everyone knows how to type. Some people also do not feel comfortable or skilled in expressing themselves through writing - so, the typing/writing barrier filters some people out of the e-mail world. Missing Face-to-Face Cues In the typed text of e-mail, you can't see other people's faces or hear them speak. All those subtle voice and body language cues are lost, which can make the nuances of communicating more difficult. Anonymity If someone wants to remain hidden, they can send their mail through an anonymous mailer service that will strip away identifying information. This potential for anonymity in e-mailing disinhibits some people. They say things they wouldn't ordinarily say. To see the result of anonymity, just look at the "comments" section of any Youtube video: people speak in an aggressive, antisocial manner. Spam Inevitably, e-mail users are subjected to spam (junk mail), which is usually designed to sell a product. Asynchronous Unlike face-to-face encounters, which are asynchronous, e-mail discussions do not require you to respond immediately to what the other has said. You have time to think before composing your reply. Some people find this "zone of reflection" comforting.
Uses and Gratifications Theory
Uses and gratifications theory is an approach to understanding why and how people actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs. UGT is an audience-centered approach to understanding mass communication.[1] Diverging from other media effect theories that question "what does media do to people?", UGT focuses on "what do people do with media?"[2] UGT discusses how users deliberately choose media that will satisfy given needs and allow one to enhance knowledge, relaxation, social interactions/companionship, diversion, or escape. It assumes that audience members are not passive consumers of media. Rather, the audience has power over their media consumption and assumes an active role in interpreting and integrating media into their own lives. Unlike other theoretical perspectives, UGT holds that audiences are responsible for choosing media to meet their desires and needs to achieve gratification. This theory would then imply that the media compete against other information sources for viewers' gratification.[7]
Citizen journalism
With the rise of camera phones and blogging, a phenomenon called "citizen journalism," has emerged. In discussing recent California wildfires, CNN senior vice president Nancy Lane said, "I'm not knocking what we do in the mainstream media, but citizens are bringing the highly personal, Close-up nature of these fires home to viewers in a way that traditional reporting just doesn't do. From dramatic cell phone camera images of flames as they choked off neighborhood escape routes to chilling online narratives of evacuation, citizen journalists covering the wildfires gave new meaning to the concept of reporting a natural disaster from the ground up." Jay Rosen, a New York University professor of media says, "The advantages of having an army of citizen journalists on a story is obvious. When a story is happening in many places and shifting suddenly, you can't you be everywhere with your traditional reporter. But with an army of citizen journalists, it's another story altogether." Some call it the future of journalism. They predict that eventually, the first news reports of breaking stories will come from citizen journalists at the scene, and the mainstream news media will provide follow-up reports. But some say that citizen journalism distorts news. Bloggers have no accountability, and blogs are often filled with unverified gossip and opinion. They can also be repetitive and uninformative. Also, bloggers are not experienced writers. They have not been trained to avoid redundancy, passive voice and other stylistic pitfalls, and so their entries are often repetitive, vague, and filled with grammar and usage errors.
eye contact
a meeting of the eyes between two people that expresses meaningful nonverbal communication. A good speaker will pick a friendly face and maintain eye contact for a brief time before moving on to another, trying to include members from all sections of the audience at various intervals.
Ways to persuade according to Aristotle
--Ethos: credibility, image, public reputation --Logos: words, concepts, logic --Pathos: emotions, feelings, gut reaction
Principles of Oral Communication
--Plan carefully ---Learn to define and limit their topic and identify the purpose of their communication --Show concern for their audience by understanding the type and needs of listeners --Select appropriate media and timing Oral presentations should: --provide sufficient introductory information --use transitions --use summary statements and restatements --make the main ideas clear
active listening skills
--Research reveals that most people are not very good listeners; therefore it is important that students learn the skills of active, purposeful listening. Helps avoid misunderstandings, learn about world, become more successful in the world and school --investigate background of topic to build prior knowledge, staying engage with speaker (through note taking) to help understand ideas --teachers can promote in classroom by focusing on construction of meaning rather than just the acquisition of information. Look for central idea. Pose open ended questions that encourage critical and creative thinking. . Brainstorming to encourage imagination.
keys to effective one-on-one-communication
--chose words carefully so listener understands --present ideas logically --listen to the speaker's message --take turns and show respect --use effective body language
Types of listening: Analytic Listening
...is all about understanding the message. The interaction is straightforward. Questions are asked to ensure that there are no misunderstandings, and the listener typically makes clarification requests.
Types of listening: Supportive Listening
...is different from analytic. The listener shows solidarity with the speaker and gives encouragement to validate the speaker.
Types of Listening: Evaluative
...is the most critical type of listening. The listener looks for inconsistencies, opinions stated as facts, or flaws in logic. Feedback can be highly critical, and should be offered in a way that is nonjudgmental and impersonal, yet honest and straightforward. It's important to give evaluative criticism at the right time (for example after instead of during a speech.
1. JOURNALISM'S FIRST OBLIGATION IS TO THE TRUTH
1. JOURNALISM'S FIRST OBLIGATION IS TO THE TRUTH Democracy depends on citizens having reliable, accurate facts put in a meaningful context. Journalism does not pursue truth in an absolute or philosophical sense, but it can--and must--pursue it in a practical sense. This "journalistic truth" is a process that begins with the professional discipline of assembling and verifying facts. Then journalists try to convey a fair and reliable account of their meaning, valid for now, subject to further investigation. Journalists should be as transparent as possible about sources and methods so audiences can make their own assessment of the information
Blocking Considerations
1. Let the Script Do Most of the Work For You As a director, you may have plenty of ideas about changing the setting, costumes or dialogue, but you should leave the basic stage direction as intact as possible. Most scripts already contain enough staging information to allow you to form a rough idea of blocking. You should know when the characters are to enter and exit, and what obstacles are in their way during their dialogue. 2. BUT...Adjust to Your Stage A mistake made by some directors is slavishly sticking to the stage directions in the script when it is inappropriate to do so. They forget that the play may have been written for a stage the size of an auditorium, rather than the size of their tiny room. Blocking should be adapted to fit YOUR stage. 3. Look for Balance A stage should be viewed as a living painting. Balance the stage movements so that the audience has a feeling of aesthetics. If a character has no interaction with others in the scene, move him to the opposite side of the stage for balance. If you have furniture on stage, avoid piling every actor on the couch center stage. 4. Allow Actors to Improvise and Contribute to Blocking Process Some blocking directions need to be fixed and unchanged, so that lighting directors and other technical people can get a proper fix on actor positions. But some elements of blocking, such as staged arguments, can be modified through improvisation and actor input. As director, you should listen carefully to your actors' ideas, even if you veto them. Actors' input can be very useful. During a conflict scene, you may feel that the characters would move away from each other to get some emotional distance, whereas the actors involved may feel like moving in closer to increase the tension between them. Both actions seem reasonable, so see which movements improve the scene. Be prepared to adjust your original ideas accordingly. 5. Never Let Props or Set Be the Center of Attention Keep furniture and props to a minimum. Make sure your actors' movements upstage the furniture, rather than risk the furniture upstaging the actors. Unless the stage directions call for it, do not allow actors to perform entire scenes BEHIND a prop or furniture. Keep the actors visible.
Line Memorization Techniques (ten)
1. Read lines, subvocalizing each phrase (i.e., carefully and fully enunciate each word, with air, but no sound, not even a whisper). Then repeat, adding sound. 2. Read each unit (phrase, line, sentence) of the speaking part three times. 3. Give lines to be memorized to your partner, who becomes your prompter. Say what you can remember of your speaking part. When you forget, say "Line!" in a tone of voice appropriate to the forgotten word. Partner then prompts. 4. Say the lines while making a definite, exaggerated hand-gesture for each word. 5. Say the lines stressing the silences: long pauses. 6. Harness the power of your "muscular" memory: Say lines with a body gesture with each word--perhaps a gesture of your head or shoulders. 7. Five-sense a passage. Go through the speaking part five times, stressing a different sense each time. What might the character smell at this point? What might the character taste, touch, hear, see? 8. Create logical divisions of text. Sometimes, the way the words lay out on the page are based on visual presentation rather than spoken logic. Reorganize the text so you can see it as it would be spoken. 9. Create a mental index. Think of just the first word or two of each line as your index. Practice saying just these index words. 10. Record yourself and play back
JOURNALISM MUST SERVE AS AN INDEPENDENT MONITOR OF POWER
5. IT MUST SERVE AS AN INDEPENDENT MONITOR OF POWER Journalism has an unusual capacity to serve as watchdog over those whose power and position most affect citizens. The Founders recognized this to be a rampart against despotism when they ensured an independent press; courts have affirmed it; citizens rely on it. As journalists, we have an obligation to protect this watchdog freedom by not demeaning it in frivolous use or exploiting it for commercial gain.
JOURNALISM MUST PROVIDE A FORUM FOR PUBLIC CRITICISM AND COMPROMISE
6. IT MUST PROVIDE A FORUM FOR PUBLIC CRITICISM AND COMPROMISE The news media are the common carriers of public discussion, and this responsibility forms a basis for our special privileges. This discussion serves society best when it is informed by facts rather than prejudice and supposition. It also should strive to fairly represent the varied viewpoints and interest in society, and to place them in context rather than highlight only the conflicting fringes of debate. Accuracy and truthfulness require that as framers of the public discussion we not neglect the points of common ground where problem solving occurs.
JOURNALISM MUST STRIVE TO MAKE THE SIGNIFICANT INTERESTING AND RELEVANT
7. IT MUST STRIVE TO MAKE THE SIGNIFICANT INTERESTING AND RELEVANT Journalism is storytelling with a purpose. It should do more than gather an audience or catalogue the important. For its own survival, it must balance what readers know they want with what they cannot anticipate but need. In short, it must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant. The effectiveness of a piece of journalism is measured both by how much a work engages its audience and enlightens it. This means journalists must continually ask what information has most value to citizens and in what form. While journalism should reach beyond such topics as government and public safety, a journalism overwhelmed by trivia and false significance ultimately engenders a trivial society.
JOURNALISM MUST KEEP THE NEWS COMPREHENSIVE AND PROPORTIONAL
8. IT MUST KEEP THE NEWS COMPREHENSIVE AND PROPORTIONAL Keeping news in proportion and not leaving important things out are also cornerstones of truthfulness. Journalism is a form of cartography: it creates a map for citizens to navigate society. Inflating events for sensation, neglecting others, stereotyping or being disproportionately negative all make a less reliable map. The map also should include news of all our communities, not just those with attractive demographics. This is best achieved by newsrooms with a diversity of backgrounds and perspectives.
Three Advertising Goals
ADVERTISING GOALS Advertising strategy can be classified according to whether the goal is to inform, persuade, or remind. Which of the three is selected usually depends on where the product is in its life cycle. If the product is new and the company is not the market leader, the goals will be to inform and persuade, to convince the consumer that the new product is superior to the market leader. If a product is established and the company is the market leader, the strategy will be to remind, to stimulate continued usage.
Public speaking skill: volume
Appropriate volume depends on a speaker's physical environment. Some beginning speakers think public speaking means loud volume and emphasis on every syllable. This leads to yelling, not speaking. Others, particularly those struggling with memorized speeches, fall into a sing-song delivery with repeating patterns of volume and emphasis that have nothing to do with the content of the speech. Vary your volume. Experienced speakers use a fairly conversational delivery for most of the presentation, with extra volume used to emphasize important points.
Strategies for Active listening
Assignments: spider cluster, T-chart to compare and contrast, main idea, venn diagram --students should explore ideas orally with each other --solve problems in pairs or small groups --conduct interviews --report on research findings --work with each other and solve conflict
Bloom's Taxonomy (Six Thinking Skills in order)
Bloom's Taxonomy is a way to classify instructional activities or questions as they progress in difficulty. The lower levels require less in the way of thinking skills. The activities further down on the hierarchy require higher level thinking skills. Knowledge-->Comprehension-->Application--->Analysis--->Synthesis--->Evaluation (highest level)
Cinematography: Space
Dominant characters are almost always given more space to occupy than minor characters are. Three visual places: midground, foreground, background.
Dyadic Communication
Dyadic communication is basic two-person, interpersonal communication. The amount of feedback is high. The sender tailors his message for the listener and adapt his communicative style based on how well the listener seems to receive the information.
Advantages of Email
Easy E-mail is easy to use. People also find it familiar and safe because it is similar in many respects to writing letters - minus the annoyances of addressing envelopes, licking stamps, and trips to the mail box. Relationships Of all the methods for developing relationships on the internet, e-mail is the most common. Although friendships may begin in chat rooms or instant messaging, these relationships almost always expand into e-mail as a way to deepen the communication. It is a more private, more reliable, less chaotic way to talk. Psychological Space Even when technology provides more visual and auditory capability - as in video teleconferencing - e-mail does not disappear. Many people prefer it because it is a non-visual and non-auditory form of communication. We don't see people rushing out to buy video equipment to accessorize their telephones, although that technology has been available for some time. E-mail communication creates a boundary. Adjustable Group Size Most e-mail programs allow you to cc people or create a mailing list. These features make it very easy to expand a dyadic conversation into a group discussion. Quoted Text An advantage of e-mail conversations is that you have the ability to quote parts or all of what your partner said in his previous message. It may convey to your partner a kind of empathic attentiveness because you are responding to specific things he said. You are letting the person know exactly what from his message stood out in your mind. Archiving A big advantage of e-mail encounters is that you can keep an exact record of what was said. At your leisure you can reread and reflect on the exchanges between you and your e-mail partner.
Advantages of Text Messaging
Emergencies Texting has saved lives. After terrorists flew two planes into the World Trade Center, United Airlines quickly sent a text message to its remaining airborne transcontinental flights: "Beware cockpit intrusion ..." And in Lower Manhattan that day, rescue workers used their Blackberries to text each other and give directions. Emergencies can be reported as they happen. There's no longer a lag time. In Ohio recently, a 15-year-old boy was arrested after a girl showed her father this message she'd gotten from him: "I'm bringing a gun to school and [name deleted] is at the top of the list." Parents who text message can communicate more frequently with their children when they're away from home. Evidence Text messages leave a kind of electronic "paper trail" when the technology is abused. Former congressman Mark Foley used instant messages to interact with House interns. "how my favorite young stud doing," he wrote in one exchange. Those words were used against him.
excitation transfer theory
Excitation-transfer theory purports that residual excitation from one stimulus will amplify the excitatory response to another stimulus, though the hedonic valences of the stimuli may differ. The excitation-transfer process is not limited to a single emotion. For example, when watching a movie, a viewer may be angered by seeing the hero wronged by the villain, but this initial excitation may intensify the viewer's pleasure in witnessing the villain's punishment later. Thus, although the excitation from the original stimulus of seeing the hero wronged was cognitively accessed as anger, the excitation after the second stimulus of seeing the villain punished is cognitively assessed as pleasure, though part of the excitation from the second stimulus is residual from the first.
Cinematography: Basic Shots
Extreme Long Shot - Taken at a great distance. Usually an exterior establishing shot. Long Shot - The distance between the audience and stage in a theater. Full Shot - Includes the whole body. Medium Shot - From the waist up. Useful for dialogue scenes. Close-up - Concentrates on a relatively small object, e.g. human face. Extreme Close-Up - Might just show eyes or mouth
Disadvantage of Text Messaging
Grammar Abbreviated messages used by texters are known as cybershorthand." Examples include: lol ("laughing out loud"), btw ("by the way"), and 2g2bt (too good to be true.") Critics say that over time, the medium will have a disastrous effect on grammar, punctuation and spelling. Danger Electronic communication can create the illusion of distance and anonymity and lull us into a false sense of security. We buy cell phones so that we can be safe, but then we use those cell phones to order pizza while driving in a rainstorm, and chat with strangers, who turn out to be predators
JOURNALISM PRACTITIONERS MUST BE ALLOWED TO EXERCISE THEIR PERSONAL CONSCIENCE
ITS PRACTITIONERS MUST BE ALLOWED TO EXERCISE THEIR PERSONAL CONSCIENCE Every journalist must have a personal sense of ethics and responsibility--a moral compass. Each of us must be willing, if fairness and accuracy require, to voice differences with our colleagues, whether in the newsroom or the executive suite. News organizations do well to nurture this Independence by encouraging individuals to speak their minds. This stimulates the intellectual diversity necessary to understand and accurately cover an increasingly diverse society.
Revision Essay: Show Not Tell
If the revision prompt is a "descriptive essay" and you are asked to discuss how you would improve it, or "make it more descriptive," do not say, "addmore adjectives." One of the most basic rules of creative writing is "show; don't tell." Adjectives tell. They summarize. The reader doesn't want to be told that a character is "compassionate"; he wants to be shown. If a character takes off his shirt and gives it to a homeless man, the reader will conclude (through the writer's use of nouns and verbs, not adjectives) that the character is compassionate.
The Revision Question
In the fourth type of question (commonly called the "revision question") you'll be asked to "describe revisions" you would make to the draft of a piece of writing. Remember: you must write ABOUT the type of revision(s) you would make, NOT rewrite the piece and MAKE those revisions. The piece of writing you'll be asked to discuss might demonstrate a problem with style, organization, or grammar. You must identify the problem, and follow the WHAT/HOW/WHY format. WHAT is wrong? (e.g., The author uses passive voice.) HOW might the writer improve this error? (e.g., Change passive voice to active. For example, rewrite the sentence: "The ball was thrown by Bobby" as "Bobby threw the ball.") WHY should this improvement be made? (Because active verbs create more interest and helps improve fluidity in a narrative...)
Media's Purpose
Inform, entertain, persuade
Advertising Goal: Informative (Trial)
Informative (aka Trial) advertising encourages customers to make an initial purchase of a new product. Informative advertising can create awareness of a new product or a new feature of a well known product. Informative ads are typically creative or unusual, to cut through other competing advertisements.
Actor Vocal Exercises
It is very important to have a relaxed voice if you want to be heard. VOCAL WARM-UP TECHNIQUES: Tongue and Lip Warm-ups Do some tongue and lip warm-ups to work on your diction, saying words very clearly. Say very fast: ta, ta, ta, ta da, da, da, da bah, bah, bah, bah ma, ma, ma, ma Tongue Twisters Have another actor read the line first, then repeat it. Be certain you are really moving your tongue and your lips! You will be practicing good diction. Babbling Baby Bobby Ki-ki, the cuckoo, cuts capers Choral Reading This is a choir that will speak a poem rather than sing it. This is a good way to practice good diction and vocal variety. Have your voices make your audience see what the poet is writing about. Try some choral reading to work on vocal variety, becoming louder and softer, using a higher or lower voice, changing rate of talking from slow to fast. This makes your talking and reading more interesting.
What is "support" ?
Let's say the question goes something like: "As the director of a children's production, would you use a colorful or black and white set design?..." Most people will answer: "As the director of a children's production, I would use a colorful set design because children are drawn to bright colors..." This response provides the WHAT (colorful) and WHY (because children are drawn to color) but contains no HOW - It's missing "support." Where do you GET this support? Here's the good news: you get it from your real world knowledge. (Yes, you have some.) Let's look at the same response, but with support: "As the director of a children's production, I would use a colorful set design. For example, I would choose a bright blue backdrop, red and orange flowers and a yellow sun...." *****To remind yourself to insert support, you might begin at least one sentence of your response with "For example..." or "Specifically... What would you do? How would you it. Why would you do it? * What you would do? (this is usually the direct answer to the question: "I would. . .This will demonstrate") This is specifically what you choose. PICK Why you would do it? This is the reason you chose the what, the because, "because children like" "Because learning x is important..." This is why you chose it (or the defining what you chose) EXPLAIN PICK OR DEFINE TERM HOW is how you would teach it or do it. This can be practical knowledge. Make something up. ("Have the students do [fill in the blank with specific activity/project] in order to learn the "what" This can be why it is important EXPLAIN HOW YOU WILL TEACH OR WHY IT IS IMPORTANT Remember TENSE Remember POV
Lighting Design Functions
Lighting design helps create the environment in which the action takes place while supporting the style of the scene. The functions of lighting include: Illumination - The simple ability to see what is occurring onstage. Focus - Directing the audience's attention to an area of the stage or distracting it from another. Mood - The tone of a scene. Harsh red light has a totally different effect than soft lavender light. Location and time of day - Blues can suggest night while orange and red can suggest a sunrise or sunset. Plot - A lighting event may trigger the action onstage.
Media Systems Dependency Theory (MSDT)
Media system dependency theory (MSD), or simply media dependency, was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin Defleur in 1976.[1] The theory is grounded in classical sociological literature positing that media and their audiences should be studied in the context of larger social systems.[2] MSD ties together the interrelations of broad social systems, mass media, and the individual into a comprehensive explanation of media effects. At its core, the basic dependency hypothesis states that the more a person depends on media to meet needs, the more important media will be in a person's life, and therefore the more effects media will have on a person. Dependence on media increases in times of change.
Narcoticizing Dysfunction
Narcotizing dysfunction is a theory that as mass media inundates people on a particular issue they become apathetic to it, substituting knowledge for action. Because the individual is assailed with information of issues and problems and they are knowledgeable about or discuss these issues, they believe they are helping in the solution. Society has confused knowing about an issue with doing something about it. Society's conscience is clear as they think they have done something to remediate the issue. However, being informed and concerned is not a replacement for action.
Spiral of Silence Theory
Originally proposed by German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in 1974, Spiral of silence is the term meant to refer to the tendence of people to remain silent when they feel that their views are in opposition to the majority view on a subject.
ANSWERING THE QUESTION ASKED is more difficult than it sounds. It requires that you pay attention to two aspects of the question that most test-takers ignore:
POINT OF VIEW For example, if the question asks what YOU would do as the director of a stage production, this calls for a first person response: "I would..." If the question asks what THE DIRECTOR of a stage production might do, this calls for a third person response: "A director might..." VERB FORM After figuring out the point of view, you should ask yourself: What verb form is called for? If the question asks what you WILL do as the director of a stage production, this calls for a response in future tense: "I will..." If a question asks what you WOULD do, this calls for a conditional response: "I would..." (This is also called the future subjunctive mood, but let's not make it harder for ourselves; let's just call it conditional.) But even if you start out in the appropriate verb form, it's easy to lapse into another: "I will...I will also...Finally, I would..." (Eek!) Seems picky, eh? But the wrong point of view or verb from can be jarring to a reader/grader - Especially in such a brief response. Why lose points by failing to pay attention to the exact form of the question?
Cinematography: Proxemic Patterns
PROXEMIC PATTERNS Intimate - Eighteen inches away. This distance suggests love, comfort, or tenderness between individuals. Personal - Eighteen inches to four feet away. Reserved for friends and acquaintances. Social - Four to twelve feet away. Business and casual social gatherings. Public - Twelve to twenty feet away.
Cinematography: Camera Movement
Pan Shot - Follows action as it moves. Implies a logical connection between subjects. Crane Shot - Taken by camera on a crane, often used to view actors from above or to move up and away from them; common way of ending a movie. Tracking Shot - Used to follow a subject or explore space. A dolly moves toward a subject's face - Can be used to emphasize a character's moment of realization. A dolly tends to isolate the subject as well. Tripod Shots - Usually used in stable and relatively predictable shooting situations. Makes possible very controlled image transitions and stable close-ups. Conveys an established, assured view. Handheld Shots - Implies a spontaneous event. Conveys a subjective or vulnerable point of view.
Public speaking skills: gestures
Planning and memorizing every gesture can come across as awkward or artificial. If this happens, the connection between speaker and audience is lost.
Public and Mass Communication
Public and mass communication is less interpersonal. There is less feedback or requests for clarification directly from the source. The speaker must take this into consideration and make sure that messages are clear and not reduced by outside interference.
Public speaking skills: Rate
Rate refers to the speed at which a person speaks. Rate should be varied according to the thoughts and feelings being expressed. A speaker might speak slowly to emphasize an important point or to create a serious mood. A faster pace might be used to express surprise, happiness, or fear. Pauses add variety
oral communication skills
"DIP VERGE" (diction, intonation, pitch, volume, enunciation, rate, gestures, eye contact) students should practice these in a variety of settings or situation, including one-on one conversation, group discussions, public speaking. Specific performance skill than can make a student a more effective speaker and listener: --diction: intonation that is easily heard and understood. Also a good speaker changes intonation --pitch: varying pitch makes for a more interesting speaking voice. Proper breathing improves pitch. Take deep breaths from diaphragm. --volume: speak loudly but vary for effect --enunciation: speak clearly and articulate each speech sound. --rate: pace --body language and gestures --response to the audience: straining to hear you, look confused --eye contact. move around room
Rehersal strategies to explore characters
--Action based exercises (work in character to explore range of emotion) --Physical energy releasing exercises (jumping, pushing, pulling, running) --sensory memory work --improvisation -singing/vocal exercises --storytelling --deep breathing
Oral interpretation of literature
--Allows students to practice oral speaking skills --retelling a favorite story, dramatically interpreting a scene, reading a poem --enhance if using props and constumes
Teaching Strategies for Oral Communication
--during whole or small group participate in lessons that require students to explore ideas and concepts orally --conduct interviews --report on research findings --read alouds of poems, plays, stories
steps for students to plan and deliver speech
--find topic interesting to audience --research --organize and outline in logical, easy to understand format --rehearse, practice volume and speed and pitch
Mediate literate students should understand:
--media does not reflect the world, it's a construct --media messages are interpreted individually --media messages are comercially produced --often portray ideological and value laden landscape --messages have powerful social and political impact
strategies for developing student's skills in creative writing
--rewrite a favorite or familiar story or poem from the perspective of a different character --teacher can share his or her own work --mini-lessons to address specific writing techniques: passive to active, use descriptive energy --everyone in the room is an equal (kindness)
writing assignment ideas
-recast a genre (Nabakov as haiku) -rewrite scene from a different perspective -make stale writing fresh -write a diary entry that a main character might have written --parody -design a book jacket that expressed the main theme --movie trailer --collages --compare and contrast characters -ten questions you would ask author --write a song --write a continuation --write and editorial about a controversial topic raised in the work
Five techniques of creating images
1. Participles: "Hissing, slithering, and coiling, the snake attacked. 2. Absolutes. A noun and and "ing" or "ed verb. Claws digging, feet kicking, the cat attacked. 3. Appositives. The raccoon, a midnight scavenger, roamed. 4. Adjective (shifted from usual placement). Palo Alto is a simple city, flat and boring. 5. Action/detailed verbs.
JOURNALISM FIRST LOYALTY IS TO CITIZENS
2. ITS FIRST LOYALTY IS TO CITIZENS While news organizations answer to many constituencies, including advertisers and shareholders, the journalists in those organizations must maintain allegiance to citizens and the larger public interest above any other if they are to provide the news without fear or favor. This commitment to citizens first is the basis of a news organization's credibility, the implied covenant that tells the audience the coverage is not slanted for friends or advertisers. Commitment to citizens also means journalism should present a representative picture of all constituent groups in society. Ignoring certain citizens has the effect of disenfranchising them.
JOURNALISM ESSENCE IS A DISCIPLINE OF VERIFICATION
3. ITS ESSENCE IS A DISCIPLINE OF VERIFICATION Journalists rely on a professional discipline for verifying information. Seeking out multiple witnesses, disclosing as much as possible about sources, or asking various sides for comment, all signal such standards. This discipline of verification is what separates journalism from other modes of communication, such as propaganda, fiction or entertainment.
JOURNALISM PRACTITIONERS MUST MAINTAIN AN INDEPENDENCE FROM THOSE THEY COVER
4. ITS PRACTITIONERS MUST MAINTAIN AN INDEPENDENCE FROM THOSE THEY COVER Independence is an underlying requirement of journalism, a cornerstone of its reliability. While editorialists and commentators are not neutral, the source of their credibility is still their accuracy, Intellectual fairness and ability to inform--not their devotion to a certain group or outcome.
Characteristics of quality reporting
presenting not just the facts pertaining to a particular story, but the significance and impact of those facts.
principles of speaker/audience interrelationship
A successful interrelationship between speaker and audience depends on active listening skills. Teacher should frequently remind students to listen closely. This avoids misunderstandings and allows students to participate in discussions and respond more effectively in class. In one and one you can ask questions. In a classroom lecture you can take notes to remember main ideas and important details.
Revision: add more specific details
Adding concrete details makes narrative more vivid and conveys more clearly the conflicting emotions.
Important characteristic of reliable and credible news reporting: balance. Why?
Allows the reader to form an independent opinion based on different perspectives.
Rubric note
Always make sure to read the question carefully and make sure that you are using ALL the details they give you in your answer. If you are not addressing all theses details, you are missing something.
Dramatic Performance (what do student's get out of it? why do it?)
Buzzwords: "develop interpersonal and problem-solving skills," "understand and apply the creative process," "analyze and assess the text" In the course of rehearsing and performing plays students should: --develop interpersonal and problem-solving skills through group interaction and collaboration --understand and apply the creative process to the fundamental skills of acting and directing --understand and apply the creative process to skills of design and technical production --analyze and assess the characteristics and meanings of traditional and modern forms of drama
Communication
Communication involves a sender who encodes a message and a receiver who hears the message and decodes. We decode messages for etic information (what is said on the surface) and emic information (what is said beneath the surface).
Why eye contact is important?
Critical component of effective speaking because it lets the audience know that the speaker is interested them as individuals rather than merely as an undifferentiated group. If the speaker shows a genuine interest in the audience, it is more likely that the audience will respond in kind. Conversely, a speaker who avoids eye contact with the audience an appear nervous or self-absorbed. Direct eye contact with an audience also conveys the speaker's knowledge or and confidence in the materials that her or she is presenting. Less eye contact equals less confidence.
Cultivation Theory
Cultivation theory examines the long-term effects of television. "The primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the more time people spend 'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television."
Revision checklist: eliminate unnecessary details
Details are used to support the main point/theme of a speech or essay.
Cinematography: Basic Camera Angles
Eye Level Shot - Audiences sees the event as if in the scene. Most scenes in movies are photographed from eye level. 5 to 6 feet off the ground. Captures the clearest view of an object, treats characters as equals. Discourages viewers from judging them and permits audience to make up their own minds. Bird's Eye View - Photographing a scene from directly overhead. Camera hovers from above, like all-powerful god. Emphasizes idea of fate. High Angle Shots - Camera is tilted downward. Movement is slowed down. A person seems harmless and insignificant photographed from above.
Revision issue: get the facts right
Factual details solidify characters in a believable setting of time and place, grounding the characters and the story line in credible surroundings. Hard to take seriously when mistakes about historical setting.
Character spacing on a stage
Far apart allows characters greater opportunities for physical gestures and movements. Suggests a physical emotional gap or tension. Close proximity suggest conclusion or resolution to a conflict
Manuscript speech
Good if really nervous and want to make sure to remember everything. Bad because lacks spontaneity and eye contact if reading.
Public speaking skill: movement
Movement can make a speech more effective and memorable. But if movement seems random, robotic or nervous, it can detract from the speech. The goal is to use spontaneous-looking movement that supports the presentation. For example, a speaker might move from one side of the room to the other while speaking, or move toward the audience at a key point to be highlighted.
Impromptu
Not planned. Off the cuff. Good because sponanteous. Bad because can forget important things. derail if get nervous
Persuasive Speech (using Monroe's Motivated Sequence)
One way to organize is Monroe's Motivated Sequence: "At Noon Sadie Visualizes Action" --Attention -- get audience attention (shocking, story, statistic, example) --Need --Show how the topic applies to the psychological need of the audience members. The premise here is that audience needs are what motivates action. Go beyond establishing that there is a significant problem. There are many problems that are not particularly relevant to your audience. Show that the need will not go away by itself. Use statistics, examples, etc. Convince your audience that they each have a personal need to take action. --Satisfaction -- present solution to the need --Visualization -- visualize the result of the solution or if solution doesn't happen --Action -- request audience approve or take action personally
Parasocial Interaction
Parasocial interaction (PSI) offers an explanation of the ways in which audience members develop their one-sided relationships with the media being consumed. PSI is described as an illusionary experience, such that media audiences interact with personas (e.g., talk show host, celebrities, characters) as if they are engaged in a reciprocal relationship with them, and feel as though a mediated other is talking directly to them. PSI can be developed to the point where media audiences begin to view the mediated others as "real friends". Feelings of PSI are nurtured through carefully constructed mechanisms, such as verbal and nonverbal interaction cues, and can carry over to subsequent encounters.
What is quality reporting?
Presenting not just the facts, but significance.
Speech Delivery Techniques
Proper breathing (from the diaphram) Tone quality (practice in front of someone) Volume Pace Rhythm Intonation Emphasis Pauses Body language style
Advertising Strategy (aka continuity)
Reminder (aka Continuity) aims to stimulate repeat purchase of product. Existing customers are targeted and are usually provided with new and different information about a product. It is designed to build consumer loyalty.
Small Group Communication
Small group communication is less interpersonal because a speaker needs to take cues from more than just one person while speaking. Also, listeners may ask clarifying questions. Roles may be assigned. For example, a leader may be responsible for keeping the discussion on task, using summary statements to move from one topic of discussion to the next, and building consensus among all members of the group. The leader might also ensure that all ideas are entertained without criticism.
The Rubric!
So, to sum up, your response to the question (the one you were ASKED - not the one you were ALMOST asked) should mirror the point of view and verb form of the question, and proceed in a WHAT/HOW/WHY format. How is the tricky part. How is really about how specifically, "for example" you are going to accomplish something.
Lighting Techniques
Spotlights can be focused on a certain portion of a stage. Floodlights cover a larger area, such as the entire stage, or the set background (a back wall, a sky.) Back light A back light shines on the subject from behind, often from one side. It gives the subject a rim of light, serving to separate it from the background, and highlighting contours. Dimming A dimmer is a device used to vary the electrical power delivered to a lighting instrument. As power to the lamp decreases, the light fades or dims. Color: time of day, mood
Journalistic Five Ws
Who, what, when, where, and why (and occasional how). A minimalist job will leave out the impact, but quality reporting will include significance.
Principles of Journalism: Name all nine
Today Larry votes in Pennsylvania for intelligent change candidates. --Truth, loyalty, verification, independence, power monitor, forum, interesting and relevant, comprehensive and proportional, personal conscience --Obligation to the truth --First loyalty is to citizens --Its essence is a discipline of verification ---Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover --Must serve as an independent monitor of power --Must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise --Must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant --Must keep the news comprehensive and proportional --Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience
Desensitizing Theory
Tolerance of real-life violence has grown because of media depcited violence
Six Rehearsal Strategies
Touch As you say each line you must find a way to touch the other person, in a way appropriate to the line. Helps you find ways to make the lines mean something to the person you are speaking to. Tug-o-War Stand facing a partner with a rope held between you. Your objective is to win the tug-o-war while saying your lines. Melodrama Play the scene as a melodrama - way over the top in expression and movement. The bigger the better. Helps to unblock self conscious movements. Absolutely Still play the scene without moving at all. Don't use your hands or move your feet. Don't even move your weight from one hip to the other. Helps you to become aware of fidgety behavior. Animals Imagine your character is an animal - what would it be? Keep those animal characteristics foremost in your mind as you play the scene. What does it do to your voice, movement, contact with other people? Helps you visualize other aspects of the character. Mime Play the entire scene without words. Make it very clear what the feeling is. Express what it is being said with your body.
Media Lesson ideas
Trying to develop these skills: identifying POV, distinguishing between fact and fiction, distinguishing main idea and details, interpreting data --compare coverage in print v. tv --manipulate poll to make a point --explore word choice in natural disasters --
Active Listening Skills
Understanding and interpreting the speaker's message. How to: --investigating the topic and building prior knowledge beforehand --teach students to find central idea of speaker --pose open ended questions that have a variety of answers and encourage critical and creative thinking-questions --participate in lessons which require evidence of active listening: create graphic organizers, flow charts, main idea, venn diagram
Consistency Theory
We chose media that reflects our views.
rehearsing scenes (what should actor consider?)
actor should consider: -relationship: how does character feel about other person or people in the scene --conflict: basis over every plot is conflict. what is the conflict in the scene. -motivation: why is the character acting this way -setting where is the character during each scene and how does the setting affect his or her reactions or emotions
plain folks
attempting to convince the public that one's view is of the common person (like everyone else)
testimonial
attempts to persuade the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea
Stage directions
back of stage up right -- up center -- up left right center -- center stage -- left center down right -- down center -- down left
Synthesis: types of activities
compose, plan, prepare, propose, imagine, produce, hypothesize, invent, incorporate, develop, generalize,
Evaluation: types of activities
judge, assess, decide, measure, appraise, estimate, evaluate, infer, rate, deduce, compare, score, value, predict, revise, choose, conclude, recommend, criticize
Thinking Skill: Knowledge: types of activities and assignments
define, memorize, repeat, record, list, recall, name, relate, collect, label, specify, cite, enumerate, tell
Application: types of activities
exhibit, solve, interview, simulate, apply, employ, demonstrate, dramatize, practice, illustrate, operate
Advertising Techniques (Maslow's hierarchy of needs)
food, safety, love, respect, potential 1. Physiological (food, water) 2. Safety 3. Love and belongingness 4. Esteem (feel respected) 5. self-actualization (realize full potential)
Advertising Goal: Persuasive (brand switching)
g aims to create liking for and purchase of product. A company adopts a persuasive strategy when they want customers to switch from a competitor's brand to their brands. A common persuasive strategy is to compare product price or quality in order to convince customers to switch.
media literacy
help students develop an informed, critical understanding of the nature of the media used in a message, how the media message produces meaning, how the message is organized, and how reality is constructed by the message. Use higher order thinking to analyze the message. Questions to ask: --what type of message is this --who created it --intended audience --how are the images, language, sound manipulated to influence the audience --stereotypes in the message --how does message connect with your experience in the real world --is there another side of the argument or important details left out --The way to teach this is give students frequent opportunities to analyze messages and also design and create their own messages. Students need to understand the tecniques and strategies necessary to create effective media messages and how to apply these strategies to their own media productions
red herring
highlighting a minor detail as a way to draw attention away from more important details or issues
Extemporaneous speech
important talking points are prepared ahead of time. Helps relax. More confident delivery. Retain sense of spontaneity
Analysis: types of activities
interpret, classify, analyze, arrange, differentiate, group, compare, organize, contrast, examine
proximity
involves the use of space to communicate
Agenda Setting Theory
mass media determine what we think and worry about. Don't tell us what to think, but what to think ABOUT.
media-induced passivity theory
media experienced on an individual level and the individual is enticed away from social involvement
hypodermic syringe
media injects idea, attitudes and beliefs into a powerless audience
Catalytic Theory
media violence is one of the contributing factors to violence in real life
Public Speaking Skill: Name Five
movement, gestures, rate, volume, audience interaction
Three types of communication skills to be developed
one one one, group, and public speaking
Things to consider when rehearsing speech
pay attention to how physical aspects of speaker support the speech: volume, pitch, speaking rate
how to teach and improve writing (7 things)
practice, write outside classroom, freewriting, small lessons then conferences, student interaction, sharing portfolios --practice, lots of writing practice --write often and on a variety of topics --encourage students to write outside the classroom (journals, blogs, social media) --set aside time for structured writing sessions --Practice freewriting for a set period on whatever topic comes to mind. Tell students not to judge, but to write. Helps students release tensions and tap into creativity. --begin some sessions on a brief lesson on some element of the writing process such as brainstorming, grammar and mechanics or rewriting --use writing time to hold brief conferences --encourage interaction among students -set aside time for sharing. --keep portfolios to check progress of writing
Comprehension: types of activities
restate, summarize, discuss, describe, recognize, explain, express, identify, locate, report, retell, review
A mediate literate individual
should be able to produce, create, and critique information in all its forms. students need to learn to think critically about the media
overgeneralization
sweeping statements bout a situation or product.
snob appeal
the consumer will join the ranks of elite by using the product
implied benefit
the suggestion that more than what is being sold will be delivered; for example, the idea that by using a certain product, one will have a better love life or a different lifestyle.
bandwagon
tries to persuade the reader to do, think, or buy something because it is popular or everyone is doing it
kinesics
understanding of body language during communicaiton
two-step flow theory
we discuss our media experience with others and if we respect them we may change opinion
Selective Participation
we hear what we want and expect to hear
Key to success!!!
you will NOT be asked to write an "essay." So skip the "five-paragraph essay" stuff, like "Introduction" (here's what I'm gonna say) and "Conclusion" (here's what I just said.) JUST answer the question asked!
