CST Microbiology and the Process of Infection

A bacterium reproduces through a process known as ________, in which the cell simply splits apart. a. binary fusion b. morphology c. virulence factor d. plasmid replication

A

A/An ________ is the proliferation and growth of any microorganism or virus in any area of the body. a. infection b. disease c. inflammation d. exotoxin

A

Approximately 2 million patients per year in the United States acquire infections because of hospitalization. An infection acquired while the patient is in a hospital is called a ________. A. nosocomial infection B. community-acquired infection

A

At present, the most threatening resistant microorganisms in the United States are vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis. These microorganisms are often found in the hospital environment in patients who are critically or chronically ill. The most common cause is ________. A. a genetic mutation induced by the use of antibiotics in animal feed, the overprescription of antibiotics, and environmental factors B. the transfer of microbes from their source to a new host by direct physical contact

A

Microbes enter the body through a location called the ________. a. portal of entry b. microbe host c. vaginal lactobacilli d. intestinal tract

A

Most ________ are spore forming and normally reside in the intestines of a healthy person. a. anaerobic bacteria b. prion agents c. fungi d. yeasts

A

Not all infections cause disease; an infection is harmful only if it causes a/an ________. a. illness b. physical weakness c. acidic environment d. physiologic need

A

When organisms of two different species live together, this is called ________. a. symbiosis b. immunodeficiency c. host d. parasitism

A

________ are organisms that typically cause suppuration and tissue destruction and may lead to systemic involvement, resulting in death. a. Pyogenic bacteria b. Fungi c. Anaerobes d. Archaea

A

________ is not a separate disease organism but a syndrome that occurs because of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. a. AIDS b. HBV c. RNA d. CJD

A

Bacteria and viruses cause most ________ that affect humans. a. genetic materials b. infectious diseases c. physiologic needs d. biological advances

B

Important environmental parameters for ________ include temperature, oxygen level, pH, moisture, and atmospheric pressure. a. sterilization b. bacterial reproduction c. parasitism d. performing Gram-staining procedures

B

When a pathogenic or nonpathogenic microorganism gains entry to sterile tissues and colonizes there it is called ________. Some wound infections are minor, involving only the skin, whereas others occur in deep tissue or body cavities. The general preoperative condition of the patient directly affects factors influencing the extent and severity. A. disease transmission B. surgical site infection

B

________ is a rare transmissible disease that is progressive and always fatal. The disease attacks the central nervous system and symptoms include progressive dementia, spasm of muscle groups, motor disturbances, and distinctive electroencephalogram changes. The disease is slow to develop, with an incubation period of up to 20 years. A. Hepatitis A virus B. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

B

________ is/are responsible for bacterial motility and can help certain bacteria cause disease; an example is the Helicobacter pylori bacterium using this to penetrate the viscous coating of the stomach lining. a. Genetic material b. Flagella c. Appendages d. Organelles

B

Lipopolysaccharides are found in gram-negative bacteria contained within the cell wall of the microorganism

endotoxin

Not secreted but released when the cells are disrupted or broken down

endotoxin

Toxic effect includes fever, increased or decreased number of white blood cells, diarrhea, shock, extreme weakness, or death

endotoxin

Toxicity stimulates release of many cytokines

endotoxin

When a cell ruptures this is released into the bloodstream and spreads to different organ systems

endotoxin

An example would include pseudomonas and tetanus

exotoxin

Enters specific body cells and disrupts the cell's chemical and physical structure

exotoxin

Protein, usually an enzyme, produced by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

exotoxin

The activity of some toxins results in the breakdown of tissue surrounding the toxin, which allows the pathogen to spread and colonize freely

exotoxin

Microorganisms have developed means of evading the body's immune system

T

One of the causes of antibiotic resistance is the overprescription and underprescription of antibiotics and their improper use by patients

T

The four classic signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, and pain

T

Urinary tract infections account for the highest number of nosocomial infections

T

A harmless resident bacterium usually found on the hands is ________. a. Streptococcus pyogenes b. coliform c. staphylococcal albus d. Escherichia coli

C

Genetic mutation, the environment, and stress are all sources of ________. a. acquired immunity b. the immune system c. disease d. classifications of surgical wounds

C

The human intestinal tract contains many different types of bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) that are essential for the body's metabolism. The bacteria survive in physiologic balance as long as they remain in the intestine. This is referred to as ________. a. parasitism b. opportunism tic c. commensalism d. hormonal influence

C

________ are single-celled organisms that have no nucleus or specific metabolic organelles. A single-wall, bilayer, or unit membrane made up of phospholipids surrounds each. a. Antigens b. Aerosol droplets c. Bacteria d. Droplet nuclei

C

________ occurs in the period immediately following trauma. Blood vessels temporarily constrict at the site of the injury. Constriction of capillaries helps decrease bleeding and restricts the movement of any microbial toxins present. This is rapidly followed by localized arterial and venous dilation. As a result, the injured area becomes red and warm. Local capillaries become more permeable, which allows plasma to escape into the surrounding tissue. The plasma dilutes any toxins in the tissue and increases the viscosity of the local blood supply, which encourages clotting. As a result, there is swelling, pain, and impaired function. A. The inflammatory response B. Antimicrobial resistance

A

A/An ________ infection is an infection with a sudden onset, and it may be brief or prolonged for the duration of the infection. a. systemic b. persistent c. chronic d. acute

D

Bacteria, which are responsible for many diseases, grow in groups of multiple organisms. Their proliferation is referred to as ________. a. altered health b. localization c. transmission d. colonization

D

The nature of the bacterial cell membrane determines a bacterium's ________ and its response to antibiotics. a. identity b. ability to invade the body's defense system c. preexisting disease d. Gram stain classification

D

________ is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys the immune system T-helper leukocytes. a. CDC b. AIDS c. AST d. HIV

D

________ is/are referred to as "flesh-eating" bacteria because it produces an enzyme called "hyaluronidase," or "spreading factor" that breaks down hyaluronic acid, the substance that holds human cells together. a. Staphylococcus epidermis b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa c. Klebsiella d. Streptococcus pyogenes

D

All strains of pathogens can be controlled by antibiotics

F

If the surgical wound is caused by trauma, becomes grossly contaminated during surgery, or is infected postoperatively, treatment with antimicrobial agents is a last resort

F

Injury, infection, chemical and thermal burns, extreme cold, and tissue necrosis result in wound dehiscence

F

Surgical wounds are classified according to the risk of contamination and infection in the postoperative period

F

An example of passive immunity would be an infant receiving antibodies from her or his mother's breast milk.

T

Infection usually results in the breakdown of the surgical repair that was the focus of the surgery

T

Complex glycoprotein produced by the immune system

antibodies

Produced by activated B-lymphocytes

antibodies

Can trigger a response by the immune system, which seeks out and destroys the marked cell

antigens

Lymphocytes (T cells) are necessary for the immune system to react to foreign bodies

antigens

Macromolecules, such as proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and polysaccharides, on the surface of the cells that identify them as part of the organism or as foreign

antigens