CTC US HIST I Ch. 2
REVIEW QUESTION 4. Describe who chose to emigrate to North America from England in the seventeenth century and explain their reasons.
-Immigrants with ample financial resources - sons of merchants and English gentlemen - had taken advantage of the headright system and governmental connections to acquire large estates along navigable rivers. They believed that land was the basis for liberty. -Many came as indentured servants. Puritans fled as separatists from the Church of England and their negative influences. -Desire to escape religious persecution, anxiety about the future of England, and the prospect of economic betterment.
John Smith
An early leader of Jamestown, Virginia. He wrote "No man will go from England to have less freedom in America."
Headright System
Awarding acres of land to colonists who paid for his own or another's passage. Thus, anyone who brought in a sizable number of servants would immediately acquire a large estate.
Uprising of 1622
Once it became clear that the English were interested in establishing a permanent and constantly expanding colony, and not a trading post, conflict with local Indians was inevitable. Then in 1622, Powhatan's brother led a brilliantly planned surprise attack that wiped out one quarter of Virginia's settler population of 1200.
REVIEW QUESTION 2. For English settlers, land was the basis of independence and liberty. Explain the reasoning behind that concept and how it differed from the Indians' conception of land.
Owning land would give men control over their own labor and the right to vote in most colonies. Possessions showed wealth, wealth demonstrated power, power that could be used to influence a society a certain way and convince others to follow.
Pilgrims
Puritan separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620.
Indentured Servant
Settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World.
Pequot War
There was conflict between the white population and the Indians. At the turning point, a fur trader was killed by Pequots. A force of Connecticut and Massachusetts soldiers surrounded the main Pequot fortified village and set it on fire.
REVIEW QUESTION 8. How did the tobacco economy draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic world?
Tobacco became Virginia's substitute for gold. Virginia's white society came to resemble that of England.
A Discourse Concerning Western Planting
Written in 1584 by Protestant minister and scholar Richard Hakluyt. It listed 23 reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies.
REVIEW QUESTION 5. In what ways did the economy, government, and household structure differ in New England and the Chesapeake colonies?
-In England, a married woman was able to possess certain rights by law, such as "dower rights" 1/3 of her husband's property in the event that he died before she did. -In Chesapeake, Margaret Brent was able to acquire land, manage her own plantation and acted as a lawyer in court. Widowers were able to manage their husbands' estates or were willed their husbands' property outright. -Economically, New England was more self efficient (fishing, timber for exports) they also consumed what they cultivated; whereas Chesapeake depended on laborers to produce. -Dispersed plantation society of the Chesapeake vs. the organized colony of self-governed towns of New England. -New England's environment was much healthier than the Chesapeake and the male/female ratio more even with more children surviving infancy, making the woman's adult life devoted to bearing and rearing children. -Puritans feared excessive individualism and lack of social unity.
REVIEW QUESTION 6. The English believed that, unlike the Spanish, their motives for colonization were pure, and that the growth of empire and freedom would always go hand-in-hand. How did the expansion of the British empire affect the freedoms of Native Americans, the Irish, and even many English citizens?
-Indentured servitude left people with little rights -Military control, exclusion and settlement for the Irish -Displacement of natives and European agriculture/livestock -Destroyed native environment -Overuse of natural resources like wood and overhunting for trade -Warfare between tribes and animal extinction and disease -Moral liberty vs natural liberty by puritans -Puritans saw hierarchy as connected to liberty and respect for inequality
Tobacco Colony
A colony dedicated to the expansion of tobacco cultivation.
Roanoke Colony
A colony that was first set up as a base to facilitate raids on Spanish shipping. The colonists abandoned the venture and returned to English. A second group tried to establish a permanent colony but their fate remains unknown. The colony was later found abandoned.
Virginia Company
A private business organization whose shareholders included merchants, aristocrats, and members of the Parliament, and to which the queen had given her blessing before her death in 1603.
Dower Rights
A woman's claim to 1/3 of her husband's property in the event that he died before she did.
The Sovereignty and Goodness of God
Captivity narrative written by Mary Rowlandson.
Puritans
English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630.
Moral Liberty
Genuine "moral" liberty meant "a liberty to that only which is good." It was quite compatible with severe restraints on speech, religion, and personal behavior.
Dissenters
Individuals who criticized the church or government, complained about the colony in letters home to England, and in the case of one woman, for being a "very burdensome woman." Basically anyone who didn't conform to Puritan values.
Act Concerning Religion or Maryland Toleration Act
Institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning. All Christians were guaranteed the "free exercise" of religion. But not in the modern sense, since it punished those who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ or the doctrine of the Holy Trinity.
Great Migration
Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available. during the labor shortage of the war years.
John Winthrop
Massachusetts governor who distinguished sharply between natural liberty (a liberty to do evil) and moral liberty.
REVIEW QUESTION 7. Considering politics, social tensions, and debates over the meaning of liberty, how do the events and aftermath of the English Civil War demonstrate that the English colonies in North America were part of a larger Atlantic community?
Most New Englander's sided with Parliament and some returned to England to join forces.
Captivity Narratives
Narratives published by those captured by Indians. The most popular was "The Sovereignty and Goodness of God" by Mary Rowlandson.
Mayflower Compact
Signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth, the document committed the group to majority rule government.
REVIEW QUESTION 1. Compare and contrast settlement patterns, treatment of Indians, and religion of the Spanish and English in the Americas.
The English were more concerned with finding gold rather than build functioning societies; societies were built around biblical teachings. The Spanish intended for European national power to extend to western civilization beginning with Catholicism and influence of the pope. English settlers were driven from England due to religious practices. The English saw themselves as saving the Indians from the Spanish and their tyrannical ways.
House of Burgesses
The first elected assembly in colonial America. Only landowners could vote and the company and its appointed governor retained the right to nullify any measure that the body adopted.
Half-way Covenant
The half-way covenant of 1662 allowed for the baptism and a kind of subordinate, or "half-way" membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration.
REVIEW QUESTION 3. Describe the factors promoting and limiting religious freedom in the New England and Chesapeake colonies.
The majority in the Chesapeake region were Protestants. The Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its religious rituals and doctrine. In New England, John Calvin would teach the public that the world was divided between the elect and the damned. -Puritans believed that religious uniformity was essential to social order. -Puritans did not believe in religious toleration.
Enclosure Movement
The process by which landlords sought profits by raising sheep for the expanding trade in wool and introducing more modern farming practices such as crop rotation. They evicted small farmers and fenced in "commons" previously open to all.
English Liberty
The traditional definition of "liberties" as a set of privileges confined to one or another social group but alongside it, the idea that certain "rights of Englishmen" applied to all within the kingdom.