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Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?

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Summary

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *_____* (Summary)... 8. There are essentially two ways to respond to unfamiliar cultures. One way is ethnocentrically - that is, through the lens of one's own cultural perspective. The other way is from the perspective of a cultural relativist - that is, within the context of the other culture. Cultural anthropologists strongly recommend the second mode, although they are aware of certain limitations. 9. Cultural anthropologists distinguish between emic (insider) approach, which uses native categories, and the etic (outsider) approach, which describes a culture in terms of the categories, concepts, and perceptions of the anthropologist... 11. This textbook takes an applied perspective. This means that, in addition to surveying the content material of cultural anthropology, this book takes a number of opportunities to emphasize how the theories, methods, and insights of cultural anthropology can be used to help solve societal problems, both at home and abroad.

applied anthropology, applying anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... ...[problem-oriented research] is itself comprised of two broad streams: first, "___1___"...; and the second... is known in the field as "___2___..."...

applied anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... ...[problem-oriented research] is itself comprised of two broad streams: first, "_____" involves conducting applied research projects designed to facilitate change or generate policy recommendations for addressing societal problems; and the second... is known in the field as "applying anthropology..."... *Disc. Class 3 (2-3-20)*... =Ch. 3 focuses on _____ =-Solving present-day problems by changing human behavior.

applying anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... ...[problem-oriented research] is itself comprised of two broad streams: first, "applied anthropology"...; and the second... is known in the field as "_____," involves using already existing anthropological data, methods, theories, and insights to inform government programs and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) that promote, manage, and assess social programs and social policies.

theoretical research, problem-oriented research

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... All four subfields of the discipline of anthropology engage in both (1) ___1___ (describing and comparing cultural features among and between cultures) and (2) more practical forms of research designed to solve specific societal problems [___2___].

theoretical research

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... All four subfields of the discipline of anthropology engage in both (1) _____ (describing and comparing cultural features among and between cultures) and (2) more practical forms of research designed to solve specific societal problems [problem-oriented research].

ethnolinguistics

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Anthropological Linguistics*... Linguistic anthropology, which studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four distinct branches: historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, _____, and sociolinguistics... Cultural linguistics (also known as _____) is the branch of anthropological linguistics that examines the relationship between language and culture. ---------- *Definition* __________ - The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between language and culture.

sociolinguistics

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Anthropological Linguistics*... Linguistic anthropology, which studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four distinct branches: historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, ethnolinguistics, and _____... The fourth branch of anthropological linguistics, known as _____, examines the relationship between language and social relations. --------------- *Definition* _____ - The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language is used in different social contexts.

cultural resource management [also known as public archaeology or contract archaeology]

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Archaeology*... Another area of applied archaeology is called _____... The goal of this work of applied archaeology is to ensure that the laws are properly followed, that high-quality research is conducted, and that the data from archaeological sites are not destroyed by federally funded building projects. ---------- *Definition* _____ - A form of applied archaeology that involves identifying, evaluating, and sometimes excavating sites before roads, dams, and buildings are constructed.

artifacts, features, ecofacts

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Archaeology*... Archaeologists work with three types of material remains: ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.

artifacts

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Archaeology*... Archaeologists work with three types of material remains: _____, features, and ecofacts. _____ are objects that have been made or modified by humans and that can be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory for further analysis. Tools, arrowheads, and fragments of pottery are examples of _____. ---------- *Definition* _____ - A type of material remain (found by archaeologists) that has been made or modified by humans, such as tools and arrowheads.

features

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Archaeology*... Archaeologists work with three types of material remains: artifacts, _____, and ecofacts... _____, like artifacts, are made or modified by people, but they cannot be readily carried away from the dig site. Archaeological _____ include such things as house foundations, fireplaces, and postholes... ---------- *Definition* _____ - Archaeological remains that have been made or modified by people and cannot easily be carried away, such as house foundations, fireplaces, and postholes.

ecofacts

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Archaeology*... Archaeologists work with three types of material remains: artifacts, features, and _____... _____ are objects found in the natural environment (such as bones, seeds, and wood) that were not made or altered by humans but were used by them. ---------- *Definition* _____ - Physical remains - found by archaeologists - that were used by humans but not made or reworked by them (for example, seeds and bones).

Perceptual Acuity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*... How does the study of cultural anthropology help us develop the skills and competencies needed for the twenty-first century? *Develop a Broad Perspective*... *Appreciate Other Perspectives*... *Balance Contradictions*... *Emphasize Global Teamwork*... *Develop Cognitive Complexity*... *Develop _____* Living and working in the twenty-first century require people to be perceptually acute. We need to accurately derive meaning from interactions with others from a wide variety of cultures and subcultures.

Cognitive Complexity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*... How does the study of cultural anthropology help us develop the skills and competencies needed for the twenty-first century? *Develop a Broad Perspective*... *Appreciate Other Perspectives*... *Balance Contradictions*... *Emphasize Global Teamwork*... *Develop _____* Citizens of the new millennium need what is referred to as _____, which is made up of the twin abilities of differentiating and integrating. Differentiation involves being able to see how a single entity is composed of a number of different parts; integration, on the other hand, involves the capacity to identify how the various parts are interconnected... *Develop Perceptual Acuity*

Global Teamwork

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*... How does the study of cultural anthropology help us develop the skills and competencies needed for the twenty-first century? *Develop a Broad Perspective*... *Appreciate Other Perspectives*... *Balance Contradictions*... *Emphasize _____* Success in the twenty-first century requires an emphasis on cultural awareness and cross-cultural teamwork, not just personal awareness and individual mastery... *Develop Cognitive Complexity*... *Develop Perceptual Acuity*

Balance Contradictions

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*... How does the study of cultural anthropology help us develop the skills and competencies needed for the twenty-first century? *Develop a Broad Perspective*... *Appreciate Other Perspectives*... *_____* A major requirement for working and living effectively in a global society is to be able to balance contradictory needs and demands rather than trying to eliminate them. Contradictions and conflicts should be seen as opportunities, not as liabilities... *Emphasize Global Teamwork*... *Develop Cognitive Complexity*... *Develop Perceptual Acuity*

Appreciate Other Perspectives

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*... How does the study of cultural anthropology help us develop the skills and competencies needed for the twenty-first century? *Develop a Broad Perspective*... *_____* Being inquisitive, nonjudgemental, and open to new ways of thinking is vital if we are to adapt to ever-changing environments... *Balance Contradictions*... *Emphasize Global Teamwork*... *Develop Cognitive Complexity*... *Develop Perceptual Acuity*

Broad Perspective, Appreciate Other Perspectives, Balance Contradictions, Global Teamwork, Cognitive Complexity, Perceptual Acuity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*... How does the study of cultural anthropology help us develop the skills and competencies needed for the twenty-first century? *Develop a ___1___*... *___2___*... *___3___*... *Emphasize ___4___*... *Develop ___5___*... *Develop ___6___*... Thus, a number of skills and capacities that are considered essential for effective living and working in the twenty-first century can be mastered while studying cultural anthropology.

Broad Perspective

Twenty-First Century

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Enhancing Understanding*... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to Social Problems*... *Building Skills for the _____* As discussed in the preceding section, the study of cultural anthropology has relevance to our everyday lives... Educators have written volumes concerning the behavioral traits, skills, and competencies needed for success in the _____.

Social Problems

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Enhancing Understanding*... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to _____*... As we stated at the start of this chapter, cultural anthropology has relevance for all of us, in both our personal and professional lives... Among the many practical (nonacademic) careers opening up to cultural anthropologists today is new product developer hired by design firms... Is cultural anthropology practical for our everyday lives? [The answer is yes.] *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*

problem-oriented research

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... All four subfields of the discipline of anthropology engage in both (1) theoretical research (describing and comparing cultural features among and between cultures) and (2) more practical forms of research designed to solve specific societal problems [_____]... *Guiding Principles* *Holism*... In the past, cultural anthropologists have made every effort to be holistic by covering as many aspects of a culture as possible in the total cultural context. More recently, however, the accumulated information from all over the world has become so vast that most anthropologists have needed to become more specialized or focused. This is called a _____ approach... Despite the recent trend toward specialization, anthropologists continue to analyze their findings within a wider cultural context... *Class 7 (2-4-20)* *_____* -A type of anthropological research designed to solve a particular societal problem rather than to test a theoretical position.

The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *_____ (The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures)* This book, and indeed cultural anthropology as a discipline, focuses on understanding other cultures, wherever they may be found. Although a large part of gaining this understanding involves acquiring accurate information on the world's cultures, it also involves learning about one's own culture. However, what we know, or think we know, about our own culture is not not necessarily perceived in the same way by culturally different people... These different interpretations of our values by people from other cultures can be illustrated in a number of ways.

biological anthropology, archaeology, anthropological linguistics, cultural anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... Traditionally, the discipline of anthropology is divided into four distinct branches of subfields: ___1___, ... ___2___, ... ___3___, ... and ___4___... (see Table 1.1)... Despite this four-field division, the discipline of anthropology has a long-standing tradition of emphasizing the interrelations among these four subfields... A four-field approach to anthropology has prevailed in academic departments for the past century, yet a growing number of anthropologists are turning to applied anthropology or applying anthropological concepts to real-world issues and becoming specialists in topical areas.

Cultural Anthropology, ethnography, ethnology

*___1___ - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *___1___* The branch of anthropology that deals with the study of specific contemporary cultures (___2___) and the more general underlying patterns of human culture derived through cultural comparisons (___3___) is called ___1___ (see Table 1.2)... Ethnographers and ethnologists face a daunting task because they describe and compare the many peoples of the world today.

cultural anthropology

*_____ - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... Traditionally, the discipline of anthropology is divided into four distinct branches of subfields: biological anthropology, ... archaeology, ... anthropological linguistics, ... and _____, which examines similarities and differences among contemporary cultures of the world... *_____* The branch of anthropology that deals with the study of specific contemporary cultures (ethnography) and the more general underlying patterns of human culture derived through cultural comparisons (ethnology) is called _____ (see Table 1.2)... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to Social Problems*... *Table 1.3: Nonacademic Career Opportunities in Anthropology*... Subfield _____ Examples -International business consultant -Cross-cultural consultant in hospitals -Museum curator -International economic development worker -Cross-cultural trainer -International human resources manager -School educator -Immigration or refugee counselor... *Summary*... 6. _____ focuses on the study of contemporary cultures, wherever they are found in the world. One part of the task of _____ involves describing particular cultures (ethnography), and the other part involves comparing two or more cultures (ethnology). Cultural anthropologists tend to specialize in areas such as urban anthropology, medical anthroplogy, development anthroplogy, and psychological anthropology, among others... 12. The discipline of _____ helps students develop the skills and competencies needed to live in the twenty-first century, including developing a broad perspective, appreciating other perspectives, balancing contradictions, emphasizing global teamwork, developing cognitive complexity, and developing perceptual acuity. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The scientific study of cultural similarities and differences wherever and in whatever form they may be found.

it does not have merit

*Class 1*... -Two brief stories: --Does the doctor's defense have merit? =-Doctor in U.S. is trained in Afghanistan, then hugs and kisses women after appointments. License suspended and he appealed with a cultural defense. --What about an unmarried woman in the crowd? =-What if an unmarried woman fell underneath men in Islam? Would they be ostracized? In response to a non-lethal weapon that causes people to fall down instead of shooting them when giving them aid... *Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -Two brief stories - the responses: --Does the doctor's defense have merit? =- "Culture made me do it" =--Turns out that hugging and kissing a female patient after a doctor's appointment in Afghanistan is not a cultural norm =--So no, _____. People do not always represent their culture to you accurately. --What about an unmarried woman in the crowd? =-Professor didn't need to do any research; his response was that it was the wrong question. =--The question should be how to do avoid this difficulty in the place we're distributing aid as opposed to what will happen when this difficulty happens. =--Think about culture as a tool that can help you be more effective in the work that you do.

questions, perspective, methods

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -Anthropology is unique among social sciences in terms of --The ___1___ that it asks... -The ___2___ that it adopts... -The ___3___ that it uses

questions

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -Anthropology is unique among social sciences in terms of --The _____ that it asks =-Always comparative -The perspective that it adopts... -The methods that it uses

perspective

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -Anthropology is unique among social sciences in terms of --The questions that it asks... -The _____ that it adopts =-Comparative, field-based, holistic -The methods that it uses

methods

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -Anthropology is unique among social sciences in terms of --The questions that it asks... -The perspective that it adopts... -The _____ that it uses =-Ethnography use by anthropologists is a unique application =--Involves going off with a group of people and living with them to the extent that they let you. =--Our form of ethnography involves long-term involvement with a group of people; usually doesn't last any less than a year. Some anthropologists stay for multiple years.

holism, comparative, field[-]based, Evolutionary

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -The anthropological perspective is (=what makes it unique) -...holistic [___1___]... -___2___... -___3___... -___4___

comparative

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -The anthropological perspective is (=what makes it unique) -holistic [holism]... -_____... =-To avoid ethnocentrism, we are always trying to compare -field[-]based... -Evolutionary... *Class 3 - Concepts of Culture Part 1*... *Two Facets of Cultural Anthropology*... =_____; when we do that, it's called ethnology. =-Must be _____ for ethnology purposes.

field[-]based

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -The anthropological perspective is (=what makes it unique) -holistic [holism]... -comparative... -_____... =-Ethnographic field work -Evolutionary

Evolutionary

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -The anthropological perspective is (=what makes it unique) -holistic [holism]... -comparative... -field[-]based... -_____ =-See them as having evolved, sharing patterns with nonhuman primates and mammals

Human

*Class 2 - What is Anthropology Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -_____ity is a remarkably and inherently diverse species -Everywhere that _____s live, they live in groups with unique ways of life. -There is no single or correct way for _____s to live. =-Kinship relationships play a large part in how people organize =--This is likely the case for us as well... =What anthropologists study can be given in one word: "everything" about _____s.

process, product

*Class 3 - Concepts of Culture Part 1*... *Two Facets of Cultural Anthropology*... =Ethnography is both a ___1___ and a ___2___.

process

*Class 3 - Concepts of Culture Part 1*... *Two Facets of Cultural Anthropology*... =Ethnography is both a _____ and a product =-_____ usually focuses on a single group or a single subculture

product

*Class 3 - Concepts of Culture Part 1*... *Two Facets of Cultural Anthropology*... =Ethnography is both a process and a _____... =-_____ is the written report

historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics

historical linguistics

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Anthropological Linguistics*... Linguistic anthropology, which studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four distinct branches: _____, descriptive linguistics, ethnolinguistics, and sociolinguistics. _____ deals with the emergence of language in general and how specific languages have diverged over time. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages emerge and change over time.

descriptive linguistics

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Anthropological Linguistics*... Linguistic anthropology, which studies contemporary human languages as well as those of the past, is divided into four distinct branches: historical linguistics, _____, ethnolinguistics, and sociolinguistics... _____ is the study of sound systems, grammatical systems, and the meanings attached to words in specific languages. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages are structured, specifically the grammar of languages.

[understanding] other cultures, understanding our own culture, understanding how culturally different people view us

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures*... ...if cultural anthropology is to help us function more effectively in an increasingly interconnected world, we will have to focus on accomplishing three tasks: ...___1___, ___2___, and ___3___ about our cultural patterns.

race

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... *Physical Variations among Primates*... For the first half of the twentieth century, biological anthropologists attempted to document human physical variations throughout the world by dividing the world's populations into various racial categories. A _____ was defined as a group of people who share a greater statistical frequency of genes and physical traits with one another than they do with people outside the group. Today, however, no anthropologists subscribe to the notion that _____s are fixed biological entities whose members all share the same physical features... Today, we know that the amount of genetic variation is much greater within racial groups than between racial groups... Although contemporary anthropologists continue to be interested in human physical variations, they have turned their attention to examining how human physical variations help people adapt to their environment. ---------- *Definition* _____ - A subgroup of the human population whose members share a greater number of genes and physical traits with one another than they do with members of other subgroups.

genetics, population biology, epidemiology

genetics

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... *Physical Variations among Primates*... In their investigations of how human biological variations influence adaptation, biological anthropologists draw on the work of three allied disciplines: _____ (the study of inherited physical traits), population biology..., and epidemiology... ---------- *Definition* _____ - The study of inherited physical traits.

population biology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... *Physical Variations among Primates*... In their investigations of how human biological variations influence adaptation, biological anthropologists draw on the work of three allied disciplines: genetics..., _____ (the study of the interrelationships between population characteristics and environments), and epidemiology... ---------- *Definition* _____ - The study of the interrelationships between population characteristics and environments.

epidemiology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... *Physical Variations among Primates*... In their investigations of how human biological variations influence adaptation, biological anthropologists draw on the work of three allied disciplines: genetics..., population biology..., and _____ (the study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations over time). ---------- *Definition* _____ - The study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations.

paleoanthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... Essentially, biological anthropologists are concerned with three broad areas of investigation. First, they are interested in reconstructing the evolutionary record of the human species; that is, they ask questions about the emergence of humans and how humans have evolved up to the present time. This area of biological anthropology is known as _____. The second area of concern to biological anthropologists... [is] known as primatology... And the third area... [is] known as human variation... *Evolutionary Record of Humans* In their attempts to reconstruct human evolution, paleoanthropologists have drawn heavily on fossil remains (hardened organic matter such as bones and teeth) of humans, protohumans, and other primates... The work of paleoanthropologists is often painstaking and must be conducted with meticulous attention to detail... In addition to reconstructing the human evolutionary record, _____ has led to various applications of biological anthropology. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The study of human and nonhuman primate evolution through fossil remains.

paleoanthropology, primatology, human variation

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... Essentially, biological anthropologists are concerned with three broad areas of investigation. First, they are interested in... ___1___. The second area of concern to biological anthropologists... [is] known as ___2___... And the third area... [is] known as ___3___...

primatology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... Essentially, biological anthropologists are concerned with three broad areas of investigation. First, they are interested in... paleoanthropology. The second area of concern to biological anthropologists, known as _____, focuses on our nearest living relatives, namely apes, monkeys, and prosimians. And the third area... [is] known as human variation... *_____* Since the 1950s, biological anthropologists have developed an area of specialization of their own that helps shed light on human evolution and adaption over time and space. This field of study is known as _____ - the study of our nearest living relatives (apes, monkeys, and prosimians)... Sometimes the study of _____ leads to findings that are both startling and eminently practical. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments for the purpose of gaining insights into the human evolutionary process.

human variation

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Biological Anthropology*... Essentially, biological anthropologists are concerned with three broad areas of investigation. First, they are interested in... paleoanthropology. The second area of concern to biological anthropologists... [is] known as primatology... And the third area, known as _____, studies how and why the physical traits of contemporary human populations vary throughout the world... *Physical Variations among Primates* Although all humans are members of the same species and therefore are capable of interbreeding, considerable physical variation exists among human populations.

Understanding, Social Problems, Twenty-First Century

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology* One of the major contributions of anthropology to the understanding of the human condition stems from the broad task it has set for itself... As a result, anthropology is in a good position to integrate the various disciplines dealing with human physiology and culture. *Enhancing ___1___*... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to ___2___*... *Building Skills for the ___3___*

Understanding

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Enhancing _____* In comparison with people in other countries, people from the United States generally have less knowledge about other countries and other cultures... For the past several decades, the world has experienced globalization, which involves rapidly growing free-market economies, the lowering of tariff barriers, and the worldwide use of high-speed information technology... Increasing numbers of people today are moving, both geographically and through cyberspace, outside their own familiar cultural borders, causing dramatic increases in cross-cultural contact and the potential for culture change... Still another contribution of anthropology is that it helps us better understand ourselves... The anthropological perspective, with its emphasis on the comparative study of cultures, should lead us to the conclusion that our culture is just one way of life among many found in the world and that it represents one way (among many possible ways) to adapt to a particular set of environmental conditions... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to Social Problems*... *Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century*

ethnography

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Cultural Anthropology* The branch of anthropology that deals with the study of specific contemporary cultures (_____) and the more general underlying patterns of human culture derived through cultural comparisons (ethnology) is called cultural anthropology (see Table 1.2)... *Table 1.2: Two Facets of Cultural Anthropology* _____ -Descriptive -Based on direct fieldwork -Focuses on a single culture or subculture ---------- *Definition* _____ - The anthropological description of a particular contemporary culture by means of direct fieldwork... *Disc. Class 1*... -_____ - Written anthropology work

ethnology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Cultural Anthropology* The branch of anthropology that deals with the study of specific contemporary cultures (ethnography) and the more general underlying patterns of human culture derived through cultural comparisons (_____) is called cultural anthropology (see Table 1.2)... *Table 1.2: Two Facets of Cultural Anthropology* _____ -Comparative -Uses data collected by other ethnographers -Generalizes across cultures or subcultures... _____ is the comparative study of contemporary cultures, wherever they may be found. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The comparative study of cultural differences and similarities.

paleopathology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Cultural Anthropology*... *Areas of Specialization* 2. Medical anthropology... Medical anthropologists with a more biological focus tend to concentrate on interests such as the role of disease in human evolution, nutrition, growth and development, and _____ (the analysis of disease in ancient populations. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The study of disease in prehistoric populations.

Psychological anthropology

Ecological [or environmental] anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Cultural Anthropology*... *Areas of Specialization* Because the description of a total culture is usually beyond the scope of a single ethnographer, cultural anthropologists in recent decades have tended to specialize, often identifying themselves with one or more of these five areas of specialization: 1. Urban anthropology... 2. Medical anthropology... 3. Development anthropology... 4. _____. Tracing its roots to such early ecological anthropologists as Julian Steward and Roy Rappaport, _____ examines how human populations interact with the environment and, by so doing, develop solutions to current and future environmental problems. Ecological anthropologists are concerned with two fundamental questions that date back to the founding of anthropology in the nineteenth century: What role does the physical environment play in the formation and evolution of specific cultures? And how do specific sociocultural groups perceive, manage, and modify their environments?... For much of its history, _____ focused primarily on how non-Western societies (composed of foragers, pastoralists, and small-scale farmers) conceptualized, adapted to, and transformed their natural environments... 5. Psychological anthropology.

Development anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Cultural Anthropology*... *Areas of Specialization* Because the description of a total culture is usually beyond the scope of a single ethnographer, cultural anthropologists in recent decades have tended to specialize, often identifying themselves with one or more of these five areas of specialization: 1. Urban anthropology... 2. Medical anthropology... 3. _____. Dating back to the nineteenth century, colonial powers were interested in the economic development of their colonies - which in the early days meant building infrastructure such as power plants, roads, railroads, and communication systems to support new, viable industries... The _____ that has emerged in the twenty-first century is more critical and people-focused (rather than economy-focused)... 4. Ecological [or environmental] anthropology... 5. Psychological anthropology.

[understanding] other cultures

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures*... ...if cultural anthropology is to help us function more effectively in an increasingly interconnected world, we will have to focus on accomplishing three tasks: ..._____, understanding our own culture, and understanding how culturally different people view us about our cultural patterns.

understanding our own culture

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures*... ...if cultural anthropology is to help us function more effectively in an increasingly interconnected world, we will have to focus on accomplishing three tasks: understanding... other cultures, _____, and understanding how culturally different people view us about our cultural patterns.

Medical anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Cultural Anthropology*... *Areas of Specialization* Because the description of a total culture is usually beyond the scope of a single ethnographer, cultural anthropologists in recent decades have tended to specialize, often identifying themselves with one or more of these five areas of specialization: 1. Urban anthropology... 2. _____. Another recent area of specialization is _____, which studies the relationship of biological and sociocultural factors to health, disease, and illness - now and in the past... _____, like many other specialty areas, deals with both theoretical and applied questions of research... Many medical anthropologists are motivated by the desire to (1) apply theories, methods, and insights to programs designed to improve health services at home and abroad, and (2) serve as cultural brokers between health care professionals and their culturally diverse patients... 3. Development anthropology... 4. Ecological [or environmental] anthropology... 5. Psychological anthropology.

Urban anthropology, Medical anthropology, Development anthropology, Ecological anthropology, Psychological anthropology

Urban anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Cultural Anthropology*... *Areas of Specialization* Because the description of a total culture is usually beyond the scope of a single ethnographer, cultural anthropologists in recent decades have tended to specialize, often identifying themselves with one or more of these five areas of specialization: 1. _____. Cultural anthropologists during the first half of the twentieth century tended to concentrate their research on rural societies in non-Western areas... By focusing on how factors such as size, density, and heterogeneity affect customary ways of behaving, urban anthropologists in recent decades have examined such important topics as descriptive accounts of ethnic neighborhoods, rural-urban linkages, labor migration, urban kinship patterns, social network analysis, emerging systems of urban stratification, squatter settlements, and informal economies... 2. Medical anthropology... 3. Development anthropology... 4. Ecological [or environmental] anthropology... 5. Psychological anthropology.

all varieties of people

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles* *Holism*... *Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles* *Holism*... Anthropological holism is evidenced in a number of important ways. First, the anthropological approach involves both biological and sociocultural aspects of humanity... Second, anthropology has the longest possible time frame... Third, anthropology is holistic to the extent that it studies _____ wherever they may be found, from East African pastoralists to Korean factory workers. And, finally, anthropologists study many different aspects of human experience...

biological and sociocultural, longest possible time frame, all varieties of people, many different aspects

biological and sociocultural

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles* *Holism*... Anthropological holism is evidenced in a number of important ways. First, the anthropological approach involves both _____ aspects of humanity - that is, people's genetic endowment as well as what they acquire from their environment after birth. Second, anthropology has the longest possible time frame... Third, anthropology is holistic to the extent that it studies all varieties of people... And, finally, anthropologists study many different aspects of human experience...

longest possible time frame

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles* *Holism*... Anthropological holism is evidenced in a number of important ways. First, the anthropological approach involves both biological and sociocultural aspects of humanity... Second, anthropology has the _____, from the earliest beginnings of humans several million years ago right up to the present. Third, anthropology is holistic to the extent that it studies all varieties of people... And, finally, anthropologists study many different aspects of human experience...

many different aspects

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles* *Holism*... Anthropological holism is evidenced in a number of important ways. First, the anthropological approach involves both biological and sociocultural aspects of humanity... Second, anthropology has the longest possible time frame... Third, anthropology is holistic to the extent that it studies all types of people... And, finally, anthropologists study _____ of human experience, including family structure, marital regulations, house construction, methods of conflict resolution, means of livelihood, religious beliefs, language, space usage, and art.

Emic versus Etic Approaches

understanding how culturally different people view us

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures*... ...if cultural anthropology is to help us function more effectively in an increasingly interconnected world, we will have to focus on accomplishing three tasks: understanding... other cultures, understanding our own culture, and _____ about our cultural patterns.

Cultural Relativism

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles* For the past century, cultural anthropology has distinguished itself from other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences by following several guiding principles... *Holism*... *Ethnocentrism*... *_____* Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the discipline of anthropology has led a vigorous campaign against the perils of ethnocentrism... Following the lead of Franz Boas in the United States and Bronislaw Malinowski in Britain, twentieth-century anthropologists have participated in a tradition that calls on researchers to strive to present their own cultural values from coloring the descriptive accounts of the people under study. According to Boas, the father of modern anthropology in the United States, anthropologists can achieve that level of detachment by practicing _____... There is a problem with taking the notion of _____ too literally. If _____ is taken to its logical extreme, we would have to conclude that absolutely no behavior found in the world would be immoral provided that the people who practice it concur that it is morally acceptable or that it performs a function for the well-being of the society. Practicing _____, however, does not require that we view all cultural practices as morally equivalent; that is, not all cultural practices are equally worthy of tolerance and respect. *Emic versus Etic Approaches* ---------- *Definition* _____ - The idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part... *Class 2 - What is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles: _____*... -Serves as a cognitive tool to help us understand why people think and act as they do -Helps in identifying the inherent logic behind certain ideas and customs =-Helps us understand the "why"

Ethnocentrism

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles* For the past century, cultural anthropology has distinguished itself from other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences by following several guiding principles... *Holism*... *_____* While waiting to cross the street in Mumbai, India, a U.S. tourist stood next to a local resident, who proceeded to blow his nose, without handkerchief or tissue, into the street. The tourist's reaction was instantaneous and unequivocal: How disgusting!... But if the man from Mumbai were to see the U.S. tourist blowing his nose into a handkerchief, he would be equally repulsed, thinking it strange indeed for the man to blow his nose into a handkerchief and then put the handkerchief back into his pocket and carry it around for the rest of the day. Both the American and the Indian are evaluating each other's behavior based on the standards of their own cultural assumptions and practices. This way of responding to culturally different behavior is known as _____: the belief that one's own culture is superior to all others... Incidents of _____ are extensive... And, _____ is still very much in evidence in the twenty-first century... It should be quite obvious why _____ is so pervasive throughout the world. Because most people are raised in a single culture and never learn about other cultures during their lifetime, it is only logical that their own way of life - their values, attitudes, ideas, and ways of behaving - seems to be the most natural. Our _____ should not be a source of embarrassment because it is a natural by-product of growing up in any society... *Cultural Relativism*... *Emic versus Etic Approaches* ---------- *Definition* _____ - The practice of viewing the cultural features of other societies in terms of one's own... *Class 2 - What is Anthropology?*... *Negative Guiding Principles: _____* -The practice of viewing the customs of other societies in terms of one's own -The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others -This is a major obstacle to understanding other cultures =Anthropologists argue against this =Examples in society today include US view of Chinese medicine (not covering their forms) as well as immigration (much of the rhetoric around immigration is ethnocentric); this language dates back hundreds of year

Holism, Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, Emic versus Etic Approaches

Holism

Etic

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles*... *Emic versus _____ Approaches*... For decades anthropologists have made the distinction between the emic approach and the _____ approach, which are terms borrowed from linguistics... ...the _____ approach (derived from the word phonetic) refers to the outsider view, in which anthropologists use their own categories and concepts to describe the culture under analysis. ---------- *Definition* _____ approach - A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist's culture to describe another culture... *Class 2 - What is Anthropology*... =For example, sociocultural status in the US is internal. But taking that to another culture is an _____ approach.

Emic, Etic

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles*... *___1___ versus ___2___ Approaches*... For decades anthropologists have made the distinction between the ___1___ approach and the ___2___ approach, which are terms borrowed from linguistics... For the last half century, there has been an ongoing debate among anthropologists as to which approach is more valuable for the scientific study of comparative cultures... *Class 3 - Concepts of Culture Part 1*... *___1___ and ___2___ Approaches*... =These are two ways of approaching culture

Emic

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... *Guiding Principles*... *_____ versus Etic Approaches*... For decades anthropologists have made the distinction between the _____ approach and the etic approach, which are terms borrowed from linguistics. The _____ approach, (derived from the word phonemic) refers to the insider view, which seeks to describe another culture in terms of the categories, concepts, and perceptions of the people being studied. ---------- *Definition* _____ approach - A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis.

biological anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... Traditionally, the discipline of anthropology is divided into four distinct branches of subfields: _____, which deals with humans as biological organisms; archaeology, ... anthropological linguistics, ... and cultural anthropology... *Table 1.1: Branches of Anthropology* _____ -Paleoathropology -Primatology -Human variation -Forensic anthropology -Applied _____... *_____* The study of humans from a biological perspective is called _____... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to Social Problems*... *Table 1.3: Nonacademic Career Opportunities in Anthropology* Subfield -_____ Examples -Forensic specialist with law enforcement -Epidemiologist -Genetic counselor -Human rights investigator -Zoologist or primatologist -Public health official... *Summary*... 3. The subdiscipline of _____ focuses on three primary concerns: paleoanthropology (deciphering the biological record of human evolution through the study of fossil remains), primatology (the study of nonhuman primate anatomy and behavior for the purpose of gaining insights into human adaptation to the environment), and studies in human physical variations (race) and how biological variataions contribute to adaptation to one's environment. ---------- *Definition* _____ - the subfield on anthropology that studies biological evolution of human beings and the contemporary physical variations among peoples of the world.

archaeology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... Traditionally, the discipline of anthropology is divided into four distinct branches of subfields: biological anthropology, ... _____, which attempts to reconstruct the cultures of the past, most of which have left no written records; anthropological linguistics, ... and cultural anthropology... *_____* Experts in the field of _____ study the lifeways of people from the past by excavating and analyzing the material culture they have left behind... The data that archaeologists have at their disposal are selective... Often, archaeologists have collected the physical evidence, but the difficult work of analysis and interpretation begins... Present-day archaeologists work with both historic and prehistoric cultures. Historic archaeologists help to reconstruct the cultures of people who used writing and about whom historical documents have been written... Prehistoric _____, on the other hand, deals with the vast segment of the human record (several million years) that predates the advent of writing about 5,500 years ago... The relevance of studying ancient artifacts often goes beyond helping us better understand our prehistoric past... Although typically, _____ focuses on some prehistorical and historical peoples, some archeologists are using their techniques to study contemporary societies... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to Social Problems*... *Table 1.3: Nonacademic Career Opportunities in Anthropology*... Subfield -_____ Examples -Cultural resource manager -Museum curator -Environmental impact specialist -Historical archaeologist -Contract (salvage) archaeologist... *Summary*... 4. The subfield of _____ has as its primary objective the reconstruction of past cultures, both historic and prehistoric, from the material objects the cultures leave behind. ---------- *Definition* _____ - The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the excavation of material remains.

anthropological linguistics

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?*... Traditionally, the discipline of anthropology is divided into four distinct branches of subfields: biological anthropology, ... archaeology, ... _____, which focuses on the study of language in historical, structural, and social contexts; and cultural anthropology... *_____* The branch of the discipline that studies human speech and language is called _____. Although humans are not the only species that has systems of symbolic communication, ours is by far the most complex form... Anthropological linguists also engage in applied activities... For most of the twentieth century, anthropological linguists documented the vocabularies, grammars, and phonetic systems of the many unwritten languages of the world... *Contributions of Anthropology*... *Applying Anthropological Concepts to Social Problems*... *Table 1.3: Nonacademic Career Opportunities in Anthropology*... Subfield _____ Examples -English as a second language teacher -International business trainer -Foreign language teacher -Cross-cultural advertising or marketing specialist -Translator or interpreter... *Summary*... 5. _____, which studies both present and past languages, is divided into four major subdivisions: historical linguistics (studying the emergence and divergence of languages over time), descriptive linguistics (analyzing the structure of phonetic and grammar systems in contemporary languages), ethnolinguistics (exploring the relationship between language and culture), and sociolinguistics (understanding how social relations affect language). ---------- *Definition* _____ - The scientific study of human communication within its sociocultural context.

Anthropology

*Cultural _____ - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is _____?*... _____ is the study of people - their origins, their development, and contemporary variations wherever and whenever they have been found... Anthropologists strive for an understanding of the biological and cultural origins and evolutionary development of the species. They are concerned with all humans, both past and present, as well as their behavior patterns, thought systems, and material possessions. In short[,] _____ aims to describe, in the broadest sense, what it means to be human (Peacock 1986)... *Summary* 1. The academic discipline of _____ involves the study of the biological and cultural origins of humans. The subject matter of _____ is wide-ranging, including fossil remains, nonhuman primate anatomy and behavior, artifacts from past cultures, past and present languages, and all of the prehistoric, historic, and contemporary cultures of the world. 2. As practiced in the United States, the discipline of _____ follows an integrated four-field approach comprising biological _____, archaeology, anthropological linguistics, and cultural _____. All four subdisciplines have both theoretical and applied components... 7. A long-standing tradition in _____ is the holistic approach. The discipline is holistic (or comprehensive) in four important respects: It looks at both the biological and the cultural aspects of human behavior; it encompasses the longest possible time frame by looking at contemporary, historic, and prehistoric societies; it examines human cultures in every part of the world; and it studies many different aspects of human cultures... 10. The study of _____ is valuable from a number of different viewpoints. From the perspective of the social and behavioral sciences, cultural _____ is particularly valuable for testing theories about human behavior within the widest possible cross-cultural context. For individuals, the study of different cultures provides a much better understanding of one's own culture and develops valuable leadership skills. From a societal point of view, the understanding of different cultures can contribute to the solution of pressing societal problems... *Class 2 - What is _____ Part 2 (1-16-20)*... -_____ is the study of human diversity, of the diverse local ways of humans despite, or sometimes because of, broader and even global relations, processes, and forces. -_____ investigates the full variation of behavior - all of the kinds of human groups and all of the things that human groups do. =-One of many sibling social sciences. One of the closest ones is sociology... =--Anthropologists were assigned the study of non-western people, often in isolated areas (although no group is completely isolated apparently) =---Traditions of _____ grow out of this... *Class 1* *Introduction to Cultural _____* -Anthropologists are engaged in exploring deeply and fairly ideas and practices they themselves may not want to do or share.

Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?

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