Cultural Anthropology Midterm

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two structures that

process language in the human brain.

When anthropologists say "race is not real," what they mean more accurately is that

race is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real in social and cultural ways.

The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as

racial formation.

A sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship in which the informant and the ethnographer are at ease with each other is referred to as having

rapport.

According to Lingenfelter, which sport is analogous to a social structure with a low group and low grid orientation?

Golf

Mary Douglas (1970) classified competing values along two primary orientations. Which are they?

Group and Grid

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing indirect communication such as tone and context.

High Context

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing planning and predictability.

High Uncertainty Avoidance

A study focusing on the extraction of water from land in Fiji by a North American company that sells the water and gains its profits in the U.S. is best situated primarily within the

financescape.

The theory of structural-functionalism, as used by Radcliffe-Brown, believed that social structures

functioned to maintain social stability over time.

"The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa" is the definition of

globalization.

In Globalization studies, the fact that McDonalds offers local favorites in its branches across the world, such as a McAloo Tikki potato patty in India, is an example of

glocalization.

The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms is referred to as

glocalization.

A cultural anthropologist studying the meaning of marriage in a small village in India might consider local gender norms, existing family networks, laws regarding marriage, religious rules, and economic factors. This is an example of

holism

In English, we say: "I love you." In Spanish, there are many ways of conveying different types of love, such as te quiero, te amo, and te adoro. These differences are an example of

how language may influence our views of the world.

A study focusing on the spread of religious doctrine by missionaries would be interested primarily in the

ideoscape.

The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as __________ by social scientists.

re-entrenchment

Understanding the different ways in which social groups have been socialized to handle conflict and adjusting one's behavior accordingly is a good example of (blank).

Intercultural Competence

At the turn of the 20th century, the landowning elite began to lose control in Latin America when

Latin American peasants migrated from the countryside into the cities and European immigrants arrived

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing equality and shared decision-making.

Low Power Distance

What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?

Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another.

In recent years, anthropologists have expressed concern about the authoritative voice in their publications. Which of the following statements best reflects their concern? a. Anthropologists feel it is important to share the authoritative voice of their publication with the words and perspectives of their informants. b. Anthropologists feel they have given too much authority to informants in their publications and would like to retain more control of their work. c. Anthropologists feel it is important to always share co-authorship with one or more informants in order to achieve equity.

a. Anthropologists feel it is important to share the authoritative voice of their publication with the words and perspectives of their informants.

Based on evidence from anthropological studies, which of the following results is most likely to come from the introduction of modern goods into traditional communities? a. The community incorporates new things into their pre-existing practices without completely trading old ideas for new ones. b. The community has a town hall meeting, or something similar, to discuss and vote on whether to adopt the new items. c. The community rejects new goods due to the fear of losing their traditional practices. d. The community replaces all of their traditional goods and practices with new ones.

a. The community incorporates new things into their pre-existing practices without completely trading old ideas for new ones.

Suitable field sites for conducting ethnography include a. all of the answer choices are correct. b. multiple locations, especially when gaining a full understanding of an issue requires traveling to different locations. c. isolated, non-industrialized societies. d. urban environments, such as a city in the U.S.

a. all of the answer choices are correct.

Suitable field sites for conducting ethnography include a. all of the answer choices are correct. b. urban environments, such as a city in the U.S. c. isolated, non-industrialized societies. d. multiple locations, especially when gaining a full understanding of an issue requires traveling to different locations.

a. all of the answer choices are correct.

The oralist approach to the education of Deaf and hard-of-hearing people a. all of the answer choices are correct. b. is criticized by members of the Deaf community as a threat to Deaf culture. c. approaches deafness as a medical disability, an idea the Deaf community does not share. d. attempts to prevent Deaf children from using signed languages and teach them to blend in to the hearing community by lip reading.

a. all of the answer choices are correct.

The term primitive is a term that implies all of the following EXCEPT a. an objective and neutral approach to newly encountered peoples. b. a lack of technological advancement. c. a stage of development that did not yet embrace the "correct" ways of European cultures. d. inferiority to European cultures.

a. an objective and neutral approach to newly encountered peoples.

The authors mention many reasons for telling stories within a society. They identify all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. keeping members glued to storytelling devices, such as televisions. b. acting as a form of social control over activities that are not allowed. c. preserving ways of life. d. teaching a moral lesson to children.

a. keeping members glued to storytelling devices, such as televisions.

Cultural relativism argues that we should seek to

understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own.

The common English phrases "I won the argument" and "I had a fight with my boyfriend last night" are examples of the conceptual metaphor in American culture that argument is

war.

Widely known as the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas insisted that

while cultures differ, they are not superior to nor inferior than one another.

How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candombl, show religious syncretism?

Traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints.

Anything that serves to refer to something else, but has an arbitrary meaning, is best referred to as

a symbol.

All of the following are true about human paralanguage, EXCEPT a. non-verbal behaviors are unconsciously performed and only noticed when someone violates the cultural standards for them. b. sounds that express meaning, such as "um," "oh," and "hm" are part of paralanguage. c. all gestures share the same meaning across cultures, such as the "A-OK" hand sign. d. it includes pitch, tone, and volume.

c. all gestures share the same meaning across cultures, such as the "A-OK" hand sign.

The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics stresses which of the following ethical responsibilities? a. Make results accessible b. Do no harm c. All of the answer choices are correct d. Obtain informed consent

c. All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of anthropology in the United States? a. Biological anthropology b. Archaeology c. Sociopolitical anthropology d. Cultural anthropology

c. Sociopolitical anthropology

The Wampanoag project, led by Jessie Little Doe, is creating new native speakers of the Wampanoag language. This type of project is called

language revitalization.

The abandonment of a language in favor of a new one is called

language shift.

Clifford Geertz, a post-modern anthropologist, stressed the importance of

language, as a means of transmitting symbolic knowledge in public contexts.

Nineteenth century anthropologists identified three stages of "cultural evolution," which were called (in this order of development)

savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

True or False: Cultural relativism is a philosophical claim that there is no objective reality or truth.

False

Which subfield of anthropology aims to solve specific practical problems in collaboration with governmental, non-profit, and community organizations?

Applied anthropology

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing assertiveness and achievement.

Competitive

True or False: Intercultural researchers have shown that there is one best way for dealing with conflict.

False

According to Lingenfelter, which sport is analogous to a social structure with a low group and high grid orientation?

Baseball

On the intercultural development continuum, (blank) describes a person who misses differences in cultures by avoiding or showing disinterest to other cultures.

Denial

In medical anthropology, __________ is a medical condition that can be objectively identified, while __________ is the subjective or personal experience of feeling unwell.

Disease; illness

When an ill person describes the origin of their suffering as coming from a fright or shock, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

Emotionalistic

How do anthropologists understand the concept of The Other?

It is a term that describes people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own; an outsider or stranger.

What is ethnocentrism?

It is the belief that one's own culture is better than others.

What was the result of the privatization of water in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, as mandated by the World Bank and IMF loans?

It was disastrous, due to rapid population growth and a scarcity of water.

(blank) is a country that tends toward a high group and high grid orientation.

Japan

What aspects of culture did Bob, the coffee shop patron, identify in his definition of culture?

Language and changing cultural values

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing explicit communication through words.

Low Context

How did the "Age of Enlightenment" plant seeds for many academic disciplines, including anthropology?

Ordinary people could learn the "truth" through observation and experience.

What term is used to refer to the immersive, long-term research that cultural anthropologists undertake?

Participant-observation fieldwork

When an injured person blames their accident on a curse directed at them, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

Personalistic

According to Lingenfelter, which sport is analogous to a social structure with a high group and high grid orientation?

Soccer

Instead of studying social groups that differ from their own, to where are cultural anthropologists increasingly turning their focus?

Their own societies and subgroups within them

Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is

White privilege.

Contemporary globalization is said to have begun, at least in terms of economics, as coinciding with

the end of WWII and Bretton Woods Conference, which led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.

Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to

the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups.

Benjamin Whorf's research into the Hopi language led to

the idea of linguistic relativity.

Linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf's main argument was that

the language one speaks plays a critical role in how one thinks about the world.

Descriptive linguistics is a subfield that studies

the structures of language.

Henry Morgan's argument that all societies "progress" through the same stages of development (savagery, barbarism, civilization) is an example of what type of thinking?

Ethnocentric

What is the term for the process of participant-observation fieldwork in cultural anthropology?

Ethnography

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing caring for many obligations, comfortability with interruptions, and combining work and personal life spheres.

Polychronic

Why do the authors of this chapter decide to talk to a patron of a coffee shop?

The authors are interested to know how non-anthropologists define culture.

What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis propose?

The language you speak allows you to think about some things and not others.

What do paleoanthropologists study?

Ancient human relatives

Who was Zhang Qian? a. A traveler who discovered many of the trade routes used in the Silk Road b. All of the answer choices are correct c. A military officer born in the second century BCE d. One of the first people to systematically study and document cultural differences

b. All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following anthropologists is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern North American anthropology, with its focus on fieldwork and cultural relativism? Select one: a. Clifford Geertz b. Franz Boas c. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown d. Bronislaw Malinowski

b. Franz Boas

Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals Select one: a. to exhibit their identities through the purchase and conspicuous use of goods. b. to expand their range of identities in new ways through the use of global goods, ideas, and belief systems. c. all of the answer choices are correct. d. to increase their symbolic capital by knowing how to distinguish between goods.

c. all of the answer choices are correct.

The ________ perspective focuses on how people perceive and categorize their own culture and experiences.

emic

In anthropology, the process of learning culture as it is transmitted by others is called

enculturation.

Obesity is considered to be a "disease of civilization," meaning

it did not exist in early human populations.

(blank) is a country that tends toward a low group and low grid orientation.

U.S.

The term "vernacular" is used to identify

non-standard or stigmatized forms of a language, also may be called a "dialect."

The greatest genetic diversity is between

"blacks" and other "blacks" on the same continent.

The world's eight richest humans now control as much wealth as the bottom __________ of the entire world's population.

50%

During the height of the European colonial period, European nations ruled more than ________ of the world.

85%

How can we best understand the use of the term "dialect?"

A dialect is a variation of a language, usually distributed across geographic regions, that is considered lower in social and political prestige to another "standard" variety.

A minimal unit of meaning in a language, that may be bound or unbound, is

A morpheme.

Sometimes an anthropologist does research on a particular group in order to lend their expertise to help fight for justice and equality for that group. In your text, this approach to research is called

Activist Anthropology.

On the intercultural development continuum, (blank) describes a person who bridges across differences by shifting cultural perspectives and behavior.

Adaptation

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing expressive communication and sharing feelings.

Affective

What is armchair anthropology?

An approach that uses the stories and experiences of others to measure other cultures from one's own (superior) vantage point

Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?

An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits.

An etic perspective would include which of the following?

Analyzing a cultural practice by examining how it fits into the recent economic practices of a region

How does a fable become a tradition within a culture?

By being retold and accepted by others in the community

Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus?

Carolus Linnaeus

Although fair trade practices are appealing to conscious consumers, why do some farmers get left behind by fair trade?

Certain well-situated farmers with more social or cultural capital will have more access to the benefits of fair trade than poorer farmers.

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing group goals and personal relationships.

Collectivism

One of the main differences between the anthropology that developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries in North America and Europe was that

European anthropology focused more on social institutions (such as family or political organizations), and how they interact with culture.

After studying Hopi language, linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf concluded that

Hopi speakers understand time in a fundamentally different way than English speakers.

It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?

If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.

In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?

Immersive fieldwork

On the intercultural development continuum, (blank) describes a person who deemphasizes differences by highlighting similarities between cultures without trying to understand the deeper differences that exist.

Minimization

(blank) is a cultural value emphasizing punctuality, doing one thing at a time, and separating work and personal life spheres.

Monochronic

What major contributor(s) to human disease became problematic once agricultural communities became densely populated?

Problems disposing of waste and difficulty accessing clean water

The study of the experiences of people who live in cities and the relationships of city life to broader social, political, and economic contexts, is called

Urban Anthropology.

True or False: In Patterns of Culture (1934), Ruth Benedict wrote about how culture shapes a region's personality traits.

True

True or False: In this course, intercultural competence is understood as a developmental process perceiving cultural similarities and differences and then adjusting our behavior in culturally appropriate ways.

True

True or False: Mary Douglas (1970) suggested that people in a society tend to avoid social harm or risk by functioning according to the values and structures of that society.

True

How was the U.S.' economic strategy in Latin America different from Great Britain's?

U.S. companies went to Latin America to directly control the means of production, whereas Great Britain had imported goods from Latin America.

According to Lingenfelter, which sport is analogous to a social structure with a high group and low grid orientation?

Volleyball

Clifford Geertz' term, "thick description," refers to the ethnographer's focus on

the context and meanings of any cultural practice.

After one man traveled to the US from Liberia with the Ebola virus in 2014, many Americans debated whether full travel bans should be instituted to and from countries with confirmed cases of Ebola. This is not only an example of how globalization can potentially create a public health disaster, but also highlights which social aspect of intensified globalization?

Xenophobic attitudes and racial prejudice

Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that

a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous.

The fact that not only people of East Asian ancestry have an epicanthic eye fold, but also people from Central Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, some Native American groups, and the Khoi San of southern Africa, is an example of

a nonconcordant trait that is mistakenly associated with one "racial" group.

The minimal unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning, but that does not carry meaning itself (such as /b/ in "bit" or /p/ in "pit") is

a phoneme.

Language universals are

a set of characteristics of all human languages that are the same or similar.

Code-switching is a speech act in which

a speaker uses several language varieties in a particular interaction.

In cultural anthropology, the term "belief" refers to

all mental aspects of culture.

The general idea of Chomsky's Universal Grammar is that

all normally developing human infants have an innate ability to acquire the language(s) used around them.

In her book, Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family, Jean Briggs argues that

anger and strong negative emotions are not expressed among families that live together in small iglus amid harsh environmental conditions.

Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as

arbitrary and subjective.

The pressure on members of ethnic and immigrant minority groups to abandon their native customs, traditions, languages, and identities quickly and adopt those of mainstream society is the pressure of

assimilation.

What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market? a. New and traditional farmers clash in terms of their ideas about respecting the land and how money from the cash crop should be used in the community. b. All of the answer choices are correct. c. Quinoa, a healthy crop, has been removed from many people's diets since it can be sold to the Global North. d. New farmers must use expensive machinery and fertilizers more often than llamas, who have a symbiotic relationship with the crop.

b. All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cultural relativism and ethnocentrism? Select one: a. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism both allow for an unbiased understanding of culture. b. Cultural relativism emphasizes understanding from an insider's view, and ethnocentrism judges other cultures from an outsider's view. c. Ethnocentrism emphasizes understanding from an insider's view, and cultural relativism judges other cultures from an outsider's view. d. Cultural relativism ignores the differences between cultures, while ethnocentrism focuses on the differences between cultures.

b. Cultural relativism emphasizes understanding from an insider's view, and ethnocentrism judges other cultures from an outsider's view.

All of the following are accurate statements about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), EXCEPT a. It is a dialect of American English with a distinctive history that may have come from a pidgin language spoken in West Africa. b. It is a substandard variation of English that does not meet the criteria for Language Universals. c. People who are not African-American may speak AAVE, especially if they are raised in a community in which they hear it often. d. It is often the target of criticism, due to prejudice against people who speak it.

b. It is a substandard variation of English that does not meet the criteria for Language Universals.

Which of the following does NOT describe culture? a. It can change in response to both internal and external factors. b. It is the genetic range of a society or subgroup. c. It is learned from other members of a society or subgroup. d. It is a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are shared.

b. It is the genetic range of a society or subgroup.

While Western biomedicine is based on science and rigorous testing, it is also true that Select one: a. other cultures recognize and prefer their own forms of science separate from the Western tradition. b. all of the answer choices are correct. c. ethnocentrism predisposes people to believe that their own culture's traditions are the most effective. d. it is a product of Western history and culture, from the Greek and Roman traditions through the European Scientific Revolution.

b. all of the answer choices are correct.

Digital communication has had all of the following effects, EXCEPT a. contributing to the gap between wealthy and poorer people. b. confusing students in terms of which register to use when speaking to people in their communities. c. being used for political activism and global access. d. contributing to the survival of endangered languages.

b. confusing students in terms of which register to use when speaking to people in their communities.

Today, anthropologists recognize all of the following EXCEPT a. cultures cannot be considered more "authentic" at any time in the past than in the present. b. culture change has led to the loss of an authentic way of life for peoples around the world. c. human cultures are in a constant state of change. d. peoples of the world should not be romanticized or idealized.

b. culture change has led to the loss of an authentic way of life for peoples around the world.

All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT a. a medallion of the shape of the African continent to be worn around the neck. b. weekly visits to a Buddhist temple. c. a sugar skull (Dias de los Muertos) tattoo. d. a "Kiss Me, I'm Irish!" bumper sticker.

b. weekly visits to a Buddhist temple.

The study of human origins, evolution, and variation is known as

biological anthropology.

The approach that considers health to be the absence of disease or dysfunction, and that disease can be identified as one of the following: a pathogen, malfunction of the body's processes, or a physiological disorder is the

biomedical approach.

Most often, ethnographers include in their writing

both emic and etic perspectives.

Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals Select one: a. to increase their symbolic capital by knowing how to distinguish between goods. b. to exhibit their identities through the purchase and conspicuous use of goods. c. all of the answer choices are correct. d. to expand their range of identities in new ways through the use of global goods, ideas, and belief systems.

c. all of the answer choices are correct.

Zoonotic diseases are diseases that

can be passed between humans and animals.

Western biomedicine tends to conceive of the body as a kind of biological machine. When parts of the machine are damaged, defective, or out of balance, the preferred therapeutic responses are most often

chemical or surgical interventions.

Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the body to contain a life force that, when blocked, causes illness. This force is called

chi (qi).

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is referred to as

colonialism.

North American anthropologists stress the importance of holism, or

considering the entire context of a society, including its history.

The idea that one's cultural upbringing and social environment, rather than one's biology, primarily determine behavior is an idea called

cultural determinism.

The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own is called

cultural relativism.

The principle that a culture must be understood on its own terms rather than compared to an outsider's standard is called

cultural relativism.

The fact that patients in China who experience depression complain of different symptoms than patients who experience depression in the United States illustrates that

culture shapes a person's experience of their illness.

The four-fields approach in the anthropology of the United States includes

culture, biology, language, and archaeology.

"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" is Tylor's definition of

culture.

What causes language variation? a. Social class b. Migration routes c. Settlement patterns d. All of the answer choices are correct

d. All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)? a. Irish b. Jewish c. Italian d. All of the answer choices are correct

d. All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following social supports leads to the development of athletes who excel in a particular sport? a. A strong cultural preference for the sport b. Social and economic opportunities within the sport, especially for youth c. A high degree of prestige for those who excel d. All of the answer choices are correct

d. All of the answer choices are correct

What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market? Select one: a. New farmers must use expensive machinery and fertilizers more often than llamas, who have a symbiotic relationship with the crop. b. Quinoa, a healthy crop, has been removed from many people's diets since it can be sold to the Global North. c. New and traditional farmers clash in terms of their ideas about respecting the land and how money from the cash crop should be used in the community. d. All of the answer choices are correct.

d. All of the answer choices are correct.

Globalization has had all of the following effects EXCEPT Select one: a. local languages have been suppressed in favor of the language of the colonizers. b. English has become an official language in at least 60 countries. c. North American popular culture, products, and language has spread across the globe. d. Dialects spoken by people in small communities are gaining in popularity.

d. Dialects spoken by people in small communities are gaining in popularity.

To which of the following does ethnography NOT refer? a. Fieldwork b. Descriptive accounts of culture c. The research method of cultural anthropologists d. Novels written by cultural anthropologists

d. Novels written by cultural anthropologists

Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of anthropology in the United States? a. Archaeology b. Biological anthropology c. Cultural anthropology d. Sociopolitical anthropology

d. Sociopolitical anthropology

Anthropologist Bob Myers argues that: a. anthropology seeks to demonstrate that the way of doing things we know best is neither normal nor necessarily right. b. anthropology does not seek to exoticize those who live differently from us. c. anthropology seeks to illustrate the potential for human life. d. all of the answer choices are correct.

d. all of the answer choices are correct.

Personalistic ethno-etiologies view disease as the result of a. purposeful activity, not random chance. b. a human, nonhuman, or supernatural intervention. c. aggression or punishment directed toward an individual. d. all of the answer choices are correct.

d. all of the answer choices are correct.

Undertaking a period of fieldwork in cultural anthropology typically requires a. interacting on a daily basis with a group of people to learn about them. b. spending a few months to a few years living among the research participants. c. the anthropologist to go to where the people of the research study are. d. all of the answer choices are correct.

d. all of the answer choices are correct.

Allowing one's field research to refine and guide the research question or problem is an approach called

deductive.

Ethnographers tend to write two kinds of field notes:

descriptive field notes and personal observations.

Cultural explanations about the underlying causes of health problems is referred to in medical anthropology as

ethno-etiology.

The idea that one's own group is better than any other is called

ethnocentrism.

The tendency to view one's own culture as more important and correct than any other culture is called

ethnocentrism.

The in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people is referred to as

ethnography.

The comparative study of cultural ideas about wellness, illness, and healing is called

ethnomedicine.

Which of the following methods would an ethnographer use specifically to collect data on important relationships that form the foundation of the society?

genealogical method.

The rapid changes in human lifestyles from small foraging groups to crowded, technologically-advanced societies shows that

human lifestyles are biocultural, or products of interactions between biology and culture.

A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called

hypodescent.

One of the unintended health consequences of the rise of antibiotic use in low-income (developing) nations is that

impoverished children, whose lives are saved by antibiotics in infancy, succumb later in childhood to malnutrition, dehydration, or other ailments.

One of the differences between the U.S. and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that

in Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the U.S. a change in social status does not influence the perception of race.

According to the course text, anorexia is referred to as a culture-bound syndrome because

it is an illness recognized only within a specific culture (or in areas that have been influenced by that culture).

The term for all forms of human body language is

kinesics.

Margaret Mead's book, Coming of Age in Samoa (1925), was an important contribution to the nature-nurture debate, arguing that teenagers experience less stress in Samoa than in the United States. Her fieldwork provided evidence that

learned cultural roles are more important than biology in most types of behavior.

The vocabulary of a language is called a

lexicon.

The discipline that investigates human health and health care systems in comparative perspective, considering a wide-range of bio-cultural dynamics that affect the well-being of human populations is referred to as

medical anthropology.

Deborah Tannen, linguistics professor at Georgetown University, argues that men and women have different speaking styles. Her research found that

men tend to use styles that show status and competitiveness, while women tend to use styles that are cooperative and assert equality.

The approach in which disease is thought to be the result of natural forces such as cold, heat, wind, dampness, and above all, by an upset in the balance of the basic body elements is a

naturalistic ethno-etiology.

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity promotes the idea that

one's cultural environment and language are so interrelated that the way a person speaks may influence the way they see the world.

The research technique in which an ethnographer records their own observations and thoughts, as well as what they do while engaging in daily community activities, is called

participant observation.

"Going native" means that an anthropologist

participates more fully in local life than an observer, potentially becoming romantically involved with Native people

The idea of the "ethnoscape" focuses on __________ that flow(s) across borders.

people

Bronislaw Malinowski is best known in anthropology for

pioneering fieldwork methods, including participant observation.

A response to treatment that occurs because the person receiving the treatment believes it will work, not because the treatment itself is effective, is referred to as a

placebo effect.

Salvage ethnography was an approach that emphasized

preserving and collecting "authentic" and traditional ways of life that were disappearing.

In Brazil, people who are interacting typically do so standing close to one another, often touching one another. This aspect of paralanguage is referred to as

proxemics.

A symbolic or interpretive anthropological approach

reads culture as a "text," and includes the perspectives that the anthropologist brings to the research.

The field of linguistics that focuses on the study of the meanings of words and other morphemes, as well as how the meanings of phrases derive from them is called

semantics.

Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on

slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance.

A Japanese person of Buraku descent (Burakumin) can be distinguished from non-Buraku Japanese by

social stigma based on ancestry.

Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives has the greatest impact on their experience of society and the advantages conferred. This important feature is

socio-economic status (social class).

The idea that a U.S. bride would wear a white dress to her wedding, but a Chinese bride would wear red, relies on the __________ meaning of colors in different cultures.

symbolic

The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called

syncretism.

The idea that children will gradually lose the ability to acquire language naturally without effort is called

the Critical Age Range Hypothesis.

The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that cultural traditions developed as a result of

the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood.

In many cases, a person's consumption patterns (otherwise known as "taste") are actually a reflection of

the social class in which they were raised.

While most of the human population is lactose intolerant, some people can naturally digest milk and dairy products. This lactose persistence in some people is a result of

their ancestors' history of dairy farming.