Cultural Anthropology Quizzes (still need 15)
Breastfeeding was universal in the united States until baby formula was developed when?
1950s
Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"?
77 million
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States.
False
Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists.
False
______________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data.
Headnotes
Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating string government?
Hobbes and Locke
Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?
Jews, Italians, and Finns
____________ can be understood as raw supernatural power that is not caused by a person or spirit.
Mana
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction
Neoclassical economics
__________ refers to an individual bits of sound that change meaning.
Phoneme
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
The exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based
True
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
adjunction
What is "fortress conservation"?
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, American doctors often had second jobs as
barbers
In _________________ societies, witchcraft acusations can work as an informal method of social control.
both C & D
Payments of cash, cattle, pigs, or shell ornaments from a man's clan or group, to the clan of a prospective bride is called ________?
bride price
What social distinction classifies people according to genealogical descent?
ethnicity
The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as
foodways
What is the "subjectivity of illness"?
how people understand and experience their condition
Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by
interconnections between societies
When people describe violence as meaningless they
interpret violence as something without reason
The exercises of political power requires
legitimacy
Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?
life histories
The human diet is
omnivorous
Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of
political power
Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?
religious practices and beliefs
What is a life cycle that marks a person's or group's of persons' transition from one social state to another?
rite of passage
When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papa New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to
sorcery
Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except
the sun
A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when
there are many changes in society
Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
true
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
From an anthropological perspective. The main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
Personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
In Malaysia, capitalist entrepreneurship is
Respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.
True
Doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of prestige.
True
Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists.
True
Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.
True
Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world.
True
The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as
a bureaucrat in a centralized state
The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscapes that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
a cultural landscape
What is the "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?
a general explanation hep by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms and how to best treat the cancer.
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?
a study of community response to a disaster
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value
a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15
The most comprehensive definition of food security is
access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?
acephalous
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action anthropology
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions is a "disease"?
alcoholism
An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective is seeking
an emic perspective
_____________ refers to the belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings.
animism
Early British settlers on the 1600s mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, it was an
anthropogenic landscape
Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms
anxiety disorders
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
Anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?
baseball
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
because of a preference for justice, fairness,a nd the rule of law
Fieldwork involves
becoming involved in people's lives
In the Melanesian conception of time, the future is spatially located
behind the body
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
Medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of
body parts
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time.
How do religious rituals function politically?
by legitimating community authority
In biological terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because they
can speak using a larynx
Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as
carrying capacity
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
class
According to the medial anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following?
clinical processes, symbolic processes, and social support
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
clinical therapeutic process
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
cognatic clan
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?
cousins
The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal
cultural imperialism
Hybridization is about
cultural mixing
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power
Push-pull factors
describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries
The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental __________.
determinism
Franz Boas and his students were________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.
diffusionists
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called
disccrimination
The human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary worlds is called
displacement
For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is
display visible signs of his or her illness
A large sum of money or in-kind gifts are given to a daughter to alleviate the burden to the groom of supporting another person is referred to as ___________?
dowry
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?
economic systems
A social movement that addresses the linkage between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
enviromental justice
Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ___________.
ethnoscience
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is
exogamous
If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?
extended family
It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine.
false
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
force
What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to
fundamentalists
What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?
genealogical amnesia
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in
generalized reciprocity
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensures long-term sustainability of the landscape
Health and illness
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs
humans and nature exists in the same realm
The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on
informal exchange of favors and goods among members
The people anthropologists gather data are called
informants
The Serpent Mound in Ohio and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of
information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religon
A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is
intensification
Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of
intensification
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
A key reason anthologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that
it is important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships.
Why was meat eating important for human biological development?
it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognized that economics involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
The US government's prohibition of Native American speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with _______ and a formal dinner with a ______
language; sentence
Ferdinand de Saussure asserted that in contrast to the usual ways in which people speak, there are the formal rules of language, which he called
langue
Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's
limited intellectual capacity
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or payment of a bride price is an example of the use of
limited-purpose money
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
"Going native" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist
loses the ability to be an engaged observer
A voodoo doll is a good illustration of
magic that follows the law of similarity
Eating practices are
marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
meat consumption increased
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
medical anthropology
Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called
medical pluralism
"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of
metaphors of human-nature interaction
________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
migrants
The study of meaningful units formed by a combination of phonemes is called
morphology
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include
narrative symbols
Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?
natal family
Traditional ecological knowledge is
not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place
What is the family formed by a married couple and their children?
nuclear family
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
obligation
All biological approaches to race are problematic because
one trait is assumed to be correlated with other characteristics like intelligence and personal character
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
parole
This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants
participant observation
A migrant is
people who leave their homes to live or work for a time in another country or region
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactose
persistence
When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing
polyandry
For anthroplogists, poltical power refers to how
power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
A pre-formed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
prejudice
Economics in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economics
Animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human languages is called___________
productivity
Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except
protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information
The purpose of fieldnotes is to
provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects
The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by
racialization
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black(dark), white (light), and __________.
red
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called
rituals
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races
scientists
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims
Political acts include all of the following except
serving as treasurer during a game of Monolpy
A good example of disguised discrimination is when
shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on
social behaviors
The "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
social institutions
Violence is
socially constructed
In the Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions, adherents experience ecstatic religions happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as
speaking in tongues
The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E.B. Tylor. For him, the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in
spirits
The core of Anthony F.C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in
supernatural things
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?
surnames
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
survey interview
The difference between a survey and a structured interview is
survey questions are close-ended; structured interviews are not
Slash-and-burn agriculture also called ______ agriculture, is the most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low.
swidden
The practice of referring to people by the names of their children (such as father of Peter or mother of Susan) is called_____________.
tekonyms
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is
the domestic mode of production
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
An explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is
the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
the idea that maize has a soul
Which approach to religious beliefs and behaviors do the textbook authors feel is most effective at explaining why people engage in religious behaviors, especially behaviors that do not directly benefit the individual, such as the actions of Jonathan Daniels, Tom Coleman, or suicide bombers in the Middle East?
the idea that religious is a system of social action
Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within society; this is often referred to as
the interpretive approach
Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?
the mother
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize the
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighborhood
Which of these is known as "Westermarck effect"?
the psychological revulsion against having sex with close relatives
What is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?
there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
they assume nature must be uninhabitied by people
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:
to expand state power
Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?
to justify African slavery
Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.
true
Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals.
true
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economics
try to understand and predict economic patterns
Men who practice polygyny may marry
two or more eligible females
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
The comparative method
uses data from many different societies
Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different
ways of explaining what is happening to to the sick persons
Globalization is the
widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundries
A surrogate mother is a
woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that
women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household
