CYU CH 44, 45, 47, 51, 52

rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by

autoimmune injury

the physiologic change most likely to lead to an increase in intracranial pressure is

cerebral vasodilation

pain in fibromyalgia involves

changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord

it is true that epidural bleeding is

characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury

anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage

myasthenia gravis

bone healing may be impaired by

nicotine use

the physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

nociception

_______ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes

nystagmus

which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency

osteomalacia

before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease

other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out

the most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is

polyarthritis

a laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

positive antinuclear antibodies

most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots

posterior

the disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

rickets

in the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on

stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function

cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of

subarachnoid hemorrhage

rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports

sudden, severe headache

manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to

sympathetic nervous system activation

a clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

systemic manifestations of inflammation

a unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

tender point pain

complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when

the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone

the _____ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived

threshold

slow pain sensation is transmitted primarily by

unmyelinated C fibers

"Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout areas up," asks the client. The nurse's best response is

uric acid

_____ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord

meningocele

a patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a _________ headache

migraine

what type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells

absence

the stage of spinal shock that follows spinal cord injury is characterized by

absent spinal reflexes below the level of injury

a patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be

an autoimmune process

a tool used to assess levels of consciousness is

Glasgow Coma Sale (GCS)

ascending paralysis with no loss of sensation is characteristic of

Guillain-Barré syndrome

the most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection that migrates via the bloodstream

which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning

assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response

clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include

left-sided muscle weakness and neglect

the most common site affected in paget's disease is the

lower spine

the initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on

maintaining an airway

healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called

malunion

"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is

"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."

the disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as

Paget's disease

orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of

Parkinson disease

the earliest manifestation of scleroderma is

Raynaud phenomenon

although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes

a buttery pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose

Parkinson disease is associated with

a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra

the chief pathogenic features of osteoarthritis are

a degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium

pain is thought of as

a subjective experience that is difficult to measure objectively

leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

basilar skull fracture

it is true that encephalitis is usually

because of a viral infection in brain cells

people who have osteoporosis are at risk for

bone fractures

the most common symptom of multiple myeloma is

bone pain

a severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is

brain herniation

secondary injury after head trauma refers to

brain injury due to the body's response to tissue damage

secondary injury after head trauma refers to

brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage

a compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin

inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called

bursitis

the gate control theory of pain transmission predicts the activity in touch receptors will

decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord

a patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

delayed healing

steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because

demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms.

steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because

demylelination is mediated by immune mechanisms

the dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including

deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain

tophi are

deposits or urate crystals in tissues

following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is

development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum

the pain of nonarticular rheumatism ("growing pain") is worse

during the night

a risk factor for osteoporosis is

early menopause

in older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

estrogen deficiency

Paget's disease is characterized by

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone

pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

fibromyalgia syndrome

acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles

muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are

genetically transmitted

what type of fracture generally occurs in children

greenstick

one of the most common causes of acute pain is

headache

prosthetic joint infection is most often because of

hematogenous transfer

autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by

hypertension and bradycardia

an example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

hypoventilation

the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves

immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage

individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

immune injury to basement membranes

the pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

inadequate mineralization in the osteoid

it is true that scleroderma involves

inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue

enteropathic arthritis is associated with

inflammatory bowel disease

assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

initiate action to have the cast split or removed

it is useful to conceptualize pain physiology according to the four stages because each stage provides an opportunity for

intervention

ankylosing spondylitis causes

intervertebral joint fusion

the stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is

intracranial hemorrhage