CYU - Exam 2 (Dr.Ly)

what part of the neuron primarily makes up gray matter in the brain?

cell body

despite clive wearing's severe memory problems, he could still play the piano. he easily moved his fingers and hands across the keyboard. what area of the brain and connections are thought to be intact and allows him to remember how to play?

cerebellum

which of the following conditions make it most likely someone will experience inattentional blindness to a giant blue hen walking across their field of vision?

a club president giving a new presentation and trying to keep track of which members are quickly raising their hands to volunteer

identify what area of the brain is sensitive to stimuli that elicits fear and plays a role in fear memory and learning

amygdala (emotion)

identify where chemical signals have been processed and integrated are sent to this part of the neuron

axon

where is dopamine released in this area of the brain when you are enjoying something

basal ganglia (movement, reward)

you see your friend, Jhene down the hallway. your eyes are focusing on Jhene and they have slightly different perspectives of her and your brain combines these two perspectives to make judgement about how far away Jhene is? which concept does this scenario best represent?

binocular disparity

a part of this lobe is thought to play a role in self-regulation

frontal lobe

We're Going Grocery Shopping! Imagine that you have run out of toilet paper and you need to run to the grocery store! When you enter the store, all the lights are on and it's really bright in there! Think about the process of how physical stimuli (i.e., light waves) come to be experienced. ~~ in the process of sensation, what type of sensory receptor in your eye is helping you most in this situation?

cones

imagine that you're trying to find a seat in a large lecture hall. when viewing those seats in the distance, the muscles in your two eyes aim out in parallel lines. which concept does this scenario best relate to?

convergence

in the Ted Talk from the perusall discussion, joshua foer discusses the baker/baker paradox where you will remember a man's photo with the associated word of "baker" that is said to be a baker as a profession more than if said that the last name is baker. this discussion highlights the use of ___________ in order to create _________________ which is how we theorize our long-term memories are organized.

elaborative rehearsal; networks of associations

recently, researchers have evidence that suggests that smoking can affect genes. Specifically, that genes thought to affect obesity become "switched on" and genes for longevity become "switched off" this evidence best represents an example of:

epigenetic

in our skills for success module, we learned about metacognition which is our ability to think about our own thinking. A part of this lobe is thought to play a role in meta-cognition

frontal lobe

this area of the brain is thought to help me when i'm reading these new words on an exam question, trying to understand what the words mean, and also trying to retrieve your older memories of class concepts in order to come up with an answer

frontal lobe

this area of the brain is thought to help with directing where our attention is needed for a given task

frontal lobe

when thinking about the brain, we've previously discussed the idea of. "fire together, wire together." long-term potentiation (LTP) is how we understand this idea within the brain's functioning. LTP is the:

increase in post-synaptic neuron sensitivity after repeated firing from the pre-synaptic neuron

it's fairly common for students to reread the textbook or rewrite their notes to study for their classes. however, these strategies are not effective because students are essentially repeating the same information without more deeper, meaningful processing. which concept does this scenario best relate to?

maintenance rehearsal

scenario: researchers are interested in the relationship between social media and the activity level in the brain. In a recent study, researchers used an fMRI scanner to image the brains of teenagers as they used a social media app like Instagram. the teenagers were shown lots of images where the number of "likes" were believed to be from their peers, but the teenagers were in fact randomly assigned to see either a high or low number of "likes". The researchers found that the areas in the brain that are associated with rewards were more active when viewing images with a higher number of "likes". ~~~ based on what we've learned in our class, what area of the brain would be most active in this scenario?

nucleus accumbent

The Case of D. F. The textbook presents the case of D.F., who had carbon monoxide poisoning, when discussing the "What and Where Pathways" in the brain. D.F. was not able to recognize objects or faces but she could locate and reach for and these objects. ~~ based on what D.F. could do, the stream of processing from visual cortex to which lobe of the brain appears to be intact?

parietal lobe

We're Going Grocery Shopping! Imagine that you have run out of toilet paper and you need to run to the grocery store! When you enter the store, all the lights are on and it's really bright in there! Think about the process of how physical stimuli (i.e., light waves) come to be experienced. ~~ after the visual cortex, the pathway of processing towards the _______ lobe is helping you out the most to perceive where the packs of toilet paper are relative to where you're standing

parietal lobe

which of the following statement is TRUE regarding brain plasticity

plasticity refers to both the change of the brain due to development and as compensation to injury

many of the characteristics that psychologists are interested in like antisocial behavior can vary on a wide range across people. This variation suggests that these characteristics are likely _______ and part of why it is so hard to pinpoint a simple, single biological root

polygenic

all of us use passwords to access our phones, websites, or computers. sometimes the old, well-learned passwords we used to use affects our remembering of the new passwords we only just started using. this situation is best understood as an example of:

proactive interference

a main reason why self-testing and distributed practice are thought to be so effective is because learners are forced to repeatedly pull information from long-term memory into working memory and engage with the material on many occasions. each time the material is engaged with, the memory is strengthened. what process does this situation best refer to?

re-consolidation

when people recall events like a recent date with someone, they will tell their stories a few times to different friends. each time the stories are told, there are new contexts, additional information gets added, and there are multiple sources of interference each time they retrieve their memories and tell their stories. the change of your memories with each telling of the story is thought to be because of:

re-consolidation

dr. ly advises that her students can more easily retrieve information in long-term storage by taking advantage of multiple memory systems. for example, for she suggests relating terms and definitions from the textbook to examples from students' own lives. she is helping you more easily retrieve that information from long-term storage by connecting ___________ and _____________.

semantic memory; episodic memory

one of my students told me about how she remembered learning about piaget's theory of cognitive development when she took PSYC100 with me. the problem is that I don't cover that topic in PSYC100! Instead, she likely learned about piaget's theory in her HDFS201 class. this example best refers to which type of memory distortion?

source miasstribution

when students do elaborative rehearsal, there are more ways for new information that they encounter to initiate a search for related material in long-term memory. because the memory pathways are numerous, it is much easier to access and retrieve that information. this statement best reflects which concept?

spreading activation model

identify the part of the neuron that we are referring to when discussing the physical changes in the brain due to plasticity

synapse

identify the part of the neuron that we refer to when saying "strengthening connections in the brain"

synapse

The Case of D. F. The textbook presents the case of D.F., who had carbon monoxide poisoning, when discussing the "What and Where Pathways" in the brain. D.F. was not able to recognize objects or faces but she could locate and reach for and these objects. ~~ based on what D.F. could NOT do, the stream of processing from the visual cortex to which lobe of the brain appears to have a problem?

temporal lobe

this lobe is most activated when perceiving faces and objects

temporal lobe

below you seen an oil painting titles "paris street; rainy day" by the french artist Gustave Caillebotte. When monocular depth cues does the circles area best represent?

texture gradient

We're Going Grocery Shopping! Imagine that you have run out of toilet paper and you need to run to the grocery store! When you enter the store, all the lights are on and it's really bright in there! Think about the process of how physical stimuli (i.e., light waves) come to be experienced. ~~ the information from the eyes are processed first by the __________ in the brain.

thalamus

scenario: researchers are interested in the relationship between social media and the activity level in the brain. In a recent study, researchers used an fMRI scanner to image the brains of teenagers as they used a social media app like Instagram. the teenagers were shown lots of images where the number of "likes" were believed to be from their peers, but the teenagers were in fact randomly assigned to see either a high or low number of "likes". The researchers found that the areas in the brain that are associated with rewards were more active when viewing images with a higher number of "likes". ~~ what is the independent variable?

the number of "likes" on the image

some research has found that the more time people spend multitasking, the worse that their actual multitasking abilities are. it's possible that people having high hyperactivity levels leads to more multitasking and leads to worse actual multitasking abilities. what research methods concept does this scenario best refer to?

third variable problem

in research we talk about double blind studies. those drinking these drinks should be blind AND those who were giving out the drinks should also be blind to which drinks they were giving out. why is it important?

to prevent expectancy effects

we discussed the black/blue dress controversy. some people see white/gold if they assume that the dress is in shadow. other see black/blue if they assume that the dress is in bright light. these assumptions shape the way that people experience sensory information and hence, the color they experience. which concept does this scenario best represent?

top-down processing

We're Going Grocery Shopping! Imagine that you have run out of toilet paper and you need to run to the grocery store! When you enter the store, all the lights are on and it's really bright in there! Think about the process of how physical stimuli (i.e., light waves) come to be experienced. ~~ ganglion cells process the signals from the sensory receptors and generate electrical signals that can be understood by the brain. this process is known as:

transduction

one outcome of studying unique individuals with brain damage like H.M (discussed in the introduction to this module) is that researchers can:

use the findings as an inspiration for theories about the role of certain brain areas for memory storage