D-03

experimental methods in behavior analysis are guided by assumptions that include behavior is a continuous phenomenon behavior variability is extrinsic to the organism behavior is an individual phenomenon all of the above

all of the above

in behavior analysis, the single-subject design uses experimental reasoning referred to as baseline logic steady state responding experimental control prediction and verification

baseline logic

defining features of single-subject methodology include comparisons made with a no-treatment control group visual inspection of the data for level, trend, and variability pre- and post- measurement of intervention effects subject serve as their own controls baseline logic experimental reasoning inter-subject variability is addressed through averaging threats to internal validity are addressed through experimental design

baseline logic experimental reasoning, visual inspection of the data for level, trend and variability, threats to internal validity are addressed through experimental design , subject serve as their own controls

experimental methods in behavior analysis are guided by assumptions which include behavior is a static event behavior is a continuous phenomenon behavior variability is remediated by averaging all of the above

behavior is a continuous phenomenon

experimental methods in behavior analysis are guided by assumptions which include variability is randomly distributed in the population behavior is an individual phenomenon random variability can be statistically controlled all of the above

behavior is an individual phenomenon

Defining features of single-subject methodology include external validity requires replication across participants, settings, or materials changes in behavior as a result of intevention are socially important analysis occurs at the small group level analysis occurs at the individual level 3 or more within- or inter-subject replications supports experimental control behavior is measured repeatedly over time changes in behavior as a result of intervention are statistically significant

behavior is measured repeatedly over time 3 or more within- or inter-subject replications supports experimental control analysis occurs at the individual level external validity requires replication across participants, settings, or materials changes in behavior as a result of intevention are socially important

experiemntal methods in behavior analysis are guided by assumptions which include behavior variability is extrinsic to the organism behavior is a discontinuous phenomenon behavior variability is intrinsic to the organism all of the above

behavior variability is extrinsic to the organism

the purpose of single subject research is to document responses to treatment interventions for people with intellectual disabilities descriptive case examples of interventions that have been effective with several subjects causal or functional relationships between the independent and dependent variables correlational relationships between the independent and dependent variable

causual or functional relationships between the independent and dependent variables

baseline never includes an intervention could include an intervention always included an intervention always precedes intervention

could include an intervention

verification in baseline logic involved demonstrating that prior baseline levels would have remained unchanged had the independent nor been introduced repeatedly exposing a subject to treatment while controlling for extraneous variables manipulating the independent variable repeatedly and producing simlar outcomes obtaining steady state responding in basline , which allows the anticipation of unknown future measurments

demonstrating that prior baseline levels would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced

replication in baseline logic involves manipulating the independent variable repeatedly and producing similar outcomes demonstrating that prior baseline levels would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced obtaining a stable pattern before introducing the next condition obtaining steady state responding in baseline, which allows the anticipation of unknown future measurements

manipulating the independent variable repeatedly and producing similar outcomes

if the target behavior is dangerous, baseline should be conducted by large staff members may not be possible due to safety concerns should be conducted by staff members trained in restraint procedures can be conducted but should be brief

may not be possible due to safety concerns

prediction in baseline logic involves manipulating the independent variable repeatedly and obtaining the same outcome demonstrating that the baseline level of responding would not have changed unless the independent variable was introduced demonstrating a pattern of responding with little variation over time obtained steady state responding in baseline , which allows the anticipation of unknown future measurments

obtained steady state responding in baseline, which allows the anticipation of unknown future measurments

baseline precedes planned treatment precedes changes in the environment follows changes in the environment follows planned treatment

precedes planned treatment

baseline logic entails the three elements of prediction, verification, and control description, prediction, and control prediction, verification, and replication prediction, validation, and replication

prediction, verification, and replication

baseline is what is going on prior to planned intervention just after an intervention is started during the intervention after an intervention has ended

prior to planned intervention

baseline removed confounds provides a comparison condition provides a control group ensures that data are valid

provides a comparison condition

science is best characterized as a set of methodolgies that seeks relationships between natural phenomena to determine the truthfulness of a hypothesis relationship between human phenomena and natural phenomena all of the above

relationships between natural phenomena

if baseline data indicate a therapeutic trend, baseline should continue data should be collected using a different method should be stopped and the intervention started immediately can cease

should continue

within-subject research designs expose subjects to both control and experimental conditions, which allows for an explanation of the differences in subject performance unique subject characteristics to very across conditions common characteristics across subjects to be held constant unique subject characteristics to be held constant across conditions

unique subject characteristics to be held constant across conditions

single subject or repeated measures designs use steady state responding, which requires that subject behavior be measured repeatedly in the treatment condition and 3-5 times in the baseline condition until stable in two conditions before changing and measuring in another condition in the treatment condition until improvement is observed until stable in one condition before changing and measuring in another condition

until stable in one condition before changing and measuring in another condition