Das Bruner Test 2 BIOL 348: The Hominids Strike Back BYUH

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a "robust" australopithecine? D) Zinjanthropus B) A. robustus A) A. africanus C) A. boisei E) A. aethiopicus

A) A. africanus

___________ is a radiometric method popular with archeologists that can be used to date materials up toe 75,000 years old B) Paleomagnetism D) K/Ar E) Biostratigraphy A) Carbon - 14 C) Dendrochronology

A) Carbon - 14

The initial hominid divergence from the African hominoids most likely occurred: C) As late as 1 mya D) 3 mya E) 20 to 30 kya B) During the early Miocene A) During the late Miocene

A) During the late Miocene

Who made the first discovery of fossils we now call Homo erectus? A) Eugene Dubois C) Louis Leakey D) Raymond Dart B) Franz Weidenreich E) Mary Leakey

A) Eugene Dubois

The rate of cultural and technological change: E) None of these D) Remained stable until after the Upper Paleolithic B) Slowed dramatically during Upper Paleolithic C) Increased during the European Upper Paleolithic, but slowed during the same time period elsewhere in the Old World A) Increased dramatically during the Upper Paleolithic

A) Increased dramatically during the Upper Paleolithic

Australopithecus afarensis: D) Is only found in South Africa A) Is the largest well-studied collection of early hominids C) Is the smallest least-studied of early hominids E) C & D only B) Is the oldest hominid discovered to date

A) Is the largest well-studied collection of early hominids

The average Neandertal was D) Very small-brained B) Tall and gracile C) Less robust than modern humans A) Robust and powerfully muscled E) None of these

A) Robust and powerfully muscled

Regarding the fossil material termed "Early Homo": E) There is almost no anatomical variation in these specimens A) Some scholars think there may actually be more than one species D) All the individuals appear to be about the same size. C) It is certain that one species, Homo habilis evolved directly into Homo sapiens B) There is definitely only one species

A) Some scholars think there may actually be more than one species

The dating method that uses the principle that undisturbed underlying geologic deposits are older than overlying geologic deposits called: A) Stratigraphic Dating B) Paleomagnetism E) Fluorine Analysis D) K/Ar Dating C) Carbon - 14 Dating

A) Stratigraphic Dating

According to the best available evidence, we may conclude that Neandertals D) Most likely communicated through a complex combination of hand and facial gestures C) Had remarkable sphincter control and probably communicated through complex series of anal aspirations B) Had speaking and cognitive abilities equal to that of fully modern humans E) Were not capable of symbolic reasoning A) Were capable of speech, but in a form probably not as complex and varied as modern humans

A) Were capable of speech, but in a form probably not as complex and varied as modern humans

According to the Partial Replacement Model, modern humans first appeared in Africa D) but were later displaced by European Neandertals B) and remained there until modern human from Asia displaced them C) about 500,000 years ago A) and later interbred with archaic populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them

A) and later interbred with archaic populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them

Kennewick Man: B) An archaic Homo sapien from England D) Is another name for Homo habilis A) Is an early Homo erectus C) Is a native North American

C) Is a native North American

The oldest Homo erectus remains from East and West Lake Turkana are ______ years old A) 2.5-3.5 million E) 1.8-1.6 million B) 500,000-200,00 D) 5.5 million C) 800,000

E) 1.8-1.6 million

Zinjanthropus: C) Was the name given to the first early hominid discovered in Olduvai Gorge E) A & C Only A) Was discovered by Mary Leakey B) Is a early hominid from Asia D) Is now included in the genus Homo

E) A & C Only

The fossil skeleton known as "Lucy" belongs to the species: E) Afarensis C) Habilis A) Africanus D) Boise B) Aethiopicus

E) Afarensis

There is some evidence to suggest that Neandertals A) Made temporary shelters C) Were capable of symbolic behavior D) Occasionally engaged in cannibalism E) All of these B) Buried their dead

E) All of these

Which of the following hominid species is/are found in East Africa? C) Ramidus A) Anamensis B) Tugenensis D) Afarensis E) All of these

E) All of these

Why do anthropologists look for micro mammal bones in their digs for ancient hominids?

They're trying to create a profile of other animals and the environment in the area during excavation period.

What ind of environment did Ardi live in?

Woodland, NOT Savannah

What were Ardi's two unusual defining characteristics?

Grasping Foot Chimp-sized brain

What was the ancestor to Ardi discovered in the nearby Ethipopian badlands and how old was it?

Arthopithicus kedava 5.7 my old

Some Neandertal physical characteristics may have risen as adaptations to a _______ environment E) High Altitude D) Tropical A) Humid B) Hot C) Cold

C) Cold

The Pleistocene epoch began _______ million years ago E) 23 B) 1.8 A) 5.5 D) 65 C) 12

B) 1.8

Native Americans: E) DNA shows they are most closely related to the native people of India B) Ancestors arrived in North America from both Asia and Europe D) Are descended from Lehi in 600 BC C) Arrived in North America 2000 kya A) Are all descended from NE Asian migrants

B) Ancestors arrived in North America from both Asia and Europe

The average cranial capacity of H. erectus was A) The same as early Homo D) The same as Australopithecus B) Approximately 900 cubic cm C) The same as that of modern humans E) Approximately 700 cubic cm

B) Approximately 900 cubic cm

A classification of Neandertals as Homo neanderthalensis means that Neandertals and living humans D) Have the same Genotypes B) Are members of different species A) Have identical phenotypes E) None of these C) Are members of different genera

B) Are members of different species

Lovejoy's hypothesis on bipedality argues that: E) None of these C) Bipedality evolved to increase speed when crossing open grassland habitat B) Bipedality evolved as a solution to male provisioning of females to allow them to care for more than one infant at a time D) Bipedality evolved in response to the evolution of an increase in brain size A) Bipedality evolved in response to a changing climate and the spread of savannah habitat

B) Bipedality evolved as a solution to male provisioning of females to allow them to care for more than one infant at a time

Archaic Homo sapiens fossils are found in: A) North America B) Europe and elsewhere in the Old World D) South America E) A & D only C) Australia only

B) Europe and elsewhere in the Old World

According to the Regional Continuity Model _______ prevented local populations of archaic Homo sapiens from becoming separate species C) Displacement by African Homo Sapiens E) Genetic drift D) Mitochondrial DNA A) Founder's effect B) Gene flow

B) Gene flow

The footprints discovered by Mary Leakey were made by: B) Homo Habilis E) Ardipithecus ramidus C) Australopithecus afracanis A) Australopithecus afarensis D) Australopiathecus robustus

B) Homo Habilis

Neandertal brain size: A) Was smaller, on average, than that of modern humans C) Was smaller, on average, than that of Homo erectus B) Was larger, on average, than that of the modern humans E) Averaged about 1,100 cm3

B) Was larger, on average, than that of the modern humans

According to the Complete Replacement Model, anatomically modern Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa D) around 500,000 yrs ago C) Remained there while archaic populations elsewhere evolved into localized subspecies E) B & D Only A) and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local archaic H. sapiens B) and migrated to other areas completely displacing all archaic H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them

B) and migrated to other areas completely displacing all archaic H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them

What is the defining trait of hominids?

Bipedalism

What two characteristics helped hominids develop a successful reproductive strategy?

Bipedalism: launches sexual behavior, males collect and carry food to their mates Canine reduction: promotes pair bonding and reduces haram style mating systems.

The oldest evidence of the "robust" australopithecine lineage is ______ million years old C) 2.5 E) 1 B) 4.5 A) 3.5 D) 6

C) 2.5

According to DNA evidence, modern humans appear in Asia D) 20,000 B) 70,000 kya A) 100,000 kya C) 40,000 kya

C) 40,000 kya

Scientific Adam's "Garden of Eden" was located in: D) Iraq E) Israel A) the State of Missouri B) Western Brazil C) East Africa

C) East Africa

The oldest, most securely dated Homo erectus fossils are from A) Europe B) North Africa D) China E) India C) East Africa

C) East Africa

Jolly's Seed-eating Hypothesis: A) Is considered the best-supported hypothesis explaining the origins of bipedalism C) Is based on the ecology of Gelada Baboons E) A & C Only B) Is based on the ecology of African apes D) Is based on the ecology of modern human hunter-gatherers

C) Is based on the ecology of Gelada Baboons

Polynesian ancestory: A) Can be directly traced to South Americans B) Has no connection to any known Homo sapien group C) Is from aboriginal Taiwanese D) Has been determined by K/Ar dating

C) Is from aboriginal Taiwanese

Genghis Khan: D) Is the direct ancestor to all American indigenous peoples E) None of the above C) May represent a "super ancestor" based on Y chromosome studies A) Is an archaic Homo sapien from Malaysia B) Is a famous archeological site in China

C) May represent a "super ancestor" based on Y chromosome studies

By at least 1.8 mya: D) All hominids still lived only in South Africa B) There were at least two hominid genera present in Africa E) There was only one hominid species present in Africa C) Modern humans were living alongside australopithecines A) All hominids were members of the same genus

C) Modern humans were living alongside australopithecines

The person that discovered and described the australopithecine fossil "Taung Child" was D) Mary Leaky B) Donald Johanson C) Raymond Dart E) Louis Leakey A) Robert Broom

C) Raymond Dart

A dental trait observed in several Homo erectus fossils is D) Sectorial premolars A) Large, "robust" australopithecine-like molars E) None of these C) Shovel-shaved incisors B) Significantly smaller molars relative to those of modern humans

C) Shovel-shaved incisors

Australopithecus boisei is A) The taxonomic designation for all small-bodied East African hominids D) Dated to about 3.5 mya C) The taxonomic designation for "robust" east African hominids dating to around 2 mya B) Found only in South Africa E) More primitive than A. afarensis

C) The taxonomic designation for "robust" east African hominids dating to around 2 mya

Monogenism: E) Was first proposed by Richard Leakey to explain human evolution A) Proposed that different racial groups were not descended from the same original pair (ie., Adam and Eve) D) Was the belief that different races were not member of the same species C) Was the view that all humans descended from one original pair B) Conflicted with biblical version of creation

C) Was the view that all humans descended from one original pair

The almost complete skeleton of a male Homo erectus with an approximate age at death of 12 years was found by Richard Leakey at: A) Olduvai C) West Turkana E) Trinil B) East Turkana D) Zhoukoudian

C) West Turkana

Of the sites listed below, which one is the Homo erectus site that provides the longest record of habitation? E) None of these A) Trinil D) West Turkana C) Zhoukoudian B) Swartkrans

C) Zhoukoudian

The atlatl E) is used for fishing B) is used for starting fire C) is used to increase the distance of a spear throw D) is a drill A) is a type of projectile point

C) is used to increase the distance of a spear throw

The oldest human archeological sites in Australia have been dated to ______ years B) 30,000 A) 25,000 E) 100,000 D) 50,000 C) 75,000

D) 50,000

Mitochondrial DNA studies in the 1980's discovered that: A) The human family tree was due to Polygeny C) Homo sapiens are not related to Homo erectus E) None of these B) Males can trace their ancestry more easily than women D) All living humans are related to a single woman who lived approximately 150,000 kya in Africa

D) All living humans are related to a single woman who lived approximately 150,000 kya in Africa

During the Middle Pleistocene, archaic Homo sapiens: C) Are believed by many researchers to have used fire A) Occupied open-air campsites E) A & C Only B) May have increased their use of caves D) All of these

D) All of these

Radiometric Dating Techniques: E) A & C Only D) All of these C) Include the K/Ar and Carbon - 24 methods A) Are based on the phenomenon of radioactive isotope decay rates B) Can be used to determine the absolute age of geological formation and some organic materials

D) All of these

The Eugenics movement: A) Had considerable support both in Europe and the United States C) Proposed governmental policies to regulate marriage and family size E) A & C Only B) Sought to rid society of those deemed unfit through mandatory sterilization programs D) All of these

D) All of these

Types of Upper Paleolithic art include C) Figurine sculptures B) Cave paintings D) All of these A) Engravings E) A & B only

D) All of these

Upper Paleolithic cave paintings: B) May have served as "encoded information" passed from generation to generation E) B & C only A) Are found in France and Spain D) All of these C) Were painted mostly during the last glacial period

D) All of these

Which feature/features is/are typical of Homo erectus crania? A) Presence of large supraorbital tori and a strong nucal torus C) Relatively little forehead development D) All of these E) A & C Only B) Pentagonal-shaped skull (when viewed from behind)

D) All of these

Archaic Homo sapiens: B) Were on average taller than Neandertals D) All of these are correct C) Had a more complex language than earlier members of the genus A) Used fire E) A & E only are correct

D) All of these are correct

Recent research examining the microscopic polishes and scratches on "robust" australopithecine teeth indicates they probably had a diet composed of: A) Big mammals B) Insects C) Soft plant foods such as young leaves E) None of these D) Coarse vegetable foods such as tubers and seeds

D) Coarse vegetable foods such as tubers and seeds

We know that the South African Bushman language is the world's oldest because: D) It is the only language with click sounds E) It is very simple and modern languages are complex A) It has no vowels B) It is not a written language C) It is the language Adam spoke

D) It is the only language with click sounds

The Y chromosome maker found in all non-Africans is: D) M 168 A) M 13 C) M 9 B) M 191

D) M 168

The original genus name assigned to what we now call Homo erectus from Java is: E) Paranthropus C) Dryopithecus B) Zinjanthropus D) Pithecanthropus A) Sinanthropus

D) Pithecanthropus

Cro-Magnon is: A) A Homo erectus site in the Middle East C) A late Homo erectus B) A large cave in Russia E) An archaic European Homo sapien D) A type of stone tool used to crack bones

E) An archaic European Homo sapien

The theory that all modern humans descended from African lineage A) Has been conclusively proven to be incorrect D) Is supported by amino acid analysis B) Is supported by mtDNA evidence C) Is supported by evidence from Y chromosome E) B & C only

E) B & C only

Scientific "Adam" : E) B & D Only C) Is from South Africa A) Lived in Europe during the last ice age B) Was found using Y chromosome DNA D) Is the father of all men alive today

E) B & D Only

During the Pleistocene: D) There were hominids outside of Africa A) The earth's climate was generally warmer than today E) C&D only C) There were numerous glacial advances and retreats B) Glaciers advanced and retreated only 4 times

E) C&D only

The Y chromosome M9 genetic marker was found in B) North America D) Malaysia C) Australia E) Central Asia A) France

E) Central Asia

The majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in B) Asia D) Africa C) India A) South America E) Europe

E) Europe

Current evidence indicates that ______ was the first hominid to migrate out of Africa C) A. robustus D) H. habilis B) A. boisei A) A. africanus E) H. erectus

E) H. erectus

Shanidar cave is located in B) France C) Germany E) Iraq A) Israel D) Croatia

E) Iraq

The stone tool technology most often associated with the Neandertal is termed E) Mousterian C) Late Eocene A) Acheulian D) Upper Paleolithic B) Solutarian

E) Mousterian

Neandertal art consists of D) "Venus" figurines E) None of these B) Elaborated carved full-sized sculptures C) Large based-relief carvings on rock faces A) Large painted depictions found in caves

E) None of these

The oldest POSSIBLE hominid found to date has been given the genus name: D) Ardipithecus B) Praehominis A) Australopithecus C) Zinjanthropus E) Orrorin

E) Orrorin

The original genus name for Homo erectus from Nothern China was B) Carsonanthropus D) Chinathropus A) Pithecanthropus E) Sinanthropus C) Erectanthropus

E) Sinanthropus

The genetic marker found in Aboriginal Australians C) Is on Chromosome 18 E) Was discovered in India A) Is 10,000 years old B) Is seen in all native Americans D) Was lost after European contact

E) Was discovered in India

What were the clues that Ardi was bipedal?

Hand structure - not walking on knuckles pelvis - indicative of bipedality

The tasks of cleaning reconstructing and describing hominid fossil materials and then relating them to other sources of information is the responsibility of the: D) Palynologist B) Taphonomist E) Physical Anthropologist C) Cultural Anthropologist A) Archeologist

Physical Anthropologist

How did scientists recreate Ardi?

Went to anthropologist artist to draw Ardi Teamed up with Hollywood software company (lifejoy) to recreating walking with motion capture