DC Criminal Justice Complete Review
A "general warrant" for searching many locations is the most common type of warrant issued. (true/false)
false
A determinate sentence means that the defendant determines his/her own punishment with the assistance of a counselor. (true/false)
false
According to the Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy clause, a defendant may be subject to a maximum of two prosecutions for a single offense within the same jurisdiction. (true/false)
false
Boot camp programs often provide aftercare to help offenders transition back into the community. (true/false)
false
Consent searches occur when there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed. In a consent search, officers may search, arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of criminal procedure. (true/false)
false
Corrections' officers unions have widely supported private prisons. (true/false)
false
Even if a potential juror feels so strongly about capital punishment that the individual could not give an impartial verdict, that individual must still serve on the jury. (true/false)
false
Income has no influence on likelihood of crime victimization. (true/false)
false
International crimes, such as terrorism and genocide, are also considered transnational crimes. (true/false)
false
More money is spent every year on technologically based training and education for prisoners than on security. (true/false)
false
Most juvenile arrests are for violent crimes. (true/false)
false
Most states use the "contract counsel" method of providing attorneys for those who cannot afford their own attorneys. (true/false)
false
Offenses that are wrong by their very nature have traditionally been called 'mala prohibata.' (true/false)
false
One criticism by police departments using CompStat is that it tends to decrease productivity. (true/false)
false
Passive electronic monitoring systems send constant streams of information to the receiver. (true/false)
false
Prisoners serve shorter sentences in the United States in comparison to other Western nations. (true/false)
false
Private firms are not allowed to hire public police officers. (true/false)
false
State legislators always support increases in funding for educational programs in the prison system because of success of these programs in reducing recidivism. (true/false)
false
States are prohibited from using probation for more serious offenses such as robbery or assault. (true/false)
false
Suburban middle-class communities often experience the legalistic style of policing. (true/false)
false
The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad investigates all types of crimes. (true/false)
false
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that home confinement violates the right to privacy. (true/false)
false
The hands-off policy prevents prison staff from placing their hands on the inmate population. (true/false)
false
The majority of searches take place without:
c. warrant
The use of waiver to adult court was reduced sharply during this period.
a. "Kids are different"
What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?
a. 10
In which role does the judge uphold the rights of the accused in decisions about detention, plea, trial, and sentence?
a. Adjudicator
Which group won major court cases securing religious freedom for prisoners in the United States?
a. Black Muslims
Joan has been arrested for forgery and passing bad checks. She is awaiting trial. Joan's lawyer is hopeful that given Joan's status as a mother, the nonviolent nature of her crimes, and her relatively clean record that, if convicted, she will be given probation monitored under which program?
a. Community corrections
Which of the following intermediate punishment imposes the lowest level of control upon an offender?
a. Community service
In which of the following situations must Miranda warnings be given?
a. Custodial interrogations
Which of the following is not a type of stress experienced by police officers?
a. Departmental
Fines are a preferred way of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes in what continent?
a. Europe
The __________ Amendment guarantees citizens protection against "unreasonable search and seizure."
a. Fourth
Which statement about the violent crime rate among juveniles today is true?
a. It has returned to a lower level matching the 1985 rate.
Which would describe the juvenile justice system under the philosophy, "kids are different?"
a. Less severe
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that defense attorneys are obligated to inform their clients about plea agreement offers made by the prosecutor?
a. Missouri v. Frye
The case deciding that an attorney must be provided to a poor defendant facing the death penalty was:
a. Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Which is not one of the four key components of the police subculture?
a. Religious practice
Reginald was convicted of assault and battery and home invasion. He spent seven years in prison and was recently released on probation. He reports daily to a day reporting center where he submits to a drug test before going to work. Reginald failed his drug test and so his probation has been revoked due to:
a. a technical violation.
Programs in which criminal justice officials cultivate relationships with and rely on assistance from citizens in preventing crime and apprehending offenders are:
a. community crime prevention
The Supreme Court ruled in Kent v. United States that juveniles have the right to:
a. counsel.
The function of the preliminary hearing/grand jury is to:
a. decide whether there is enough evidence to proceed
The job of the __________ is mainly to talk to witnesses, suspects, and victims.
a. detective
The notion of __________ suggests that an individual can only be subjected to one prosecution or punishment for a single offense in the same jurisdiction.
a. double jeopardy
Ronald works as a correctional officer in a maximum security prison. He is new to the job and faces a hostile reception whenever he appears on the cell block. Mickey, a prisoner on the cell block, is willing to help Ronald out if he can get access to the prison library. Ronald agrees. This is referred to as a(n) __________ relationship.
a. exchange
Crimes usually considered and punished by more than a year in state or federal prison are called:
a. felonies
Reginald was convicted of assault and battery and home invasion. He spent seven years in prison and was recently released on probation. He reports daily to a day reporting center where he submits to a drug test before going to work. Reginald's probation is being supervised:
a. in the community.
This philosophy of punishment in which the primary function of imprisonment and execution is seen as preventing an individual from committing additional crimes is known as:
a. incapacitation
Ronald works as a correctional officer in a maximum security prison. He is new to the job and faces a hostile reception whenever he appears on the cell block. It is a large prison with a high prisoner to staff ratio. But after a while, Ronald learns which prisoners are trustworthy and uses them to serve as an essential link in communications. This relationship is called a(n):
a. inmate leadership
According to public opinion polls, which police function do citizens believe is most important?
a. law enforcement
Probation officers play a role in sentencing by:
a. preparing the presentence report for the judge
Procedures criminal justice professionals must follow in enforcement, adjudication, and corrections are __________ law.
a. procedural criminal
Jimmy was walking down the street late at night. A squad car pulled alongside him and ordered him to stop. The two officers then got out of the car and proceeded to frisk Jimmy. The police have just subjected Jimmy to a:
a. stop-and-frisk search
A case originating in a state court is first appealed through:
a. that state's appeal system
Samantha works as a parole officer in San Jose, California. She likes her job but is stressed because she currently supervises 73 parolees. One of the parolees, Susan, is a decent person who, in Samantha's view, has had some bad breaks. Susan failed her last drug test and thus is in technical violation of her parole. Which of the following will occur first?
b. A revocation hearing
A return to criminal behavior is the definition of:
c. recidivism
Which of the following arguments does not explain the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates?
b. As women and men become more equal, gender differences in criminality decrease.
__________ are characterized by a division of labor, a chain of command, and rules to guide the activities of staff.
b. Bureaucracies
Which of the following prison staff are the most numerous?
b. Corrections officers
Which of the following are run by states and large cities to analyze and facilitate sharing of information in order to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats?
b. Fusion centers
Which of the following is not considered one of the desired goods and services of prison life?
b. Greater visitations
Which is not one of the three basic sentencing structures?
b. Incarceration sentencing
Most homicide cases in the United States would fall into which category of the wedding cake model?
b. Layer 2
__________ ruled that defendants are entitled to effective assistance of counsel during the plea bargaining process.
b. Missouri v. Frye
A person who is thought to be on the verge of getting into trouble is known by this acronym.
b. PINS
Which person (or group) typically determines the discretionary release of state prisoners?
b. Parole board
Which correctional "era" was characterized by separate confinement, isolation, and inmate labor?
b. Penitentiary
In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court depart from its previous trend toward increasing juvenile rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?
b. Schall v. Martin
How have the conservative crime control policies that have affected the adult criminal justice system influenced children in training schools and detention centers
b. They have led to increased litigation challenging the abuse of children.
__________ is not an emphasis of the FBI?
b. Vandalism
A characteristic of a well-run prison includes anything that enhances the comfort of the inmates, such as good food, clean cells, and recreational opportunities, which are referred to as:
b. amenities
Bail is employed to:
b. assure an offender appears for trial
According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which stage of life is held to be most significant?
b. early childhood
According to the UCR and other government sources, over the past 20 years the rate of violent crime has:
b. generally and consistently decreased
The view held by local court officials as to the proper sentence, given the characteristics of the case, is known as the:
b. going rate
In Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Supreme Court ruled that:
b. it is unconstitutional to sentence someone to death if they were under 18 when they committed the crime.
Offenses that are considered wrong by their very nature are traditionally referred to as:
b. mala in se
Defendants may deposit up to 10 percent of the full bail with the court. The full amount will be required if they do not appear. If they appear, the money will be refunded except for 1 percent. This is an example of:
b. percentage bail
The criminal justice agency on the "front line" in controlling crime is/are:
b. police
__________ is the notion that a person cannot be forced to respond to questions in which the answers may reveal that they may have committed a crime.
b. self-incrimination
Most mid to large departments will frequently have units such as vice, homicide, juvenile, and plainclothes officers, a system of organization referred to as:
b. special units
Funds raised from forfeitures go to:
b. the police agency that made the arrest.
Drug enforcement in large cities often combat organized crime and gangs involved in drug abuse with this type of patrol.
c. Aggressive
The Supreme Court decision that endorsed warrantless searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested was:
c. Chimel v. California (1969)
__________ asserts that all members of society have the capacity to commit crime, but most are restrained by social norms.
c. Control theory
The goal of restoring a convicted offender to a constructive place in society is called:
c. rehabilitation
Programs designed to improve the lives of inmates are classified as:
c. services
The police are searching for a serial rapist. They have few leads, such as a description of the assailant, or other information that would be helpful, in identifying the rapist. One of the victims scratched her assailant and as a result the police were able to secure skin and blood samples. The police would use __________ to help determine if any matches existed.
c. DNA databases
Which of the following job training programs is least likely to be found in a women's prison?
c. Electronics repair
What is the geographic location and/or legal boundaries which determine the range of the court's authority?
c. Jurisdiction
Which of the following statements about technology and crime is true?
c. Lawbreakers can develop and use technology for the purpose of committing crimes.
Which of the following is not a responsibility of judges?
c. Making arrests
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty did not violate the equal protection clause due to racial discrimination in:
c. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987)
Accidents are the clearest examples of which legal principle?
c. Mens rea
In which role does the judge spend significant amounts of time behind closed doors talking to prosecutors and defense attorneys?
c. Negotiator
Which statement is not consistent with the model of professional policing?
c. Police forces should be actively involved in politics.
Which is not an intermediate sanction?
c. Prison
Which of the following prison models would provide the best opportunities to learn a trade or gain an education?
c. Reintegration model
For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?
c. Right against unreasonable search and seizure
Which of the following statements regarding searches, seizures, and stops is true?
c. Seizures involve taking someone or something into custody, but stops do not.
Which of the following statements about technology and society is true?
c. Society presumes scientific advances lead to progress and are always beneficial.
The Constitution creates two separate justice systems in the United States.
c. State and federal
Someone who places a personal diary in a locked drawer within a bedroom of her home has demonstrated:
c. a reasonable expectation of privacy
At what point must Miranda warnings be given to suspects?
c. before being interrogated
The philosophy of community corrections assumes that:
c. both the offender and the community need to adapt.
Officers who participate in violations of law and departmental policy for personal gain are guilty of:
c. corruption
As a form of corrections, probation falls under the administration of the __________ branch.
c. executive
The political era of policing was characterized by:
c. hiring of officers through connections to elected officials
Supermax prisons:
c. house the "toughest of the tough"
The Progressives were a political movement who were especially influential:
c. in the early 1900s
The fact that ex-inmates require both support and supervision as they try to remake their lives in the community:
c. is often cited by proponents of community corrections.
A child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of his/her parents would be a:
c. neglected child.
When sufficient evidence is available to support the reasonable conclusion that a person has committed a crime, then a police officer may claim to have:
c. probable cause
Throughout the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically varies between:
d. 15 and 17 years of age.
Which of the following is not a factor in how the judge determines the amount of the bail?
d. Admissibility of evidence gathered by the police
According to Cole and Smith, which is not an explanation for the recent drop in both violent and property crime?
d. Greater awareness of the societal costs of crime
The FBI is part of which federal department?
d. Justice
Which statement about the due process rights of juveniles is true?
d. Juveniles have only some of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
Which of the following is not a method by which indigents receive legal defense?
d. Legal aid attorney
"Three strikes and you're out" is an example of which of the three basic sentencing structures?
d. Mandatory sentencing
Which of the three basic sentencing structures was used when the public's fear and anger about crime dominated corrections?
d. Mandatory sentencing
The Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their:
d. all of the above (race, gender, religion)
In homage to the home secretary who supported passage of the act creating the London police force, the first English police officers were known as:
d. bobbies
Federal sentencing guidelines were adjusted in 2007 and 2008 to reduce the impact of a highly criticized source of racial disparities in prison sentences for offenders convicted of offense related to:
d. cocaine
The most common reason for revocation of parole is:
d. commission of a new crime.
The last step in the trial process is:
d. decision by the jury
Arrest is to referral as sentencing is to:
d. disposition.
The Fourteenth Amendment:
d. requires states to observe federal due process standards
Which of these is not one of the criterion probation officers use to classify clients?
d. the likelihood of the offender finding work
In the case of In re Kemmler (1890), the Supreme Court decided that:
d. the use of the electric chair was a humane method of extinguishing life.
Acts against people in which death or physical injury results are known as:
d. violent crime
Researchers have found that __________ are the most likely to be victimized by crime.
d. young male residents of lower income communities
What percentage of departments have patrol cars that have in-vehicle computers?
e. 90
__________ is the juvenile justice equivalent of parole in which a delinquent is released from a custodial sentence and supervised in the community is called:
e. Aftercare
Which of the following is an appropriate duty and use of police resources?
e. All of the above are appropriate duties and uses of police resources (educating the public about crime, preventing crime, helping give emergency medical assistance, and helping people who have been locked out of their homes)
Researchers who focus on the genetic predispositions to criminal behavior are working under these theoretical perspectives of behavior:
e. Biological theories
Which of the following would not be an example of a less-lethal weapon?
e. Chokehold
During which period did punishments become harsher for juvenile repeat offenders?
e. Crime control
Which of the following is not included as one of the prosecuting attorney's key relationships?
e. Public defender
Which of the following is/are challenge(s) faced by law enforcement when it comes to transnational crimes?
e. Some countries have less transnational crime than others.
Which statements below concerning U.S. marshals is true?
e. They are federal law enforcement officials originally appointed to handle duties in western territories.
Which of the following is not a factor on which an appeal can be based?
e. Unfavorable outcomes at the trial court level.
CALEA is a nonprofit organization formed by major law enforcement executives' associations to:
e. all of these (develop standards for police policies and practices, review police agencies, award accreditation, determine if standards are met)
The philosophy which assumes that the general public will not commit a crime because they observe the punishment of others is called:
e. general deterrence
Jerry was 12 when he first shoplifted and by the age of 14 had a rather lengthy record of delinquency. The last attempt at shoplifting did not end so well and he was caught. He is now facing the juvenile justice system, again. Based on the preface, Jerry will be charged with a:
e. juvenile crime.
By the 1940s, the development of __________ as a field of social science research led probation officers to shift their emphasis from moral leadership to therapeutic counseling.
e. psychology
Samantha works as a parole officer in San Jose, California. She likes her job but is stressed because she currently supervises 73 parolees. One of the parolees, Susan, is a decent person who, in Samantha's view, has had some bad breaks. Susan is doing very well on parole. She has a steady job, has moved in with family, and has a support network to deal with her prior drug addiction. In Samantha's view, Susan is likely eligible for:
e. reduced surveillance.
The law enforcement function is a broad mandate to prevent behavior that either disturbs or threatens to disturb the peace or involves face-to-face conflict between two or more people. (true/false)
false
The psychological and emotional affects of crime on a victim cannot be calculated, and so are not considered as a cost of crime. (true/false)
false
A parolee can be prevented from working as a bartender by a parole officer. (true/false)
true
Adjudication is the trial stage of the juvenile justice process. (true/false)
true
Alexander Maconochie was one of the original founders of parole. (true/false)
true
An assigned counsel is a private sector attorney who works on a contract (for fee) basis. (true/false)
true
Budget crises have led several states to increase good-time credits. (true/false)
true
Civil law governs business deals, contracts, and real estate. (true/false)
true
Higher level security managers are increasingly drawn from college graduates with degrees in criminal justice. (true/false)
true
In Kyllo v. United States (2001), the Supreme Court asserted that law enforcement officials cannot examine a home with a thermal-imaging device unless they obtain a warrant. (true/false)
true
In the federal court system, the presentence report is supplemented by an additional report written by a pretrial services officer (PSO). (true/false)
true
New technologies produce the risks of unanticipated, undesirable risks and consequences. (true/false)
true
Preventive detention has been ruled constitutional because it is not designed to be punishment. (true/false)
true
Refocusing attention on crime control and away from maintaining order did more than anything else to change the nature of American policing during Professional Model Era. (true/false)
true
Restorative justice programs in Vermont include alternative punishments, public apologies, restitution, and interaction between offenders and victims seeking to advance both accountability and restoration. (true/false)
true
Sexual assault victims are more likely to be assaulted by someone they know. (true/false)
true
Some defendants plead guilty even when they are innocent. (true/false)
true
Special units within local police departments deploy officers who are dedicated to a specific task, such as investigation. (true/false)
true
The British court developed a standard for determining criminal responsibility known as the "right-from-wrong" test or the M'Naghten rule. (true/false)
true
The Department of Homeland Security was created after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. (true/false)
true
The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad is tasked with investigating instances of industrial espionage. (true/false)
true
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners do not share the same rights against unreasonable search and seizure as nonincarcerated individuals. (true/false)
true
The community corrections model of corrections is based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community. (true/false)
true
The juvenile justice system handles only delinquency cases; cases in which children are abused or neglected are not the responsibility of the juvenile justice system. (true/false)
true
The service style of policing provides officers with a great deal of discretion. (true/false)
true
Trial counsel for the police is considered on of the functions performed by prosecutors. (true/false)
true
Victimless crimes are prosecuted on the idea that society as a whole is being injured, even if the participants in the criminal act do not feel victimized. (true/false)
true
