deadliest enemy:things to know

What is an example of a hyperendemic disease? (Page 20)

"Hyperendemic" is a really bad public health problem that doesn't go away → an example of this is HIV or AIDS

Of Bill Foege's 3 tenets of public health, which are sociological? Why? (Page 23-24)

1) we live in a cause and effect world 2) know the truth 3) not one of us does anything on our own i personally believe 1 and 3 are sociological 1) cause+ effect --> structural functionalism and conflict theory 3) we need social interaction/ connection to achieve goals -> symbolic interactinismand structural functionalism

What is a "black swan" event? (Page 13, 20)

A Black Swan event was initially coined by Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author and Scholar to explain certain rare occurrences in financial markets ...however in his 2007 book The Black Swan he extended the concept to explain unusual high or extreme impact and difficult to predict events in the larger world

What is a "threat matrix"? What types of criteria are included in the matrix? (Page 49)

A threat Matrix is a graph that shows us but we should be worrying about. The graph has a vertical access that measures the impact risk in horizontal axis that tracks emergence risk. (observed in quadrants)

Of the 37+ million cases of HIV in the world, how many are NOT receiving antiretroviral therapy? Why? (Page 20)

Almost 22 million cases of HIV around the world are not receiving antiretroviral therapy, that is about 60% of the total HIV-infected population. AIDS do Public Health crisis and has now been labeled hyper endemic

What do epidemiologists do?

Epidemiologists investigate epidemics of known and unknown disease by counting the number of cases and how they are distributed by person, place and time. page 22: "epidemiology is the study of disease and in populations with the aim of preventing disease in people and animals...actions taken to achieve the goal of improving health"

Why did Jim Curran push for the AIDS acronym?

Jim pushed for the adoption of the AIDS acronym because he thought it was critical to have a name that was easy to remember and would have the same label throughout the world

Who do the authors consider to be the "Father of Modern Public Health"? (Page 29) He is an interesting choice, why do you think they choose him? How is his invention tied to social epidemiology?

Nikola Tesla -Serbian engineer--> responsible for making alternating current induction motor--> lead to increased use of electricity -increase in electricity--> water pumps, safe water supply, effective sewer systems, --> innovations in public health awareness --> revolutionized medical practice

According to the authors, how are public health and social justice connected? (Page 23) What do you think the authors mean by this? Could there be a link between the Covid pandemic and social justice? If so, how so?

Primo Levi once said, ``When you know how to relieve torment and don't, then you become the Tormentor." It is believed that all people should have the opportunity to have equal levels of help as possible especially for children according to Bill and Melinda Gates. covid--> yes covid has highlighted a multitude of social justice issues, access inequality, social hierarchy and diagnosis rates

According to Osterholm and Olshaker, why did HIV move from monkeys or chimps in the jungles of Africa into the human population?

The authors found that HIV most likely began in the jungles of Africa as an infection in primates such as monkeys and chimps ... it lingered for many decades then crossed over into the human population through consumption ...(regular source of nourishment), butchering, hunting, and what contact with infected primates. then from infection from the primates came human to human sexual transmission as the main mean of spread

How did media coverage lead to high-absorbency tampons' continued use even though researchers knew high-absorbency tampons were connected to TSS? (Page 39)

The media got hold of the information about the strong correlation between Rely brand tampons and TSS Cases. Using that information, the media perpetuated the false notion that the elimination of Rely brand tampons would equal the removal of TSS. No-one was warned of the real risk factor, which was high absorbency tampons of any kind.

What did they learn from the questionnaire? (Page 32)

There is a significant relationship between toxic shock syndrome and tampon use

Why do you think the epidemiologists studying TSS gave victims a "comprehensive questionnaire" asking them "every possible relative factor" in their lives when they knew the biological agent was caused by S. aureus bacteria? (Page 32)

They wanted to look at each case and identify Frequency factors among cases and control groups that could explain why each case became ill

According to the authors, what accounts for a considerable rise in life expectancy from 1900 to 2000? (Page 29)

historic advances in environmental conditions; clear water, sewer systems, safer food, pasteurized milk, and vaccines

Osterholm says, "If you don't know what you're talking about, then don't talk." How have the media and people who don't know what they are talking about in terms of Covid-19 worsened the Covid-19 crisis?

media and conspiracy theorists: idiots--> anti-maskers, covid thought of as a hoax or was made in a lab, anti-vaxxers ^all constantly putting others in grave danger

Describe the social and environmental characteristics of the area where the cholera outbreak of August 1854 occurred (Page 27). Why do you think the cholera outbreak happened there? Can social and environmental characteristics be linked to Covid rates? If so, how so?

most severely hit location--> soho -large influx of immigrants -poor had inadequate sanitation -virtually no sewer facilities -^ these factors account for disease spread because of close proximity to others and lack of education on preventative measures most likely

Of the arsenal of weapons to fight killer germs listed on page 26, which ones are sociological?

sanitation (including safe water and food)--> unequal distribution of goods/ means to obtain those goods -->conflict theory vaccines: affordability--> determining who gets what first, accessibility, establishing ethical practices that will not be of harm to particular groups --> structural functionalism/conflict theory ancillary measures (providing necessary support to the primary activities or operation of an organization, institution, industry, or system.): equal distributions of support--> conflict theory nonmedical actions: education (the system is ****ed as we know it), informing the public, changing certain rituals (think of ebola burials)

On September 19, 1979, the CDC made an announcement about TSS. What did they say? What was the consequence? (Page 40)

the american college of obstetricians declared that TSS was a feminine hygiene issue and women should change their tampons more often--> placing women higher risk because constant change meant more and more oxygen to the vagina