DEFINITIVE FINAL EXAM
What is compact bone?
dense outer layer of bone
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
process
bumpy projection
How is callis formed?
by friction from the environment. This is involved with the keratin filaments and keratohyalin in stratum granulosum.
The epithelium of the vestibule
contains coarse hairs that guard the nasal opening from the entry of large particles and insects.
myenteric plexus
contains nerves important for digestion, btw. circular and longditudinal muscle layer
where these ligaments or folds come together, they prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
epiglottis folds
Function of nasal conchae?
filtration, warming, humidifying
Transverse process
projections that project laterally
What stimulates breast enlargement and milk production during pregnancy (activates mammary glands)?
prolactin, human placental lactogen hormones
males
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra
integumentary system
protection from environmental hazards; temperature control. Includes hair, skin, and nails.
endocrine cells
secrete to inside of pancreas
Extensor Carpi radialis brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Greater vestibule gland
Lubricates the outside of the vagina
The patella articulates with which bone feature
Patella surface
What are the phases of endochondral ossification?
Phases 1-4: ossification itself Phases 5-7: growth of bones developed from cartilage
The radial head articulates with the
Radial notch of the ulna
sacral
S1-S5
Which carpal bones articulates with the forearm
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
The most medial portion of the clavical
Sternal end
what aspect of laryngeal function would be impaired if the arytenoid and corniculate cartilages were damaged?
The larynx would be unable to move up or downward during swallowing to ease the passing of a bolus
Describe the anatomy of the lungs?
The right lung has 3 lobes and it's base sits up higher, while the left lung has 2 lobes
Which carpal bone, based on its location, would articulate with the metacarpal of the thumb?
Trapezium
Which two bone features compose the condyle of the humerus?
Trochlea and capitulum
hyoid bone
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
melatonin
affects sleep-wake cycles
Water, sodium, and chloride
almost entirely reabsorbed
why do Lumbar not have any costal facets
because the ribs do not articulate here
What muscle constricts vaginal orifice and assists in orgasm? This muscle is worked out during kegel exercises.
bulbospongiosus
carotid canal of occipital bone
carotid artery passes through
systole
contraction
where does the ovarian artery branch?
directly off of the aorta. (gonadal artery)
sensory
dorsal -info arrives at the dorsal root
alveolar part
entire area where teeth attach
internal/external network of elastic fibers
found in the tunica media of arteries -give the arteries more elasticity to withstand the higher blood pressure
Myenteric plexus
major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility.
Sternum parts
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Bulbospongiosum muscle
muscle that contracts to keep erectile tissue corpus spongiosum engorged with blood. Pushes semen through the urethra Constricts vaginal orifice
trabeculae carneae
muscular ridges on the internal surface of ventricles -help squeeze max amount of blood out of the ventricle
adventitia
oper-a; found in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, + rectum / collagen fibers which firmly attach tract to adjacent structures
chief cells/zymogen cells
produce pepsinogen
what are the functions of the uterus?
protection, nutrient support, & waste removal for developing embryo/ fetus labor: expelling mature fetus (contraction of walls ejects fetus)
functions of the trachea
protects airway, prevents collapse or over expansion as pressure changes
short bones
short, box like bones carpals and tarsals
The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain
smoothe muscle
what are mammary glands?
specialized accessory organs --modified sweat glands, specialized for lactation (creates & stores breast milk)
cortex
surrounding outside of kidney
crown
top of tooth
Thoracic vertebrae have what type of process?
transverse- allows muscle attachment and rib articulation
Vetebrosternal ribs
true ribs 1-7 connect to sternum directly
Joint capsule
type of diarthrosis joint that surrounds bone Has 2 layers: Avascular layer (outside) and synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid that fills up synovial cavity)
Synarthrosis
type of joint that is immovable
atria
-contain auricles
Protein
100% absorbed
When the forearm is pronated, the shaft of the radius is ____________ to the shaft of the ulna.
Anterior
What is the hair papilla?
Cone shaped elevation at the base of the follicle that contains blood vessels and nerves
lumbar
L1- L5
Layers of digestive tract
MSM-S/A My sister means everything sarcastically aye. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia
calcium homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable level of calcium in the blood
What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of
Quadriceps femoris tendon
what is the location of the breasts in relation to muscle and skin?
The breast is anterior to pectoralis major muscle. underneath skin
Trochlea
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley trochlear notch in ulna will articulate w/ trochlea of humerus
What follows the infundibulum?
ampulla>isthmus>uterine part>uterine cavity
central sulcus
between frontal and parietal lobes
unipennate
fibers run oblique on one side of tendon (extensor digitorum)
Joint movements in sagital plane
flexion and extension
Stylohyoid
important for swallowing, lifts hyoid/larynx during swallowing
prefrontal area of the cerebrum
integrative area for intellect, personality, cognition and judgement
ventricles of the brain
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
neck
middle of tooth
Isometric contraction
muscle remains same length (holding in place)
cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
olfactory nerves pass through
Tendons
part of muscle that connect muscle to bone, skin, or muscle, create leverage to allow muscles to move, also limit movement
what is the purpose of the breast? what dictates the size when not pregnant?
purpose to produce breast milk and nourish infant. size when not pregnant is determined by amount of adipose tissue present
vertebral veins
recieve blood from posterior skull and cervical spinal cord -drain into the brachiocephalic veins
gray mater of the cerebrum
referred to as the cerebral cortex -gets the color from the bodies of neuronal cells
What are Merkel cells?
responsible for touch sensations.
posterior side
sensory
Fossa
shallow depression
large intestine epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
bone markings
specific features of individual bones
Pneumonocyte Type I cell
squamous cells where gas exchange happens
Epithelial Cell Shapes
squamous, cuboid, columnar, transitional
When does oogenesis temporarily stop in females?
up until puberty (birth - puberty)
Examples of Synarthrosis
(fibrous)-cranial sutures (cartilaginous)- Epiphyseal cartilage(synchondrosis)
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Girdles and limbs
What are long bones?
Have diaphysis, 2 epiphysis, 2 metaphyses Ex: tibia, femur, fibula
Lumbar Vertebrae
Have the biggest body.
Gracilis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Cells of Mature Bone
Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteoprogenitor cells
Lobes
Right (bigger), left, caudate, quadrate
sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Where is the pituitary gland sits
iliacus
axial and appendicular muscle in iliac fossa that attaches to femur
ganglion
cluster of neuronal cell bodie
What muscle wrinkles the surface of the scrotum as it contracts?
dartos
respiratory system
delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.
rugae
disappear when the bladder is full
During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the
epiglottis
vertebral ribs
floating ribs 11-12
1st class
fulcrum in between resistance and applied force (flexion at neck)
Sperm has 3 parts:
head (DNA) with acrosomal cap that dissolves in woman's vagina>neck with mitochondria>tail flagellum
Sigmoid mesocolon
holds large intestine
what bones make up upper limbs?
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
serial processing
lined up neurons. one neuron to one neuron linear
auscultation
listening to the internal sounds of the body
diastole
relaxation
What is the importance of the collagent fibers in dermis?
they keep the dermis and hypodermis together.
transverse mesencolon
transverse colon to pancreas
a large part of the penis is found
underneath pubis
cranial meninges
-continuous with spinal meninges -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater
frontal eye field of cerebrum
-controls voluntary eye movements
motor
-info exits at the ventral root
Parts of epithelial cell
-microvilli -stereocili - cilitated epithelium
function of spinal cord
-pathway for information -integrates and processes information
What is melanin?
-pigment produced by melanocytes - melanocytes project melanin which is absorbed by the keratinocytes.
integumentary system
-skin covering body - nails -hair
veins make up
65-70% of blood volume
Condyle
A smooth, rounded articular process
squamous suture
Between parietal and temporal bones
Adductor Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
both atrioventricular valves
close at the same time lubb sound
vascular pole
closer to blood vessels
tubular pole
closer to tubule
inferior cerebellar peduncle
communicates with medulla oblongata
superior cerebellar peduncle
communicates with mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum
middle cerebellar peduncle
communicates with pons
Collecting system
connecting tubules and collecting duct
Joints
connections between bones that may or may not allow movement
Falciform Ligament
connects liver to diaphragm
Lesser omentum
connects liver to stomach
Transverse mesocolon
connects transverse colon to pancreas
When the elbow is flexed the coronoid process articulates with the
coronoid fossa of humerus
renal lobe
cortex, medulla, pyramid, + columns (little of everything)
Are the cells alive or dead in the stratum corneum?
dead with no nucleus
sternohyoid
depresses hyoid and larynx
gingival sulcus
epithelial cells that tightly attach to tooth above neck and prevent bacteria from entering
Multipennate
fibers run oblique on either side of multiple tendons (deltoid)
bi-pennate
fibers run oblique on either side of tendon (rectus femoris)
Meniscus
fibrous cartilage pad important for shock absorption
pepsin
formed by hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen; active enzyme in protein breakdown
medial cord
formed by inferior trunk -gives rise to ulnar nerve
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum
what is the widened upper portion of vagina that surrounds cervix (forms an arch)
fornix
What are the 8 cranial bones?
frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
What does the seminal gland produce?
fructose to power sperm
What is an osteon?
functional unit of compact bone
what occurs in the respiratory membrane
gas exchange between blood and tissue
internal respiration refers to
gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
renal corpuscle
glomerulus, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole
What is your vocal cords called?
glottis
2 months into gestation, the testes are connected to scrotum by
gubernaculum testis
gingiva
gums, soft tissue that provides tooth protection
jugular foramen of occipital bone
hole for jugular vein
lateral and medial umbilical ligament
left from umbilical arteries that supply the placenta with blood
Veins that enter portal system
left gastric vein, splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein
Left Upper Quadrant
liver, stomach, pancreas, kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine.
Hinge Joint
monaxial synovial joint where a rounded convex surface fits in concave surface
Monaxial
movement in one plane (elbow and ankle)
coronary thrombosis
obstruction of a coronary artery by a clot -leads to myocardial infarction -blocks blood supply to myocardial cell
multiple sclerosis
oligodendrocytes malfunction and dont produce myelin as efficiently -destroys connection of transmission of info
Stomach location
on the left - at the level of the liver
dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
pathway for information to the spinal cord
What does the prostate produce?
prostatic fluid to give it alkalinic buffer
thoracic cage
protects the heart and lungs
functions of epithelial tissue
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions.
carotid artery
provides oxygen rich blood to brain
neuroglia in the PNS
schwann cells and satellite cells
What is responsible in testis for transporting and creating sperm?
seminiferous tubules
divergence
split from one neuron into different directions and more neurons
sigmoid colon
stores "food"
gallbladder
stores bile
Adipocytes (connective tissue specialized cells)
stores fat + lipids that's used for energy.
ureters
take urine from kidney to bladder
cystic duct
takes bile from the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder
temporal lobe
-hearing and smell -auditory cortex -auditory association area -olfactory cortex -parallel to parallel sulcus
Function of skeletal system
-support/framework of body -stores minerals (calcium phosphate in body) -blood cell production (red marrow- wbc, rbc, platelets) -Leverage (allows to turn left or right, etc) -Protection (ribs protect lungs, skull protects brain).
The knee is formed by how many bones
2
protective structures
3, fibrous capsule, periphrenic fat, renal fasciae
stomach muscle layers
3, longditudinal, circular, *oblique
Extensor Indicis
Extends index finger
What bone feature and bone articulates with humeral head
Glenoid fossa of scapula
Ligaments
fibrous connective tissue that Attach bone to bone, support joints by limiting movement
Parallel muscle
have parallel muscle fassicles, majority of muscles in body are these
What is an oocyte
immature female gamete
function of peineal structures
important in sexual arousal and intercourse
Lateral flexion of the back involves what muscles?
internal/external obliques and quadratus lumborum
renal pyramid
part of medulla
What is osteogenesis?
process of new bone formation
glomerular filtrate
protein-free urine
Gubernaculum testis
remnant of spermatic cord from birth.
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
exocrine cells
secrete to outside of pancreas
cck-hormone
sends signal to gallbladder to release bile, send message to the stomach if your food is big to churn
transverse cerebral fissure
separates cerebrum and cerebellum
sesamoid bones
small round flat ex is patella (knee cap)
Tubercle
small rounded projection
Glands
specialized epithelial cells used for secretion.
Spleen location
squished on the left side of stomach
The epidydimis is lined with _____
stereocilia
greater omentum
stomach to transverse colon
Which layer is closest to the basal lamina?
stratum basale
Which is the last alive cell layer of epidermis?
stratum granulosum
gastric pits
stretch stomach surface to let you eat more, muscle relaxes for food storage
What are trabeculae in spongy bone?
stringy fibers that make up the spongy bone
Cytology
study of cells and their structures
Histology
study of tissues
duodenum
submucosal glands-and the mucus they produce protect the small intestine from the chyme thats coming from the stomach with acid
anterior cerebral artery
supplies frontal and parietal lobes of the brain
common bile duct
takes bile from the common hepatic duct to the duodenum
what is the external os?
the entrance into the uterus, sperm enters through here.
What is the difference between papillary and reticular layer of dermis?
the fibers in the papillary layer are disorganized. The fibers in the reticular layers are arranged in collagent fiber bundles/ organized.
cardiac veins
the only veins that dont empty into superior or inferior vena cava
Myosin
thick myofilament, titin holds it in place
Myofilaments
thick/thin filaments in sarcomere
Actin
thin myofilament that contain two strands
name the largest cartilage of the larynx and location?
thyroid cartilage: located anterior & lateraly
Typical vertebrae vs atypical
typical share similar characteristics (c3-c6) atypical look a little different, (c1,2,7)
What are the 3 types of osseous tissue?
- compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity.
ventricles of the brain function
-form and distribute CSF which transports water, glucose, gases, and ions throughout the CNS -fluid acts as a cushion to protect against physical damage
monosynaptic reflex
-one motor neuron
frontal lobe
-reasoning, planning, behavior, morality -precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) -premotor cortex -prefrontal cortex
What % of the bone mass is made of bone cells?
2%
Parietal cells
AKA: "Oxyntic" cells Secretes HCL
primary vs secondary curves in vertebral column
Secondary: Cervical and Lumbar Primary: Thoracic and Sacral
G Cells
Secretes Gastrin which stimulates parietal and chief cells
what surrounds the nipple? does it have ducts?
areola; no
External respiration refers to
atmospheric air coming into the lungs
efferent arteriole
blood exits here from glomerulus
segmentation
circular forms constrictive rings + longditudinal pushes back = break down - In jejunum + ileum
What cell shape is the epidermis made of mostly?
composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Fissures
elongated clasp
fundus
end of stomach - weak peristalsis
Corpus spongiosum
erectile tissue that continues to for glans of penis
surgeon liver segments
posterior, anterior, medial, lateral
What covers the glans of the clitoris?
prepuce
epicardium
-external surface of heart -consist of the visceral pericardium
Surfactant
Helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Portis Hepatis
Hepatic proper vein, hepatic artery proper, common bile duct
Flexor Carpi Radialis Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insert: Metacarpal 2 &3 Funct: flex & abduct @ wrist
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Plantaris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
quadrate lobe
btw. gallbladder + left lobe
What is spongy bone?
cancellous/ trabecular bone that is located inside the bone, spongy-like. This makes the bone light weight.
When are sperm functionally mature?
capacitation (sperm are only capable of fertilizing once it is in the vagina)
glomerulus
capillary network
Example of saddle joint
joint btwn 1st metacarpal and trapezium
Tuberosity
larger rougher projection
foramen spinosum of sphenoid bone
opening through which blood vessels pass that feed membranes surrounding the CNS
apertures
openings where CSF can leave ventricular system found at roof of 4th ventricle
stomach epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
lateral ventricles
ventricle 1 and 2 -extend from anterior horn to posterior horn and inferior horn -majority found in parietal lobe -do NOT communicate with each other because they are separated by septum pellucidum
Vasa recta
tiny blood vessels that absorbs h2o & ions & take it back to circuation
renal papilla
tip of renal pyramid
median nerve
-arises from lateral cord and medial cord
(BLANK)
...
inner mucosal
transitional epithelium
muscularis mucosae
btw. lamina propria and submucosa in the small intestine + stomach
The ligaments on the plantar portion of the foot connects what two bones together
Calcaneus and navicular
lamina propria
a layer of connective tissue that combines with the respiratory epithelium to form mucosa
superior sagittal sinus
between right and left cerebral hemispheres on superior side
Ellipsoid joint
biaxial synovial joint where an oval surface fits into depression on opposing surface
dural venous sinus
cavity between the 2 hemispheres of the brain where dura mater membranes separate between the 2 hemispheres. -fills with venous blood to be drained into venous blood
mesentery proper
holds small intestine
What bone forms the pelvic girdle
os coxa
What is another name for bone?
osseous tissue
enamel
outside, packed calcium phosphate, hardest biological substance
when do estrogen levels peak?
ovulation
spinous process
sharp, slender projection. projects dorsally
Ways to Classify of Exocrine Glands
- Types of secretion (mucus, water, oil) - Structure of gland (unicellular or multicellular) - Mode of Secretion (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)
2 types of connective tissue proper
- fixed cells (don't move, maintain local environment, work w/ immune system, adipose cells storing energy) - wandering cells (wander around checking body, work in defense and repair of damaged tissues.)
What are the parts of the hair follicle?
- inner medulla (soft flexibleness of hair) - outer cortex (hard keratin, stiffer hair) - cuticle (dead keratin cells coat the hair, contains hard keratin making hair even tougher)
What is carotene?
- yellow-orange pigment that gives us skin coloring - important for photoreceptors of eye since carotene is converted to vitamin A. - found in carrots
right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
-3 cusps/flaps -between right atria and right ventricle -ensure one way flow -folds of endocardium -held in place by chordae tendonae
cervical
-C1-C8
central canal
-CSF passes through it
All muscles share these properties
-Extensibility- able to contract over several resting phases -Elasticity- goes back to original length after contract -Excitability- respond to stimuli -Contractibility- able to shorten and exert pull
Functions of Synovial Fluid
-Lubricate 2 bones rubbing against each other -Nourishes chondrocytes which keep articular cartilage alive -Shock absorption
Methods of secretion
-Merocrine (releases to outside/ surface. Ex sweat glands). - Apocrine (contents released during shedding of cytoplasm on apical layer.) - Holocrine (cells become packed with secretion to the point of bursting. After bursting and the contents are released, the cell dies). The stem cells replace dead cells. MAH --> FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO MOST COMPLEX
What happens when there is too little calcium in the blood?
-Parathyroid gland will secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) - PTH activates the release of calcium in the bone, so more calcium is able to circulate in the blood - this increases the amount of calcium uptake by the kidneys. The kidneys will hold on to the calcium instead of peeing it out. - kidneys release vitamin D, which goes into the gut to increase uptake of calcium in intestines.
Phase 3 of endochondral ossification
-Primary ossification formed -osteoblasts invade the area where dead cells were. -bone begins from inside to outer end extremities -spongy bone is formed -blood vessels go deeper into center
What happens when there is too much calcium in the blood?
-The thyroid gland will secrete calcitonin. -The calcitonin will stimulate deposition to get rid of the excess. -As well as cause the kidneys to get rid of excess calcium through pee.
synapse
-action potential -influx of calcium into presynaptic vesicle -sends synaptic vesicle membranes fuse with presynaptic terminal bouton and excrete neurotransmitter -if excitatory it will bind to receptors which will open the channels
layers of artery walls
-adventitia -media -intima
medium vein
-adventitia layer is the largest -contains elastic fibers -one way valves are present -alongside muscular arteries -ie: radial vein, tibial vein, popliteal vein
large vein
-adventitia layer is the largest and contains some smooth muscle -intima and media are v thin -no valves -ie: inferior and superior vena cava
sinusoids capillaries
-also called discontinuous -endothelial lining is not complete -contains pores and large gaps in the lining
coronary sulcus
-also known as atrioventricular sulcus -goes around the whole heart, -separate atria from ventricles -here coronary vessels are found
auricle
-appendages of the atria -increase capacity of each atria, which increases volume of blood that they are able to contain
arteries vs veins
-arteries have thicker walls -lumen of a vein is much wider -tunica media is much thicker in arteries= more smooth vessels. this is because arteries carry blood with higher pressure since they originate closer to the heart. -arteries have elastic membranes
collateral arteries
-arteries that fuse to form arterial anastamoses
thoracic aorta branches to form
-bronchial arteries -intercostal arteries -superior phrenic arteries
corpus callosum
-bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain to allow for communication
superior and inferior vena cava
-cava: big vena: vein -arrive at right atrium -brings blood from the body
chemical synapse
-chemical (neurotransmitter) released and causes a neuron stimulating/inhibiting another structure
BBB is absent in
-choriod plexus bc there are no astrocytes -hypothalamus bc it has receptors that need to sense the chemical composition of the blood -pituitary and pineal glands because their hormones need to be released directly into bloodstream
medulla oblongata
-connects brain and spinal cord -relay station between spinal cord and brainstem/thalamus -cardiac reflex center: regulate HR and BP -respiratory reflex center: regulate breathing pattern -partial center for consciousness -nuclei for cranial nerves VII-XII
dorsal root ganglion
-contain cell body of neurons -satellite cells found here
anterior and posterior gray commissures
-contain fibers/nerves that pass from one side of spinal cord to the other
muscular artery
-contain many smooth muscle cells -diameter is under the control of the autonomic nervous system -examples: radial and ulnar artery, external carotid, brachial, femoral, mesenteric
fenestrated capillaries
-contain pores due to incomplete or perforated endothelial lining -found in the glomerulus
granular layer of cerebellar cortex
-contains axons of Purkinje cells -tightly packed small neurons
posterior gray horn
-contains sensory information that arrives from somatic and viscera -somatic info synapes before viscera
anterior gray horn
-contains somatic information that leaves through the ventral root
great cardiac vein
-coronary vein -anterior aspect between ventricles -goes up and surrounds left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery whcih
trochlear nerve
-cranial nerve IV -moves eyeball up and down and outwards by innervating superior oblique
glossopharyngeal nerve
-cranial nerve IX -sensory function: taste posterior 1/3 of tounge, monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, monitors blood via baroreceptors and chemoreceptors -swallowing and saliva production -parotid glands and some myscles of pharynx
trigeminal nerve
-cranial nerve V 3 branches -opthalmic: sensory. superior orbital fissure -maxillary: sensation of upper teeth. foramen rotundum -mandibular:sensation of lower teeth AND motor mastication. foramen ovale
facial nerve
-cranial nerve VII -sensory function: sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue -facial expression, production of tears and saliva by innervating lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, anf sublingual glands
vestibulocochlear nerve
-cranial nerve VIII -comes from inner ear -sensory function: hearing and equilibrium -adjusts sensitivity of hair cells
vagus nerve
-cranial nerve X comes from medulla -sensory function: taste in pharynx, monitors O2 and CO2 in blood and BP -related to autonomic control of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities -regulates BP, respiratory rate, HR and digestive functions -longest cranial nerve
accessory nerve
-cranial nerve XI -swallowing and speech -innervates palate, pharynx, layrnx and upper back (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
hypoglossal nerve
-cranial nerve XII -swallowing and speech
mechanisms for capillaries to have material exchange
-diffuse across cells -through gaps or pores -gaps between cells -via vesicular transport
elastic artery
-do not have v thick walls but are v resilient bc they have a high density of elastic fibers in media and intima -tunica media has few smooth muscle cells -recoil during diastole to help propel blood forward -examples: aorta and brachiocephalic, pulmonary trunk
dubb sound
-early ventricular diastole -av valves open and semilunar just closed
continuous capillaries
-endothelium completely surrounds lumen -tight junctions and desmosomes connect the endothelial cells -most common
interatrial septum and interventricular septum
-ensure blood from left and right side of the heart do not mix
anatomy of peripheral nerve
-epineurium(covers groups of fascicles -perineurium(covers a collection of nerves. fascicle) -endoneurium(covers the axons)
spinal cord
-extends from foramen magnum to L1
Trapezius
-extends from occipital bone to scapula and spine -elevates scapula and clavicle -retracts scapula -wraps around anteriorly to clavicle
denticulate ligament
-extension of the pia meter -connects the pia mater to the arachnoid mater and dura mater in order to give the spinal cord stability
arachnoid granulations/villi
-extensions of arachnoid mater that go into superior sagittal sinus -allows CSF to reach the superior sagittal sinus and there it goes back into bloodstream due to fluid pressure
Which dome in your diaphragm is taller?
Right dome, bc of the liver
chordae tendonae
-fibrous connective tissue that anchor atrioventricular valve cusps to papillary muscle in ventricle wall -prevent the valve from flipping inside out
aortic semilunar valve
-from left ventricle to the aorta, then to the rest of the body
somatosensory association area
-helps understand size shape and texture
middle cardiac vein
-in posterior aspect of the heart -runs parallel to the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery
pericarditis
-inflammation of the pericardium which leads to painful friction when the heart beats
reflex arc
-info is processed at the level of spinal cord which makes it quicker -response doesn't vary much
Purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex
-intermediate layer -contains Purkinje cell bodies
interoreceptors
-internal environment -digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, systems, -sensations of deep pressure and pain
proprioreceptors
-internal environment -plantaris -located close to joints which gives body sensation of where your body is in time and space
polysynaptic reflex
-interneurons involved in the process
function of the cardiovascular system
-keep blood circulating to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and heat to diff parts of the body -removes waste products -defense against infection through antibodies
venules
-lack or have thin tunica media -collect blood from capillaries
celiac trunk
-left gastric -splenic -common hepatic -provides blood to liver, stomach, esophagus, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, spleen
tunica intima
-lines the lumen of a blood vessel -simple squamous epithelium -makes up capillaries
right coronary artery
-main branch from the aorta, that runs towards the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -ends up on posterior aspect of the heart downwards between the right and left ventricles -branches off into an artery that goes deep into the right atria that supplies blood to the cells involved in the transduction system of the heart
Functions of skeletal muscle
-maintains posture/position -supports/protect soft tissue -regulates exit/entrance of material -maintain body temp.
visual association area
-matches something you see to something you already know ie: matching someone's face to their name
What is an osteocyte?
-mature bone cells - maintain protein + mineral levels in matrix - cause release of calcium ions from bone to blood -organizes calcium salts in matrix
Phase 4 of endochondral ossification
-medullary cavity starts to form -osteoblasts make osteiod, making matrix. -bone begins to grow more
spinal nerve
-mixed spinal nerve since they contain efferent/afferent fibers
interneurons
-most are multipolar -smaller ones that are in between neurons usually between PNS and CNS neurons
motor neurons
-most are multipolar neurons -somatic or autonomic -send info to muscles/glands
sensory neurons
-most are psuedounipolar neurons -PNS -form afferent division bc its sensory -somatic or autonomic(visceral)
multipolar neuron
-most common -in CNS -myelinated axon
Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex
-most superficial -contains dendrites of Purkinje cells
myocardium
-muscle layer of the heart -cardiac muscle cells nerves, connective tissue, blood vessels
Lumbarsacral enlargement of spinal cord
-nerves supply info from pelvis and lower limbs
cervical enlargement of spinal cord
-nerves supply information from pectoral girdle
left atrium
-no pectinate muscle in atria, but it is present in the auricle
vasa vasorum
-occurs in larger blood vessels -blood vessels within a vessel to provide them with oxygen and nutrients -found in the tunica adventitia
lateral gray horn
-only present in T1-L2 -contains visceral information that is leaving via the ventral root
Rhomboid minor/major
-origin on inferior part of spine, inserts on scapula -retracts scapula
hypothalamus
-part of diencephalon -center of homeostasis, controls body temperature, hunger, thirst. induces shivers and sweat to regulate body temp -regulates secretion of growth, metabolic, and reproductive hormones from pituitary gland via infundibulum -greatly affected from emotional state bc part of limbic system -highest control center for autonomic motor neurons to keep rate of activity of organs proportional to body's needs
thalamus
-part of diencephalon -contains largest group of neuronal cell bodies making it the largest nuclei of CNS -right and left thalamus have third ventricle in between and are connected by interthalamic adhesion -relays all sensory input except smell to other parts of the brain (95% of all sensory info) -provide crude perception of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. -involved in some cognition, memory, and emotions
white mater of spinal cord
-posterior white column -lateral white column -anterior white column
pressure difference between atria and ventricle
-present after ventricular contraction -allows 70% of blood to passively flow into the ventricles
ependymal cells function
-present in ventricles of the brain -cilia helps circulate the CSF within the ventricles -secrete CSF
pulmonary semilunar valve
-prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk back to the heart
What are the non-respiratory functions of the diaphragm?
-prevents acid reflux -increases intra-abdominal pressure which is important for expelling vomit/feces/urine
spinal cord
-processes reflexes -integrates excitatory and inhibitory nerve impulses -provides a "highway" for carrying sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves
Fibroblasts (connective tissue specialized cells)
-produce fibers of the connective tissue
oligodendrocytes
-produce myelin in the CNS -have cytoplasmic processes that wrap around axon of neuron -ensure that the info received by cell body gets passed on to other neurons bc the myelin isolates the information
Pectoralis minor
-pulls/depresses elevated scapula -protracts a retracted scapula
cardiovascular system
-pulmonary circuit: receives blood from right side of the heart -systemic circuit: receives blood from the left side of the heart. all body systems receive this blood
right atrium
-receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus -pectinate muscles: squeeze max amount of blood into ventricles when contract -fossa ovalis: scar that results from opening that was present between atria in utero
small cardiac vein
-runs parallel to the right coronary artery
Phase 5 of endochondral ossifcation
-secondary ossification occurs at the epiphysis -blood vessels invade shaft
schwann cells
-secrete myelin -
parietal lobe
-sensations -postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) -somatosensory association area
anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
-separate ventricles into right and left
interatrial groove
-separates atria into right and left
serous pericardium
-simple squamous epithelium -cells secrete a serous fluid known as pericardial fluid -formed by parietal(serous fluid is in contact with fibrous layer) and visceral layer( connects the top layer of the heart muscle and the serous fluid)
heart
-size of clenched fist: proportional to size of body -exercise can make it work harder, which makes it grow bigger -located between 2nd and 5th pair of ribs called the mediastinum -slightly shifted to the left which causes the left lung to have one less lobe than the right
arteriole
-small -thin tunica adventitia -media layer consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that may not even form a complete layer -control blood flow between arteries and capillaries
microglia
-smallest glial cell -made by same stem cells that produce monocytes that produce macrophages -act as phagocytic cells -5% of total population of glial cells but can triple if there is an injury
tunica media
-smooth muscle layer of blood vessels -controlled by autonomic nervous system: controls how constricted or dilated it is
right and left common iliac arteries
-splits at terminal segment of aorta -internal:supplies walls of pelvis, urinary bladder, external genitalia, and medial side of the thigh -external: supplies blood to the legs
left coronary artery
-splits into 2 once it passes behind the pulmonary trunk -anterior interventricular artery: branch that goes down between the ventricles on the anterior portion of the heart -circumflex branch: wraps the heart towards the left side of the heart -supply blood to left atria and ventricle
Phase 6 of endochondral ossification
-spongy bone forms in epiphysis -epiphyseal cartilage forms (growth zone) -bone grows even more
What specialized cells are in the stratum spinosum?
-stem cells which turn into daughter cells which then turn into keratinocytes. - Melanocyte projection - Langerhans cells
functions of integumentary system
-stores fat -protection from environment -senses (touch) -Protects from pathogens -Absorbs vitamin D
cardiac muscle tissue
-striations -intercalated discs consist of desmosomes that connect cell membranes of neighboring cells -gap junction allow to electrically connect heart muscle cells
coronary arteries
-supply blood to the heart itself -they are first arteries branching off the aorta -this allows the heart to be the first muscle to receive the oxygenated blood/nutrients
What are the 3 components of bone?
-supporting connective tissue (solid matrix, specialized cells) - Periosteum (outer lining) - Endosteum (inner lining)
What happens to osteoblasts when they get surrounded by matrix?
-they become osteocytes.
function of pericardial fluid
-to reduce friction between the pericardial layers as they glide over each other when the heart beats
fibrous pericardium
-tough outer layer of the pericardium -tougher than duct tape -prevents overfilling of the heart -dense connective tissue -anchors the heart to other structures like the diaphragm, sternum, and lungs
tunica adventitia
-tunica externa -outside of blood vessels -dense fibrous connective tissue -helps anchor blood vessels to surrounding tissue
left ventricle
-v prominent trabeculae carnae -thicker wall means no need for moderator band -works 6x harder than other
capillaries
-vessels that interconnect arteries and veins -have very thin wall -where exchange of substances occurs between blood and tissue
The pelvic girdle is formed by how many bones
1
Teres Major
medially rotates arm
How many cell layers is the Stratum Basale?
1 cell layer
How many layers is the stratum granulosum?
1 cell layer thick
Ratio of stem cells to melanocytes:
1 melanocyte: 4 stem cells in darker areas 1 melanocyte: 20 stem cells in lighter areas
How many cell layers in the stratum lucidum?
1 or 2 cells thick
Sarcoplasm
-cytosol of the cell
endocardium
-inner lining of the heart -simple squamous epithelium
types of synapse
-neuron synapse w another neuron on the dendrite or on the cell body -neuromuscular synapse-can be excitatory or inhibitory -neuroglandular synapse-same
"Crus of Penis"
"legs" base of corpus cavernosum erectile tissue
squamous epithelial cells
"squashed"/ flat looking cells. Allow for permeability. Located in blood vessels, anus, vagina.
Trachea
"windpipe" flexible Begins @ C6-T5
hepatic artery proper
(1/3 blood) oxygenated blood from heart to liver
hepatic portal vein
(2/3 blood) deoxygenated blood from gastric > liver
Example of Amphiarthrosis
(Fibrous)-radius/ulna shafts (Cartilaginous)-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
medullary fluid
4x concentration as plasma
stretch reflex
A monosynaptic reflex. An example is the patellar (or knee-jerk) reflex.
Why are the palms and soles different colors?
Because of the varying thickness of stratum corneum on these areas of the body.
Food goes from:
Bed, Pjs, Early-night, Sleep softly love: Buccal Phase, Pharyngeal Phase, Esophageal Phase, Stomach, Small Intestine, large intestine
What is similar to bone stucture in teeths?
Dentine
What is shed during menses?
*functional layer* of the endometrium
what stimulates the development of the corpus luteum? what does the corpus luteum produce? what occurs to the corpus luteum if pregancy does not occur?
*lutenizing hormone* stimulates development of corpus luteum. corpus luteum produces *progesterone* -if pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates (~12 days after ovulation) and *fibroblasts invade the corpus luteum creating the corpus albicans* (~28 days)
What are the accessory structures of hypodermis?
Hair follice, hair shaft, sebaceous gland, sweat gland.
Mesentery proper
Holds small intestine
What bone can be located in the arm
Humerus
Ureogenital Diaphragm
Landmark that separates external and internal genitalia
where does the lower respiratory tract starts?
Larynx
Articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint
Medial malleolus
Left Lower Quadrant
Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs, left ovary, spermatic cord.
Gastrocnemius
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
What is the correct pathway for air to the trachea
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, trachea
Parts of Scapula
- Acromion - Coracoid process - Glenoid fossa - Lateral boarder - Medial boarder - Spine
What is keratohyalin? How is this involved with keratin filaments?
- Dense granules - Cross-link keratin fibers - The granules produced by the keratohyalin surround the keratin filaments in the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum.
What are the parts of long bone?
- Periosteum (outer layer), endosteum (inner layer), - epiphysis (ends of a long bone where red marrow is) - diaphysis (shaft of long bone, contains the medullary cavity with yellow marrow/ adipose cells) - metaphysis- between the epiphysis and diaphysis, this is the growth zone/plate
2 Types of Epithelia
Simple (made of 1 cell layer) Stratified (made of 2 cell layers)
Simple Vs. Compound Exocrine Glands
Simple - one ducts Compound- more than one duct
Proximal Convoluted tubule
Simple cubodial cilliated epithelium - 60% is Na+ H2O Cl-
oculomotor nerve
The cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs except superior oblique and lateral rectus and intrinsic muscles -accommodation of lens and pupillary constriction
cardiac output
amount of blood ejected per minute
gomphosis
articulation of dentin of root to alveolar bone, hold teeth in place with cement
Esophageal phase
bolus enters esophagus, involuntary
"outer layer"
circular muscle layer
internal anal sphincter
circular muscle layer, involuntary
Muscle belly
contain the part of the muscle that contracts the skeletal muscle fibers
submucosa
contains glands, blood vessels, and lymphatics - acidic areas secrete buffers, in areas that require particle breakdown it secretes enzymes
distal convoluted tubule
crosses btw. afferent and efferent arteriole, no villi (not a lot of reabsorption, only under hormonal control)
the pitch of the sound produces by the vocal cords is controlled by the
frequency of the vibration
Pancreas
large gland
what is your adam's apple called?
laryngeal ridge
Joint movements in transverse plane
left/right rotation-shaking head lateral/medial rotation- rotating forearm/leg Supination/pronation-forearm only
falciform ligament
liver to diaphragm
Skeletal muscle exerts what on skeletal elements
pulling force
function of reproductive tract
receive, nourish, store, transport gametes
Urine path
renal papilla>minor calyx>major calyx>renal pelvis>ureter>urinary bladder>urethra
Newborns only:
renin- coagulate milk gastric lipase-initiates digestion
expiration during quiet breathing
requires more muscle contractions than inspriation
at 7 weeks gestation sex organs are ____
sex organs are undifferentiated
Proximal convoluted tubule epithelium
simple (absorb) cuboidal ciliated (microvilli increase surface area) epithelium,
external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle, voluntary
veins keep blood flowing by
skeletal muscles of the leg help propel the blood back up to the heart -changes in thoracic pressure helps move blood from vena cavae to the heart -called capacitance vessels -act as blood reservoirs
What is the biggest organ?
skin
What is the cranium?
skull
pericardial cavity
space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the heart
vestibule
space btw. cheeks, lips, teeth
foramen lacerum of temporal bone
space left behind from the occipital and temporal bones being next to each other
Components of Connective Tissue
specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance
What descends from the abdomen to wrap testes and other structures?
spermatic cord
Intrinsic muscles on your superficial layer of back
splenius capitis
shallow depression
sulcus -separate lobes of the brain
Skeletal system
support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation. Bones and bone structures.
Epimysium
surrounds the bundles of muscle fassicles
what is the difference btwn male & female in relation to the gonads and the reproductive tract?
the gonads (ovaries) are not connected to the reproductive tract.
Maxilla
upper jaw
What marks the border between internal and external genitalia?
urogenital diaphragm
3 types of ribs
vertebrosternal, vertebrochondrial, vertebral
stereocilia on epithelial cells
very long microvilli that cannot move
Where are osteocytes found?
within lacunae
Transverse or T-tubules
wrap around parts of myofibril, communicate with sarcolemma of muscle fiber
Histology of the digestive tract?
1. Mucosa= Lamina propria + mucosa epithelium 2. Submucosa- contains blood vessels and nerves 3. Muscularis externa - contains circular and longitudinal muscles 4. Serosa- outter layer
peristalsis
1. circular contracts behind bolus 2. longditudinal pushes back 3. longditudinal shrinks length pushing forward - In esophagus, pharynx, and duodenum
what are the sections and parts of the female reproductive tract?
1. gonads: ovaries (produce ova, estrogen, progesterone, & testosterone) 2. reproductive tract : (transports and nourishes ova during ovulation) uterine tubes, uterus, vagina 3. accessory glands: mammary gland (in breast) and greater vestibular glands 4. external genitalia: labia minora & majora, clitoris
describe the phases of the uterine cycle w/ what occurs.
1. menses: the destruction of the endometrium (arteries constrict, reducing blood flow and cells in endometrium die; weakened arterial walls rupture and blood pores into uterine cavity and out vagina) 2. proliferative phase: epithelial cells multiply and restore uterine epithelial lining and build ups to several mm thick (highly vascularized) 3. secretory phase: occurs after ovulation. Arteries elongate and create spiral patterns to further prepare endometrium for fertilized egg (secretory phase occurs if no fertilization)
Steps to muscle contraction
1. motor neurons send electrical impulse to sarcolemma, t-tubules send this to the sarcoplasmic ret. which then sends out Ca ions 2. Ca ions bind to troponin, tropomyosin moves, exposing active site 3. Myosin heads bind to actin site (cross bridge) 4. Myosin moves towards middle (contraction) 5. ATP binds to myosin head, cross-bridging stops 6. myosin heads return to normal state
describe all that occurs in the follicular phase.
1. primary oocytes are surrounded by layer of simple squamous follicular cells. *primary oocyte + follicular cell = primordial follicle* 2. primordial follicle triggered to undergo futher development. Follicular cell around oocye enlarges and undergoes cell divisions forming *primary follicle* 3. primary follicle develops into *secondary follicle* in about 10-14 days 4. *follicular fluid is secreted* as wall of follicle thickens 5. *tertiary follicle* is formed.
What fraction of bone mass is made of collagen fibers?
1/3
What is the ratio of calcium per blood?
10 mg of calcium per 100 mL of blood
How many ribs in thoracic cage
12
Juxtamedullary nephron
13%, located in medulla where urine is concentrated
How many phalanges are there total in one hand
14
The pectoral girdle is formed by how many bones
2
dura mater
2 layers: -periosteal layer: attaches to inner surface of skull. layer felt within anterior fontanelle of baby. not in spinal cord -meningeal layer: covers brain and extends into vertebral canal as spinal dura mater
lingual frenulum
2 openings under tongue from submandibular duct
sacral cornu
2 processes that project inferiorly from posterolateral aspect of the last sacral segment to join coccygeal cornu
What fraction of the bone mass is made of calcium phosphate?
2/3
accessory pancreatic duct
20-30% of people have it
cerebellum
2nd largest part of brain communicates with brain via cerebellar peduncles
The elbow joint is formed by how many bones
3
How many layers in the stratum corneum?
30 layers
arteries and capillaries make up
30-35% of blood volume
How many haploid gametes per sex cell?
4
Spermatogenesis
4 haploids gametes made
How many cell layers does the stratum spinosum?
4 to 6 layers
Sublingual gland
5% of saliva, secretes mucous
Mandibular gland
70% saliva, secretes serous + mucous
How many carpal and tarsal bones on one side of the body
8 and 7
Cortical nephron
85% of absorption and secretion in kidney
how many cartilages surround the nose?
8: 2 lateral, 2 major alar, 2 minor alar
Foramen Magnum of occipital bone
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
Which structure promote the turbulence of air entering the upper respiratory system? A. Nasal conchae B. external Nares C. paranasal sinuses D. Choanae
A. Nasal conchae
Pneumocyte type I cells are _____________. A. Squamous cells B. columnar cells C. Cuboidal cells D. Macrophages
A. squamous cells
Chief cells
AKA: "Zymogen" cells Secretes pepsinogen which is activated into pepsin by parietal cells
Fixators
Agonist and antagonist muscles tht contract at same time to stabilize joint, but not move
Components of The Skeletal System
All Bones, Joints, Cartilage, Ligaments, Connective Tissue
Sharp ridge on the tibia responsible for causing pain when the shin is hit
Anterior tibial margin
mandibular condyle
Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Name the 3 paired laryngeal cartilages?
Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuniform
What is renal fascia?
Attaches kidney to it's surrounding
The right primary bronchus divides to form __________ secondary bronchi and the left primary bronchus divides to form _________ secondary bronchi A. 2 ; 5 B. 3 ; 2 C. 3 ; 3 D. 5 ; 4
B. 3 ; 2
The closed portions of the tracheal cartilages protect which tracheal surfaces? A. Posterior and lateral B. anterior and lateral C. posterior and superior D. Anterior and superior
B. Anterior and lateral
Which of the following is actually a portion of the lower respiratory system? A. Pharynx B. Trachea C. Sinuses D. Nasal Cavity
B. Trachea
Which of the following structures connects the ends of each tracheal cartilage? A. Bronchialis muscle B. Trachealis muscle C. tracheal tendon D. Bronchialis liagment
B. Trachealis muscle
Saddle joint
Biaxial synovial joint where one bone is concave and other is convex
What are Osteoclasts? Where do they originate from?
Bone-destroying cells that remove and remodel bone. Originate from stem cells that produce monocytes and neutrophils.
What's the swallowing process
Buccal phase-chewing Pharyngeal phase- Bolus passes through pharynx Esophageal Phase- involuntary
Which of the following is not a function of the tracheal cartilages? A. The stiffen the tracheal walls B. They prevent airway collapse or overexpansion C. the close the glottis D. They protect the airway
C. They close the glottis
brachial plexus
C5 (lower half)-T1 -innervation of pectoral girdle and upper limbs -trunks: superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), inferior (C8-T1) -cords: lateral, posterior, medial -nerve: radial nerve, axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve
What makes C7 different?
C7 has a longer spinous process called vertebrae prominens
When the elbow is extended the radial head articulates with the
Capitulum of the humerus
What is digested at the oral level?
Carbohydrates
What are the 3 regions of vertebral column and how vertebrae are in each
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)
abducens nerve
Cranial nerve VI. Movement of the eye laterally via lateral rectus
Which of the following types of drugs would cause bronchodilation? A. a drug that activates the pneumoncytes within the lungs B. a drug that acts on the central nervous system C. a parasympathetic drug D. a sympathetic drug
D. A sympathetic drug
Which of the following occurs throughout the conduction portion of the respiratory system? A. Filtration B. warming C. humidification D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following may assist in inspiration by elevating the ribs? A. internal intercostal muscles B. Diaphragm C. Transversus thoracis muscle D. external intercostal muscle
D. External intercostal muscle
Exposure to unpleasant nasal stimuli usually causes a rapid ____________ in the rate of ___________. A. Increase: mucus production B. decrease : respiration C. Decrease: mucus production D. Increase: mucus production
D. Increase: mucus production
What is the term for the seruos membrane that covers the outersurvase of the lungs, extending int o the fissures between the lobes? A. parietal pleura B. visceral pleura C. interlobar pleura D. intralobar pleura
D. Visceral pleura
Respiratory epithelium lines the entire respiratory tract EXCEPT for which of the following? A. Alveoli B. inferior portions of the pharynx C. Trachea D. a and b
D. a and b
Small intestine
DJ Ileum; absorption (90% of food)
lymphatic system
Defense against infection and disease.
Rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus. Serves as muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder
Deltoid tuberosity
Parts and Functions of small intestine
Digestion and absorption of nutrients Duodenum, Jejunum Ileum
When the elbow is extended the coronoid process articulates with what
Does not articulate with anything
What are distinct characteristics of each small intestinal section?
Duodenum- Submucosal glands Jejunum- More plicae for absorption Ileum- Peyer's patch for immunity
2 types of glands
EXOcrine (secretes outside onto surface) ENDOcrine (secrets substances inside, like into blood. These are ductless glands).
What is lamallae?
Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal.
What are keratinocytes?
Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins. These are the most abundant.
functions of connective tissue
Establishing a structural framework for the body Transporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides Defending the body from invading microorganisms
What are responsible for contracting during respiration? (Taking in breath)
External Intercostals
what hormone drives the the follicular phase? What hormone increases during this time?
FSH- Follucular stimulating hormone, estrogen levels increases
What is the sacral
Five bones are fused to form the sacrum
What are flat bones?
Flat bone- protect Ex: cranial bones like frontal, occipital, etc ,Sternum and ribs
Why is the bottom of the clavicle rough?
For ligament attachment (conoid tubercle)
Internal anal sphincter
Formed by circular layer Involuntary
External anal sphincter
Formed by skeletal muscles Voluntary
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
The neck of the femur is lateral to the
Head of the femur
supraorbital foramen of frontal bone
Holes above the eyes on frontal bone.
During forced exhilation, what are responsible for depressing the lungs?
Internal Intercostals
A sheet of fibrous connective tissue between the two bones of the forearm and leg
Interosseous membrane
What does this pulling force from the skeletal muscle do?
It can either stabilize a joint by preventing movement or create movement.
When the elbow is flex what does the olecranon articulates with
It doesn't articulates with anything
What specialized cells are in the stratum granulosum?
Keratinocytes which produces rich lipid substance. Within the keratinocytes are keratohylin and keratin filaments.
what hormone drives the the luteal phase? What hormone increases during this time?
LH -Lutenizing Hormone levels drive that phase and progesterone levels increase
The lateral femoral condyle articulates with which bone feature
Lateral tibial condyle
Example of Diarthrosis
Limb joints
sagital suture
Located on the midline of the skull lies between both parietal bones
Primary Bronchi
Located outside the lungs Right primary bronchi is larger than left and has a steeper angle
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose and Dense. - Loose ( little # of fibers and very spread out/sparse) - Dense (densely packed fibers)
Located on distal portion of the tibia & articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint
Medial malleolus
When people apirate liquids or food into their lungs, the liquid or food most commonly enters the right lung rather than the left lung. This is becuase the bronchus is ______________ than the left primary bronchus.
More vertical
Histology of small intestine
Mucosa- Lacteals Submucosa Muscularis externa- circular and longitudinal Serosa
Histology of ureters
Mucosa- Lined by transitional epithelium longitudinal and circular muscle layer adventitia
Flexor retinaculum of the hand Funt: Wide band that holds tendons of flexor muscles
Name Muscle: Function
Abductor pollicis longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Adductor Magnus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Biceps Brachii (Short head) Origin: Scapula Insert: Radial Tuberosity Funt: Flexion @ elbow & Shoulder, Supination
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Biceps Brachii (long head) Origin: Scapula Insert: Radial Tuberosity Funt: Flexion @ elbow & Shoulder, Supination
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Biceps femoris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Brachialis Origin: Anterior of Humerus Insert: Ulna Funt: Flexion @ elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Brachioradialis Origin: Epicondyle of humerus Insert: Styloid process o/radius Funt: Flexion@ elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Calcaneal Tendon
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Coracobrachialis Origin: Coracoid Process of Scapula Insert: Shaft of Humerus Funct: Adduction & Flexion @ Shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Deltoid Origin: Clavicle& Scapula Insert: Deltoid tuberosity of Humerus Funt.: Abduction, Flexion/extension, Medial/ Lateral Rotation
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Carpi radialis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Digiti minimi
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Retinaculum of hand
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor digitorum
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor retinaculum of the foot
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Fibularis Brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Fibularis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; olecranon on ulna Insert: Pisiform, hamate, base of metacarpal V Funt:Flexion and adduction at wrist
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor digitorum superficialis Origin:Medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna and radius Insert: middle phalanges 2-5 Funt: Flexion at proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor pollicis longus Origin:Radius and interosseous membrane Insert: distal phalanx of pollex Funt: Flexion o/thumb
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Gluteus Maximus illium Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur Extension and lateral rotation at hip; helps stabilize the extended knee; abduction at hip
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Gluteus Medius ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abduction and medial rotation at hip
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Iliotibial tract
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Inferior Gamellus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Infraspinatus Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle o/Humerus Funt: Lateral rotation @ shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Obturator Internus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Palmaris Longus Origin: Medial Epicondyle humerus Insert: Retinaculum Funct: Flexion @ wrist
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Piriformis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Popliteus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Pronator Teres Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus & Coronoid process of ulna Funt: Pronates forearm, flexion @elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Rectus Femoris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Semitendinosus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Soleus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Superior Gamellus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Supraspinatus Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle o/ Humerus Funt: Abduct shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Teres Major Origin: Scapula Insert: Bicipital Groove of Humerus Funt: Extension & medial Rotation @ shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Teres Minor Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle of humerus Funt.: Lateral Rotation & Adduction @ Shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Tibialis Anterior
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Tibialis Posterior
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Triceps Brachii Origin: Humerus & scapula Insert: Olecranon of ulna Funt: Extension @ elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Vastus Lateralis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Vastus Medialis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
iliopsoas
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
sartorius
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
semimembranosus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
what division of the pharynx contains pseudostratisfied columnar cilliated epithelium?
Nasopharynx
Why would someone's skin turn blue?
No oxygen circulating in blood/ poor circulation.
Is the vertebral column the same size throughout?
No, it gets gradually bigger as you go down.
Does the amount of melanocytes determine skin color?
No, we all have the same amount. It's the amount of melanin pigments produced that determines the color of our skin.
When the elbow is extended the olecranon articulates with the
Olecranon fossa of the humerus
intervertebral foramen
Opening formed by the inferior and superior notches on the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae. Allows passage of spinal nerves and vessels.
What are caniculi?
Openings in osteons in which nutrient exchange takes place. The osteons communicate this way.
Temporalis
Origin is temporal bone, inserts on mandible, same function as temporalis
Large intestine
Outter most layer is circular muscle Taniea coli is the longitudinal muscle
salivary glands mnemonic (don't judge me)
Please Ethan, , stop sucking my small boobs (b for both)
Lymphocytes (connective tissue specialized cells)
Produce T-cells that fight pathogens
What bones fuse to form the os coxa
Pubis, ilium, ischium
The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus
Radial fossa
The ulnar notch is on the distal portion of what bone
Radius
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone, blood vessels usually pass through
Joint where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb
Sacroiliac Joint
What bones make pectoral girdle?
Scapula and clavicle
Histology of large intestine
Simple columnar epithelium Layers- Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
What is the arector pili muscle?
Smooth muscle that pulls on follicle causing hair to stand erect (goosebumps)
Esophagus has ridges, why?
So it can stretch to accommodate bigger food
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
Squamous Stem cells which differentiate into osteoblasts. Heavily involved in repair of broken bone. - surround inside and outside of the bone
Histology of the esophogus
Stratisfied squamous epithelium Layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa Adventitia
Pneumocyte type II cells secrete _________ which coats the inner surface of each alveolar surface and reduces surface tension.
Surfactant
thoracic
T1- T12
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?
Talus
What abdominal structures migrate down during development?
Testis, epididymis, vas deferns, testicular blood vessels
What two things make up the bone?
The Matrix Bone Cells.
What is calcification?
The deposit of calcium ions into bone tissue.
Physiology
The function of the body parts of the human body.
inferior nasal conchae
The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.
Epidermis: thick vs thin skin
Thick skin: (palms or soles) you will have 5 layers including the stratum lucidum) Thin skin: you will have 4 layers without the lucidum.
What is the hair bulb?
Thick, club-shaped structure made from epithelial cells that surround the papilla.
transverse ligament
This ligament attaches to the lateral masses of C1 to hold the dens in place
anatomical position
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
Which bone is stronger, compact or spongy?
Trick question, they are equally strong. Although spongy bone is lighter, the trabeculae are organized in a way that creates a strudy structure.
The humeral trochlea articulates with the
Trochlear notch of the ulna
When the elbow is extended the trochlea articulates with the
Trochlear notch of the ulna
When the elbow is flexed the trochlea articulates with the
Trochlear notch of the ulna
lamina and pedicle
Two parts that form the vertebral arch
Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Type of Diarthrosis joint on the end of the bone where it will come together with another bone
Diarthrosis (Synovial joints)
Type of joint that is freely movable
Amphiarthrosis
Type of joint that is slightly movable
The ulnar head articulates with
Ulnar notch of the radius
when air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?
Vocal Cords
Can spongy bone have osteons?
Yes, if the trabeculae are thick enough and how big/spacious the spongy bone is.
What is cyanosis?
a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. Check on lips or under nails.
what is menstruation?
a by-product of uterine preparation for pregnancy.
what is the vagina? describe its flexibility. what is it lined by? how is it moistened? what do the walls form?
a muscular tube that extends from cervix to vulva, highly distendable during intercourse. lined by smooth muscle, moistened by secretions of cervical glands. walls form rugae.
epithelial tissue
a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.
What is a sebaceous gland?
a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.
what is a lobule?
a unit that makes up the lobe. the alveoli is present inside of this.
artery
a vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart
Joint movements in coronal plane
abduction and adduction
attachment of epithelial tissue
ability of epithelial cells to attach to basal lamina.
proximal convoluted tubule function
absorbs organic nutrients (ions + plasma proteins) from the glomerular filtrate, what does not get absorbed goes to the interstitial/peritubular fluid
Large intestine
absorption of water + electrolytes
Femoral head articulates with which bone feature
acetabulum
thick ascending limb
active pump, pumps out sodium + chloride, and water follows into the medullary space (fluid)
Pectoralis Major
adducts/medially rotates arm
What is the hypodermis composed of?
adipose cells/ fat cells and some collagent fibers from papillary layer.
the majority of breast tissue is what kind of tissue?
adipose tissue
periphrenic fat
adipose tissue that surrounds kidney
outer connective tissue
adventitia (continuous with peritoneum)
Stomach absorbs
alcohol + some protein
aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
allows communication between 3 and 4 ventricles
central canal function
allows communication between 4th ventricle and spinal cord 10% of CSF flows through here until the opening at the end of the spinal cord which allows it to go back to subarachnoid space
interventricular foramen
allows communication between lateral ventricles to third ventricle
Optic Canal of sphenoid bone
allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
What on the lobules produce breast milk?
alveoli
What is the widened part of the ductus deferens?
ampulla
where is the Oocyte fertilized (by what)? what does it now become? what occurs if the oocyte does not fertilize?s
ampulla of uterine tube (by the sperm) it now becomes an ovum (matured egg) -oocyte cont. to pass through uterine cavity and is shed through menstruation
Psoas major
an axial and appendicular muscle that attaches femur and lumbar vertebrae -contracts to pull back into anatomical position with rectus abdominis
Superficial Anatomy
anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms that help in understanding the underlying structures.
crista galli
anchors brain -point of attachment in inferior anterior aspect of falx cerebri
what is anteflexion? what is retroflexion?
anteflexion: the fundus of the uterus points anteriorly and the remainder of the uterus points posteriorly; this is the normal setup. retroflexion: occurs in about 20% of women, fundus is more posterior, closer to the rectum (no clinical significance on function)
prefrontal cortex
anterior to the premotor cortex -thinking, problem solving, concentration, behavior, personality, morality, judgement
premotor cortex
anterior to the primary motor cortex -planning of motor movement -relays a plan to the primary motor cortex to then have it sent to the skeletal muscles
What are the 2 types of sweat glands?
apocrine (releases when cytoplasm sheds) and merocrine (releases onto surface)
Extrinsic muscles
appendicular muscles that originate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on bones of upper limb
3rd class
applied force between resistance and fulcrum (flexion at elbow)
Walls of the alveoli
are composed of simple squamous epithelium
What are the components of the hair structure?
arrector pili, hair bulb, hair papilla
occipital condyles of occipital bone
articulate with first cervical vertebra
Colon path
ascending>transverse>descending>sigmoid colon
heart murmur
at least one heart valve is not closing properly
carotid sinus
at the base of the internal carotid artery and contains baroreceptors
carotid body
at the bifurcation between internal and external carotid artieries and contains chemoreceptors
Example of pivot joints
atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint
lubb sound
atrial diastole/early ventricular systole -semilunar valves are open and av valves just closed
capillary endothelial cells lining BBB
attach to each other through tight junctions which does not allow passage of material between the cells -only lipid soluble compounds are capable of passing through
omohyoid
attaches scapula to hyoid, pulls hyoid inferiorly
Sternocleidomastoid
attaches sternum and clavicle to mastoid process -has 2 heads (sternal and clavicular) -if both heads contract at once, it will flex neck/pull chin closer to chest -if one side contracts, it will pull that side laterally SCALENES ASSIST in laterally flexing
Intrinsic Muscles
axial muscles that orignate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on vertabrae or ribs
why veins have smooth muscle
because veins constricting allow blood
Why do we need to exfoliate our skin?
because we are constantly shedding and the skin is dead
insula
behind temporal lobe when it is pulled back -location of gustatory cortex
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid mater and pia mater -space where CSF flows
subdural space
between dura mater and arachnoid mater -a potential space, meaning it doesnt normally exist but can if necessary ie: subdural hematoma
lamdoid suture
between parietal bones and occipital bone
Internal intercostals
between ribs, depress -runs opposite diagonal (superior medial to inferior lateral)
External intercostals
between ribs, elevate -runs diagonally btwn ribs (superior lateral to inferior medial rib)
Parotid gland
biggest, 25% of saliva ,secretes enzymes (amylase) + serous
common bile duct
bile from liver to the gallbladder
bile canaculi
bile leaves thru here on way from liver to bile duct
fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
afferent arteriole
blood arrives here to glomerulus
Filtration of liver
blood comes from the digestive system and goes into the hepatic portal vein , it gets filtered in the liver, then exits thru hepatic veins that enter the inferior vena cava
What factors determine skin color?
blood supply, pigments of carotene and melanin, thickness of stratum corneum.
Phase 2 of endochondral ossification
blood vessels enter the cartilage, supplying nutrients to cells that will replace the dead cells from phase 1. The cells on periosteum (outer lining) become osteoblasts. Diaphysis begins to form.
Pharyngeal phase
bolus starts passing through pharynx, involuntary, epiglottis closes to prevent food from entering the trachea
alveolus
bony socket of tooth
portal area
branch of hepatic artery proper fuses with hepatic portal vein, and bile duct
the vaginal arteries branch off what? what is their purpose?
branch off the uterine artery, supplies vagina w/ blood.
sciatic nerve
branches at the level of the knee to form the tibial nerve that runs medially and common fibular nerve (branches into deep and superficial)
left gastric artery
branches of celiac trunk (first branch of abdominal aorta)
coronary ligament
branches off falciform, attaches liver to top of diaphragm
ileocecal valve
btw. ileum + cecum
caudate lobe
btw. inferior vena cava + left lobe
frenulum or upper lip + lower lip
btw. lips + gingiva
What engorges the labia?
bulb of the vestibule (vestibular bulb)
What pushes semen through the spongy urethra?
bulbospongiosus muscle
What produces the sticky mucous not added to semen in the urethra?
bulbourethral gland
Skin tell us a lot about our health:
can show of dehydration, if you have liver problems your skin turns yellow, inflammation makes your skin red.
root canal
canal for arteries, veins, nerves
When the elbow is flexed the radial head articulates with the
capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus
what does the lactiferous sinus do?
carry milk to the nipple.
supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
Which corpus is engorged during erection?
cavernosum
Right Lower Quadrant
cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary and sperm cord), right ureter
abdominal aorta branches to form
celiac trunk -renal arteries -superior mesenteric artery -gonadal arteries -inferior mesenteric artery -right and left common iliac arteries
Arranged into sheets or layers (Epithelial tissue)
cell can be simple (one layer of cells) or stratified (2 or more cell layers).
regeneration of epithelial tissue
cells are able to regenerate. when cells are damaged, stem cells mature into epithelial cells which replace the damaged ones.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
cells are so tightly packed that it looks like it stratified but its actually simple (one layer). Pseudo means "fake." So its fake stratified. Found in respiratory system. Function is for protection and secretion.
extraglomerular mesangial cells
cells btw. afferent + efferent arteriole
What are melanocytes?
cells that produce melanin for skin color
Transitional Epithelia Cells
cells transition into 2 different shapes. For ex the bladder: when it's full it gets bigger/stretched when its empty its relaxed. Function: allows for expansion and recoil after stretching.
Characteristics of Epithelia
cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration, arranged into sheets or layers.
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid -cushions brain -helps brain float within skull (buoyancy) -mixture of water, sugar, and electrolytes -prevents contact of neural tissue with surrounding bones -reduces weight of brain from 1500 g to 50 g
spinal nerves
cervical (8 pairs) thoracic (12 pairs) lumbar (5 pairs) sacral (5 pairs) coccygeal (1 pairs)
opening for fetus to leave uterus is the ____
cervix (thinned out portion of uterus)
Zygomatic bone
cheek bone
Buccal phase
chewing, voluntary; accessory organs: teeth + tongue
What is food called when they reach the small intestine?
chyme
epithelium lining the uterine tube has ___ that pushes the egg towards the uterus. what else is involved in moving the egg?
cilia; contractions of uterine tube also moves egg.
what type of epithelium is your pharynx mostly made of?
cilliated columnar epithelial
muscularis externa
circular layer (contracts in rings) , longditudinal layer (pushes backward + shrinks to push contents out)
what determines how fetus will develop?
circulating hormones
What has erectile tissue in females? It is homologous to what in males?
clitoris (homologous to penis)
Understand homologous structures between males and females: clitoris, labia majora, vestibular bulb, greater vestibular gland, uterine tube
clitoris>penis, labia majora>scrotal skin, vestibular bulb>corpus spongiosum, uterine tube>vas deferens, greater vestibular gland > bulbourethral gland
both semilunar valves
close at the same time dupp sound
lower esophageal sphincter
closes to protect esophagus from stomach acid entering, gets pushed open by bolus
Both genders have a ____ of both primary sex hormones
combination
Unhappy triad injury
common injury where force comes from lateral side of knee and ACL, medial meniscus, and medial tibial colateral lig tears
what is the function of the prepuce of clitoris? when does the clitoris erect? what occurs?
completely covers glans, functions to protect that area against friction to prevent damage. erects during arousal and sticks out of prepuce.
intraperitoneal
completely inside peritoneum (stomach, liver, ileum)
irregular bones
complex shape, lots of projections ex: vertebrae, coxal bone
cellularity of epithelial tissue
composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells
Buccinator
compresses cheek (bubble in mouth), pushes food towards teeth
jugular notch
concave upper border of the manubrium
efferent ductules
connect rete testis with epididymis
Types of Connective Tissues
connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue
Flexor/extensor tendon sheaths
connective tissue that wraps around each fibrous tendon and reduces friction
urethra
connects bladder to the outside
function of epithelium
connects nose, mouth and throat
straight tubules
connects seminiferous to rete testis
Greater omentum
connects stomach to transverse colon
anterior commissure
connects the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex
Annular ligaments
connects tracheal cartilages
villi
contain arteris, veins, nerves, and lymphatics (lacteal)
epithalamus
contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin
psuedounipolar neuron
continuous dendrite but doesnt have to pass through cell body -found in PNS -send sensory info to CNS -myelinated axons
periodontal ligament
continuous with enamel, goes into alveolus + root, collagen fibers extend from dentin of root to alveolar bone
round ligament
continuous with falciform, marks path of fetal umbilical vein
Broca's speech area
controls movements required for speech
premotor area
controls repetitive skilled movements
primary motor area
controls voluntary contraction of muscles
commissure of fibers
corpus callosum + anterior commissure
What muscle on either side form crus of penis?
corpus cavernosum
What forms the glans penis?
corpus spongiosum
platysma
covers anterior neck muscles, orignates on clavicle , inserts on mandible
cement
covers dentine of the root; provides protection + firmly anchors teeth; less resistant to erosion than dentine
Main function of muscles
create movement in the body
Urinary System
creates urine; kidneys (R+L), ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
What muscle contracts and relaxes the testes in response to temperature?
cremaster
The cartilage that serves as a base for the larynx is the
cricoid cartilage
What type of cells live in the stratum lucidum?
dead flat cells with no nucleus. Filled with keratin filaments.
parasympathetic neurons
decrease heart rate and force of contractions
the decrease in what marks the beginning of menses and the shedding of the endometrial lining?
decrease in estrogen and progesterone.
longitundinal fissure
deep depression between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
bipolar neuron
dendrites fuse to form a long one and at the end it has the branching dendrites -rare neurons that play role in sensory info for special sense -unmyelinated axons
What vertebral body is shared by atlas and axis?
dens
Flexor/extensor Retinaculum
dense fibrous tissue that covers the tendons of fingers, on wrist, holds everything in place
Nephron loop
descending and ascending limb, thick and thin (same diameter but different epithelium thickness), limbs have no microvilli so not a lot of reabsorption
contraction of the ______ will increase the superior - inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity
diaphragm
carbohydrates
digested at the level of the oral cavity
Nervous System
directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. CNS & PNS.
coronary sinus
directly connects to the right atrium
vermis
divides left and right hemispheres of cerebellum
falciform ligament
divides right and left lobe, attaches liver to diaphragm anteriorly
Do the fimbriae touch the ovaries? what happens to the egg when it leaves the ovary?
do NOT touch ovaries; egg moves out and is scooped up by fimbriae.
avascularity of epithelial tissue
do not contain blood vessels. Obtain nutrients through apical (surface) and basal membrane.
Joint movements in ankle
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
bile duct
drains bile produced by hepatocytes which filter the blood
What carries sperm through spermatic cord and into urethra?
ductus deferens
lesser curvature + greater curvature
due to lesser + greater omentum respectively
tentorium cerebelli
dura mater folds that run along transverse cerebral fissure
external acoustic meatus of temporal bone
ear canal
urinary system
elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
What are the contractions of smooth muscle that propels sperm into urethra?
emission
Sacral Hiatus
end of sacral canal
pylorus
end of stomach - strong peristalsis called retropulsion
what is the endometrium/ myometrium?
endometrium: inner, endothelial lining of the uterine cavity. myometrium: surrounds endometrium, responsible for contraction and cramping
afferent
entering spinal cord
neuroglia in the CNS
ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia
Layers of the integumentary system
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (in order from top to bottom)
after sperm leaves rete testis is goes to ___ where sperm ____
epididymis, motile
stomach found in _________ regions
epigastric, left hypochondriac, umbilical, left lumbar
macula densa
epithelial cells part of distal convoluted (more columnar)
the bulb of the vestibule and the corpus cavernosum act as what?
erectile tissue
intrinsic muscles on your intermediate layer of back
erector spinae group: spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis (responsible for extension at torso) -longissimus and iliocostalis will rotate torso when both contracted -help extend back to put into anatomical position
which of the following is a passageway for both air and food
esophagus
which hormone(s) build endometrial lining? which hormone(s) maintain endometrial lining?
estrogen build endometrium progesterone maintains endometrium
efferent
exiting the spinal cord
moderator band
extends from interventricular septum to the side of the right ventricle -moderates how much the chamber expands since it is much thinner than the left
dura septum
extensions of dura mater that go deep inside brain -subdivide cranial cavity -support brain and limits brain movement
exteroreceptors
external environment sensation of touch, pressure, sight, smell, temperature
What are the primary muscles for inhalation?
external intercostals & Diaphragm
true/ false: the external urethral orifice is a part of the reproductive system in females and male.
false; only in males (shares urine and semen passage)
reverbation
feedback loop with option of going to third neuron
Specialized Cells
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils/eosinophils, melanocytes, adipocytes
intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae
What are Langerhans cells?
fights pathogens/wander like macrophages
fat pads
fill spaces that form when joints change shape
nephrons
filter blood, remove toxins, produce urine (includes corpuscle, renal tube, etc)
Liver
filters blood, largest visceral organ, on right side of body
what are the regions of the uterine tube (from most lateral to most medial of the body)? describe each.
fimbriae: finger like projections closest to the ovary. brings ovary to the reproductive tract. infundibulum: the widest part of the uterine tube. (considered a part of the fimbriae) ampulla isthus: (thinner) uterine part: part of uterine tube that meets uterine cavity (but not yet the uterus)
deep depression
fissure
falx cerebri
folds of dura mater found along longitudinal fissure
falx cerebelli
folds of dura mater that are between left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum
folia of the cerebellum
folds of the cerebellum
after puberty rising levels of what triggers start of ovarian cycle each month? what does this hormone drive?
follicular stimulating hormone (FSH); drives the enlargement/ development of follicles.
prosencephalon
forebrain divides into telencephalon and diencephalon
astrocytes in BBB
form BBB and play role in providing nourishment to neurons
convergent muscle
form a broad end and come together to form a tendon on other end (Pectoralis muscle)
mesenteries
form structures that hold organs in place
external iliac arteries
form the deep femoral artery which branches in to circumflex -also forms the femoral artery which bcomes popliteal , tibial, and then the fibular
cheeks
formed by buccinator, muscosa continuous with lips/labia
roof of mouth
formed by soft and hard palate, separate oral and nasal cavity
lateral cord
formed by superior and middle trunks gives rise to musculocutaneous nerve
posterior cord
formed by superior, middle, AND inferior trunks -moves more dorsally -gives rise to radial nerve and axillary nerve
What makes our fingerprints?
formed on the dermal papilla. The stratum basale contours the bumps on the dermal papilla, forming the epidermal ridge.
anterior tibial artery
forms dorsalis pedis
posterior tibial artery
forms medial and lateral plantar arteries
Glandular Epithelia
gland cells that produce secretions.
What is a sweat gland?
gland that released water substance called sweat.
ependymal cells
glial cells responsible for producing CSF -take nutrients from blood (plasma nd blood components) and turn it into CSF
bundle of his (common av bundle)
goes into right and left bundle branches which then reaches the purkinje fibers
cerebellar cortex
gray mater of cerebellum -contains cell bodies of Purkinje cells and has 3 layers
What lubricates the vagina?
greater vestibular gland
Sulcus
groove between tubercles
Matrix
ground substance and fibers
nuclei
group of neuronal cell bodies
projection fibers
groups of axons that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord
elevation
gyrus (singular) -increase surface area of the cerebrum
polarity of epithelial tissue
has an apical surface and a basal surface. Cells organized in a certain way.
Rib parts
head- thoracic vertebrae articulations neck tubercle- projects dorsally angle Costal groove -blood vessels and nerves Sternal end- connects to sternum
What is the purpose of oxytocin? when is it released? what is it released by?
helps eject milk through nipple; released during suckling; released by pituitary gland
pons
helps medulla control breathing via the respiratory reflex center in medulla -nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII -relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum -plays role w cerebellum in coordinating movement
uvula
helps prevent food from entering pharynx (with the epiglottis)
What is responsible for redness in skin when hot?
hemoglobin meeting with oxygen
liver lobule
hexagon structure, at the end of the hexagon ortal area
pulp cavity
highly vascularized; arteries, veins, nerves from root canal
sigmoid colon
holds large intestine
sella turcica
holds pituitary gland and is encased by diaphragma sellae(fold of dura mater) -anchors dura mater to sphenoid bone
foramen ovale of sphenoid bone
hole in sphenoid bone
foramen rotundum of sphenoid bone
hole in sphenoid bone
mandibular foramen of mandible
hole on upper side of mandible. Nerves responsible for gum and teeth sensation
infraorbital foramen of frontal bone
hole under eye
apical foramen
hole where arteries, veins, nerves pass through
sacral foramen
holes in sacrum for passage of blood vessels and nerves
coccygeal cornu
hornlike projections found on each side of superior aspect of coccyx
kyphosis
hunchback, bulges posteriorly
Phase 1 of endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage cells die out in the middle, due to lack of nutrients. This forms cavities.
hypoglossal canal of occipital bone
hypoglossal nerve goes through, provides tongue nerves
What is the relationship between osteoblast and osteoclast activity?
if osteoclasts are breaking down bone faster than osteoblasts build the bone, this results in a weak bone. if osteoblasts build bone faster than osteoclasts break down bone, this results in a strong bone.
Rotation of back involves which muscles?
iliocostalis, longissimus, internal/external oblique
What is an osteoblast?
immature bone cells. Bone building cell.
neurosecretory cells
in hypothalamus that secrete hormones (ADH and oxytocin) that are transported to the pituitary gland and then released into bloodstream
Where does perstalisis occurs?
in the pharynx, esophagus, & stomach
Constriction of smooth muscle is the bronchioles
increase airflow out of the lungs
sympathetic neurons
increase heart rate increase force of contractions
what is the function of the nasal conchae
increase turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air
internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone
inner ear hole
white mater of the cerebrum
inner layer of the brain -composed of myelinated axons
medulla
inner part of kidney
fibrous capsule
inner; collagen fibers maintain shape + provide mechanical protection
Serratus Anterior
inserts on ribs, origin on axial skeleton -protracts scapula
Juxtaglomerular complex
inside distal convoluted tubules secretes erthyropoetin and renin Contains macula densa
what is the location of the uterus? what shape is it?
inside pelvic cavity, posterior to urinary bladder, anterior to rectum. pear shaped.
somatosensory association area of cerebrum
integrates body sensations to determine size, shape, and texture of objects and their orientation
3 things that keep epithelial cells close
inter-cellular connections between them, attachment to basal lamina, epithelial cell regeneration (stem cells).
arterial anastomosis
interconnection of capillaries -colateral arteries -critical in situation where blood flow is restricted
collateral circulation
internal carotid artery anf vertebral artery supply blood to the brain
renal sinus
internal cavity that contains blood vessels, lymph, nerves that enter the kidney
G-cells `
internal endocrine cell, produce gastrin to gastric pit
Uterine artery is branch off what?
internal iliac
rugae
internal ridges that break down food
cardiovascular system
internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases. Heart, blood vessels, blood cells.
common integrative area of cerebrum
interprets sensory information from all sources to provide for a suitable response
What are the 2 types of ossification?
intramembranous and endochondral
Splenius capitis
intrinsic muscle on back of neck that originates on vertabrae and inserts on occipital bone -if both sides contract it will extend the neck -if one side contracts, laterally flex to that side
intestinal crypts
invaginations
Cardiac muscle
involuntary muscle that is found in heart and pumps blood through arteries and veins
Smooth
involuntary muscle that works to push fluids and solids through digestive tract
Massetor
involved in chewing/retraction of mandible, inserts on mandible
What maintains clitoral erection?
ischiocavernosus muscle
What stiffens/stabilizes penis during erection
isciocavernosus muscle
What is the importance of the solid matrix?
it is really firm due to calcium salt position around protein fibers. Give bone its strong structure.
what occurs to ovum after fertilization?
it moves through uterine tube and ~ 5-14 days after fertilization, it attaches to the uterine cavity.
coronary veins
join together and dump their blood into the coronary sinus
convergence
joining of neurons
sternal angle
junction between the manubrium and body of sternum -to the side of this bump lies the 2nd pair of ribs, which is the location of the base of the heart
What are the four cell types in Epidermis?
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cels, and merkel cells
Example of hinge joint
knee, elbow, ankle, inter-phalangeal joint
From lobules, where does breast milk go?
lactiferous duct> lactiferous sinus>nipple
Parts of the nail
lanula (white moon shape) nail body hyponychium (white part where dirt gets stuck under nails) nail root (nail production)
pyramidal cells
large neurons of the primary motor cortex that allow for conscious control of skeletal muscle movements
canal/meatus
large passageway through a bone/ tubing ex: carotid canal
the vocal cords are located in the
larynx
What happens to the epiglottis during swallowing?
larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds over the glottis
joint movement in vertebral column
lateral flexion- moving head to shoulder
directionality of CSF movement
lateral ventricles-3-4 -due to ciliated movements of ependymal cells
Posterior Cruciate Lig (PCL)
lig. that connect posterior part of tibia to anterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too posteriorly
Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL)
lig. that connects anterior part of tibia to posterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too anteriorly
Lateral/Collateral lig.
ligament that runs laterally down femur and tibia, does not connect to meniscus
Medial/tibial collateral lig.
ligament that runs medially along femur and tibia, stabilizes knee joint, attached to medial meniscus
visceral + parietal peritoneum
line abdominal cavity; visceral-organ side, parietal-abdominal wall side
Right Upper Quadrant
liver gallbladder kidney portions of stomach portions of small and large intestines
lesser omentum
liver to stomach
What stores the breast milk?
lobes (of mammary gland) (made of lobules)
conus medullaris
located below lumbarsacral enlargment -end of spinal cord -cone shaped
Trigone
located in the bladder composed of smooth muscle "slide for urine"
What are tonofibrils and their function?
located in the stratum spinosum, these are bundles of protein fibers that extend from one side of the cell to the other. They give support and keep cells together.
Bulbo-uretheral glands
located in the urogenital and secretes clear fluid to lubricate penis
Trachealis
located posterior of trachea and is the smooth muscle that allows trachea to be flexible
Muscular System
locomotion, support, heat production.
taeni coli
londitudinal muscle strip
Muscle fassicle
long cylindrical structure made up of muscle fibers/cells, those muscle fibers are made of myofibrils which contain the sarcomere for contraction
Columnar epithelial cells
long/ column/ rectangular shaped cells. Function also secretion and absorption. Found in stomach lining, kidney ducts, small intestine, mammary gland, and salivary gland.
middle muscular
longditudinal + circular
Mandible
lower jaw bone
Injuries in vertebrae mostly occur where?
lumbar
which vertebrae carries most of the body weight?
lumbar
what triggers the eruption of the oocyte from the ovary?
lutenizing hormone (LH)
prone
lying down with face down
supine
lying down with the face up
lacteal
lymphatic capillary that absorbs fats in the villi of the small intestine (connects to left subclavian-lacteal branches into a bigger lymphatic then it transports the fat into the thoracic duct and into the blood stream thru the left subclavian vein)
kupfer cells
macrophages of liver
body
main portion
vertebral body
main portion of the vertebra, separate from the arches of the vertebra
meningitis
may cause problems w reabsorption of CSF which can b fatal bc there is no connection bc of inflamed meninges
What specialized cells are in the stratum basale?
melanocytes and merkel cells
Example of Ellipsoid joint
metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsal phalangeal joint (2-5)
mesencephalon
midbrain -plays a role in moving eyes -processes sight and auditory data -reflexive motor responses
What is the medulary cavity?
middle of bone which contains red marrow and the production of rbc and wbc. Also yellow marrow which is the site for adipocytes (fat cells.)
which labia are hairless?
minora
Pivot Joint
monaxial synovial joint that allows rotation of one bone around another
Gliding Joint
monaxial synovial joint, where 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces articulate
what is the fat pad that sits in front of the pubic bone?
mons pubis
jejunum
more plicae - to help with absorption
astrocytes
most abundant glial cells in CNS -form BBB -creates 3D framework bc of microfilaments -performs repairs in damages in neural tissue -controls interstitial environment -allow neurons to use its microfilaments to get from one location to another
mucosa
most inner: mucosal epithelium (differs by part of tract) + lamina propria (holds blood vessels, nerve endings, lymphatics, smooth muscle fibers)
juxtamedullary nephron
most of nephron in cortex, produce urine, lots of secretion
cortical nephron
most of nephron in cortex, work to reabsorb + secrete
anterior side
motor
microvilli on the epithelial cells
move, increases surface area (which helps in absorption).
Triaxial
movement in three planes (shoulder and hip)
Biaxial
movement in two planes (ribs and wrist)
Ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
cilia on epithelial cells
moves fluids over surface of epithelial cell. When cilia moves in a certain direction, it moves fluid the same way. Ex: cilia moving to the right will move substance to the right. Found in respiratory tract.
Bladder histology
mucosa (transitional epithelium +lamina propria), submucosa, muscularis layer (inner longitudinal, circular, outer longitudinal) which compresses to push out urine
Respiratory defense system consist of
mucus escalator, alveolar macrophages, hair, and cilia
Skeletal Muscle fiber
multi-nucleated, cellular component of muscles, striated, 30-40cm among biggest cells in body
Antagonist
muscle action group that extends forearm
Synergists
muscle action group that helps agonist and antagonist with particular action
Prime Movers
muscle action group where muscles are responsible for particular movements (biceps brachii)
Eccentric Contraction
muscle force generated is insufficient to overcome load on muscle, fibers lengthen as it contracts (slowly lowering weight)
Concentric Contraction
muscle force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance, muscle shortens when contracted (lifting weight)
Ischiocavernosum muscle
muscle that contracts to keep erectile tissue corpus cavernosum engorged with blood. Stiffens and stabilizes penis Maintains clitoral erections
where is mucous produce?
nasopharynx
submucosal plexus
nerves important for glands
the opening of the lactiferous sinus is known as the _____.
nipple
is the external iliac artery involved in any reproductive organ?
no!
What does the upper respiratory system consists of?
nose nasal cavity sinuses pharynx
what are sutural bones (wormian bones)?
not everyone has these found in cranial bone sutures or bottom of foot.
Pennate muscles
oblique angle of muscle fibers to tendon
After puberty, oogenesis happens ____. what is this known as?
occurs as a monthly cycle, aka ovarian cycle.
cranial nerves
olfactory(I), optic(II), oculomotor(III), trochlear(IV), trigeminal(V), abducens(VI), facial(VII), vestibulocochlear(VIII), glossopharyngeal(IX), vagus(X), accessory(XI), hypoglossal(XII)
coccygeal
one big bone made up of 3 to 5 fused bones
For each undifferentiated sex cell, what results? why does this occur?
one gamete produced with three non-fertilized polar bodies occurs b/c of unequal cytoplasmic division
parallel processing
one neuron diverges into 3 and then its linear
Adductor Magnus
only adductor in thigh that will do all three: extend/flex/adduction
anaxonic neurons
only present in CNS -small and hard to differentiate between dendrites and axon -specifically in special senses organs
upper esophageal sphincter
open for food to come in
Adductor Hiatus
opening btwn 2 parts of adductor magnus that allows passage for femoral artery and veins
hilum
opening of the kidney
median and lateral apertures
openings leading from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space outside of the brain 90% of CSF flows through here
Digestive Tract
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Deltoid
originates on scapula, inserts on humerus -abducts humerus
Latissimus dorsi
originates on verterbral column and inserts on medial part of humerus -flex arm, adduct arm
the portion of the pharynx that extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula is the
oropharynx
Which bone cell is responsible for initiating osteogenesis?
osteoblasts
What substance do osteoblasts produce? What does this substance make?
osteoid, involves the making of the matrix.
renal fasciae
outer; collagen fibers that anchor kidneys to surrounding structures
gamete development occurs where?
ovarian follicles.
what is the gonads that are equivalent to the male in female?
ovaries
hydrocephalus
overproduction of CSF obstruction in ventricular system problems with CSF reabsorption Tx: drain CSF through hole in ventricles into abdomen
SA node
pacemaker cells -cell membrane depolarize spontaneously
What is the network of small veins which act as a heat exchanger for the testes?
pampiniform plexus
pancreatic duct
pancreas secretions: enzymes that digest carbs, proteins, fats + releases biocarbonate ions to elevate stomach pH - brings enzymes to duodenum through sphincter of oddi
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
papillary layer and reticular layer
renal corpuscle epithelium
parietal layer, visceral layer, and capsular space btw. them filled with glomerular filtrate
Juxtaglomerular Complex
part btw. afferent + efferent arteriole
root
part in the gums
juxtaglomerular cells
part of arterioles
what are the functions of the vagina? is the vagina acidic/ basic? why? what does this cause?
passageway for menstrual fluid expulsion receives penis during sexual intercourse holds sperm before it passes to uterus for fertilization of egg labor (expelling mature fetus)--birth canal. -vagina is acidic to prohibit growth of bad bacteria. this inhibits sperm motility
retraperitoneal
peritoneum is only anterior (kidney, ureter, pancreas, abdominal aorta, duodenum)
nasal septum of the nasal cavity
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bone.
ileum
peyers patches - prevent pathogen growth
blood brain barrier (BBB)
physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS -made up of capillary endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes
The testis and penis are supplied by the
pneudenal artery, vein, nerve
haustra
pockets in large intestine with churning mechanism
optic chiasm
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
styloid process of temporal bone
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
visual cortex
posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus -where you see
soft palate
posterior, divides oral cavity + pharynx
satellite cells
present in ganglions -give support to neurons -help regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products of the neuronal cell bodies
pyloric sphincter
prevents food from entering duodenum
Pylorus sphincter
prevents food from entering the duodenum
Function of Epiglottis
prevents food from entering the trachea- "shoe-horn shaped"
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex -anterior to the central sulcus -sends nerve impulses down spinal cord towards muscle to initiate movement -pyramidal cells are found here
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex -posterior to central sulcus -allows us to consciously feel sensations -sensations of skin, muscle, joints
digestive system
processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
Function of the gonads
produce gametes
parietal cells
produce hydrochloric acid
Melanocytes (connective tissue specialized cells)
produce melanin and give skin color
mucous neck cells
produce mucous to protect stomach lining (@ top of gastric pits)
functions of the reproductive system in female
produce reproductive cells (ovum) produce sex hormones that influence structure and function *nourish, support, & give birth to a human fetus*
Male testis
produce spermatozoa and testosterone
peritoneal lining
produces + reabsorbs 7L peritoneal fluid (lube) daily
reproductive system
production of sex cells and hormones
what hormone increases over the course of the luteal phase?
progesterone
Function of vertebral column
protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
Connective Tissue
provides support for your body and connects all its parts. Includes: bone, fat, blood. It is exposed unless you get an open wound.
The respiratory epithelium consist of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous cells
Histology of trachea?
pseudostratisfied cilliated columnar
what supplies/ drains blood from external genitilia? what provides sensation?
pudendal artery/ vein/ nerve
rete testis
reabsorbs fluids after sperm production
midbrain
reflexive movements of eyeball, head, trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli -nuclei for cranial nerves III-IV
brain stem
relays sensory and motor impulses between parts of the brain and spinal cord -mesencephalon -pons -medulla
salivary glands
release enzymes that initiate digestion
sphincter of oddi
releases contents from pancreas and liver
2nd class
resistance in between applied force and fulcrum (standing on toes)
Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the
respiratory bronchi
association fibers
responsible for connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere ie: arcuate fibers (look like arcs) longitudinal fasciculi (long bend fibers)
sperm passes from seminiferous tubules into _____ by the ____
rete testis, straight tubules
Vetebrochondral ribs
ribs 8-10 attach directly to cartilage that attaches to sternum
What is haustra?
ridges in large intestine important for churning contents
palantine bone
roof of the mouth
Superior Oblique of eye
rotates top of eye medially (intorsion)
mastoid process of temporal bone
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
In a non-aroused state, the vagina has ___
rugae
pericardium
sac that surrounds the heart -2 parts: outer fibrous and inner serous
layers of physical protection of the brain
scalp - epicranial aponeurosis - periosteum of cranium - cranium - dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
Macrophages (connective tissue specialized cells)
scavengers that wander around and kill pathogens
Prostate
secrete alkaline base that neutralizes acid in urethra
function of accessory glands
secrete fluid
goblet cells
secrete mucous
Function
secretes renin + erythropeletin
Pneumonocyte Type II cell
secretes surfactants & prevents aveolar collapse
tongue
secretes ussen + enzymes
optic nerve II
sense of sight -only one that comes together, crosses and splits off between both hemispheres of brain in order to receive sensations on both sides simultaneously
olfactory nerve I
sense of smell -only cranial nerve exposed to the exterior and its the shortest -goes straight to brain as opposed to relaying info to the thalamus -form neuronal masses on sides of the crista galli -cribiform plate: where bundles of axons pass through
renal columns
separate adjacent pyramids
primary fissure
separate anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal and occipital lobes
Bursa
separates synovial membranes, reduces friction/absorbs shock
parallel sulcus
separates temporal lobe from the others
what does ovulation separate? what occurs?
separates the follicular phase from the luteal phase. the oocyte erupts through the wall of the ovary and is released out to be picked up by fimbriae (about 14 days into cycle)
2 factors affecting mobility of a joint
shape of articulating surfaces and types/quantity of accessory structures
Aponeurosis
sheet of tendon that connects muscle to muscle
females
shorter urethra
dentine
similar to bone, but dead
papillary duct
simple cuboidal epithelium, delivers urine to minor calyx
Cricoid cartilage
sits inferior to the thyroid cartilage
What is the axial skeleton?
skull, vertebral column, rib cage
AV node
slow impulses -electrical impulse propagation slows down -allows time for blood to flow down to the ventricles
lacrimal bone
small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
Where does segmentation occur?
small intestine
Histology of the stomach
small squamous epithelium Layers: Mucosa- contains gastric pits & mucosa neck cells Submucosa Muscularis externa- 3 muscles( circular, longitudinal & oblique) Serosa
neutrophils and eosinophils (connective tissue specialized cells)
small, phagocytic blood cells that mobilize during infection or tissue injury
Sarcomere
smallest functional unit of muscle, an arrangment of thick/thin filaments
Top part of clavicle: smooth or rough?
smooth (under skin)
trigone
smooth thick membrane that funnels urine from the bladder to urethra
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface ex: in vertebrae
what separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx?
soft palate
These two muscles come together to form the calcaneal tendon
soleus and gastrocnemius
Filtration apparatus
spaces btw. podocytes allow filtrate to exit the capillaries and go into the capsular space and leave through the tubule
arachnoid mater
spiderweb appearance bc of arachnoid trabeculae which are made up of collagen fiber -helps anchor cerebral blood vessels in place
Scoliosis
spinal cord shifts more to one side of your body (more lateral)
Cuboidal epithelial cells
square/ cube looking cells. Function is secretion and absorption. Found is glands, ducts, kidney tubules.
Parts of the clavicle
sternal end acromial end conoid tubercle costal tuberosity
Example of Gliding joints
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, intercarpal, intertarsal joints
Mast Cells (connective tissue specialized cells)
stimulate local inflammation
Gastrin
stimulates smooth muscle contraction=mixing +churning; stimulates parietal + chief cells
Oogenesis
stops at menstruation, creates 1 Haploid cell and polar bodies with 1/2 amount of chromosomes
Epididymis
storage unit of sperm. where sperm becomes motile, Takes 2 wks for sperm to travel out
bile purpose
stored until you need it to break down fat
Esophagus epithelium
stratified squamous because rough food can tear it
Epithelium of the pharynx?
stratisfied squamous
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Which is the alive cell layer of epidermis?
stratum granulosum
Retropulsion
strong perastalisis towards the pylorus sphincter
Anatomy
study of external and internal structures and relationships between the parts.
Where does the spermatic cord descend from the abdomen?
superficial inguinal ring
thoracic vertebrae 3 costal facets
superior inferior transverse
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
superior portion of the bony nasal septum
crista galli of ethmoid bone
superior projection in the middle of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
internal carotid
supply blood to the brain by entering the skull -branches to form: ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery
external carotid
supply neck and outside of the skull with blood
cervical vertebrae
support weight of head
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
surrounds each myofibril
Sarcolemma
surrounds muscle fiber/cell, regulates transport of substances
Perimysium
surrounds the muscle fibers/cells
Endomysium
surrounds the myofibrils
How many days does it take for the cells to move from basale to surface?
takes 15 to 30 days for the cell to move from basale to surface.
jugular vein
takes away deoxygenated blood from the brain
R+L hepatic duct>common hepatic duct
takes bile from the bile duct to the duodenum (through the common bile duct) and gallbladder (through the cystic duct)
Accessory organs
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Intermediate Tendon
tendons between muscle bellies (abs)
what is the largest region of the uterus?
the body
mandibular fossa of temporal bone
the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits
what occurs after ovulation?
the empty follicle from which the oocyte was secreted collapses and forms the *corpus luteum*
apex of the heart
the end of the heart which is located at the 5th ribs -points towards the left hip
Phase 7 of endochondral ossification
the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) become a line. Stops growing as much. Fully grown bone
What is endochondral ossification?
the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage. Involved in the development of limbs, vertebrae, and hips.
the uterine tube comes out from what? (what is it attached to?)
the fundus
median sacral crest
the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
What is the central canal?
the hole which allows blood vessels to get to the bone.
where does milk collect?
the lactiferous duct
mental foramen of mandible
the mandibular nerve that provides sensation for chin and lower lip
what is the glans?
the portion of the clitoris that is external (the rest is internal)
What is ossification?
the process of cartilage cells being replaced with bone cells. Our bodies are made of hyaline cartilage before 6 weeks of development
what is oogenesis? where does it occur? when does it begin? what occurs from birth until puberty? when does it end?
the process of production of female gametes (ova). occurs inside of the ovaries begins before birth, remains dormant after birth until puberty, process resumes at puberty, and ends at menopause.
bolus starts being referred to as chyme in:
the stomach
coronal suture
the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
What happens to the vertebral foramen and body as you gradually travel down the column
the vertebral foramen gets smaller and the body gets bigger. The foramen is bigger towards the top.
What are pneumatized bones?
these bones have air pockets think of pneumo= pneumonia= lungs= air EX: ethmoid bone
Why would a person look very pale?
they do not have enough blood circulating. There's not enough oxygen meeting with hemoglobin.
How are osteoclasts involved in osteolysis?
they secrete acids through exocytosis, which dissolves the bone. Causing the release of the ions into the blood (this process is osteolysis).
What is insensible perspiration? How is the stratum corneum involved?
this is in regards to sweat and the fluid evaporating outside our bodies. This happens in the corneum and this is why it is water resistant (not proof).
What divides the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles?
thoracolumbar fascia
When these 3 muscles work together they will cause dorsifelxion of the foot:
tibialis anterior, extensor digiorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
vasa recta
tiny blood vessels that absorb ions (sodium +chloride) + water from the medullary space and take it back to general circulation
What is the mynteric plexus?
tissue located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers
What are the function of lactels?
to absorb fat
why floss?
to prevent bacteria from staying between teeth and entering gingival sulcus
Ball and socket joint
triaxial, one surface is round, other is cupped
true/ false: the cervical canal is rougher than the uterine cavity.
true
true/ false: the uterine And ovarian cycles are interrelated. Hormones produced by ovaries influence the uterine cycle.
true.
Body Temp Regulation of Integumentary System (vein pathways)
two pathways for the veins: - superficial and deep- If you are hot, the blood will run though superficial pathway to be closer to the surface and exchange body heat.
What are the 2 types of sebaceous gland?
typical sebaceous gland (secretes oil into hair follicle) Sebaceous follicles (secrete onto skin surface).
what are the different ligaments in the uterus? what does each do?
uterosacral ligament: anchors uterus posteriorly and prevents the uterus from moving too anterior broad ligament: covers all reproductive organs in reproductive tract and prevents side to side movement of uterus round ligament: attached fundus to anterior side of abdomen and prevents uterus from moving too posterior ovarian ligament: tethers the ovaries and connects it to the fundus of the uterus.
choriod plexus
vascularized membrane found inside all 4 ventricles -surrounded by ependymal cells
branch of subclavian
vertebral artery
lordosis
vertebral column bulges anteriorly, pregnant women experience this sometimes in lumbar
veins
vessels that carry blood TO the heart
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the felxable tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule
what is the vestibule? what is the vaginal orifice?
vestibule: opening space btwn labia minora. vaginal orifice: opening of vagina
serosa
visceral peritoneum/serous membrane
What does the cervical canal produce? What is its function?
viscous mucous. blocks external os from collecting bacteria and can turn watery to allow sperm in during ovulation
occipital lobe
visual cortex and visual association area
what is the difference between vulva and vagina
vulva refers to the entire external genitalia (the perineum). Vagina is inside the opening
mucus escalator
washes particles toward the stomach
thin part of tubule
water freely exchanged
diahrea
watery poop bc. body is trying to not absorb anything and just get substance out
Inspiration Maximum
when diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly, increasing space in thoracic cavity and draws air into lungs
Expiration Maximum
when diaphragm relaxes, decreases air in space, forces air out of lungs
What make the gallbladder release bile?
when fat enters duodenum a hormonal signal CCK stimulates release. Bile is a surfactant.
bile secretion
when fat gets to duodenum it signals the gallbladder to release bile which acts as soap that breaks down fat into micelles by wrapping around it
Ejacularoty duct
where ampulla of vas deferens and seminal gland duct meet.
cecum
where contents of small intestine enter
cardia
where esophagus contents enter - weak peristalsis
seminal gland
where fructose is produced to give sperm energy
seminferous tubules
where sperm is made
Sustenacular Groove
where the tendons of several muscles run through in order to pass from the leg into the plantar part of foot
urinary bladder
where urine is stored
Central Tendon
white area on superior part of diaphragm
arbor vitae
white mater of the cerbellum
